| | | | | | | | |
| Freddie Mac 1Q 2023 Form 10-Q | | 8 |
| | | | | | | | |
| Management's Discussion and Analysis | | Consolidated Balance Sheets Analysis |
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS ANALYSIS
The table below compares our summarized condensed consolidated balance sheets.
Table 7 - Summarized Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | Change |
| (Dollars in millions) | | March 31, 2023 | December 31, 2022 | | $ | % |
| Assets: | | | | | | |
| Cash and cash equivalents | | $5,873 | | $6,360 | | | ($487) | | (8) | % |
| Securities purchased under agreements to resell | | 108,036 | | 87,295 | | | 20,741 | | 24 | |
| Investment securities, at fair value | | 37,712 | | 38,701 | | | (989) | | (3) | |
| Mortgage loans held-for-sale | | 12,782 | | 12,197 | | | 585 | | 5 | |
| Mortgage loans held-for-investment | | 3,024,249 | | 3,022,318 | | | 1,931 | | — | |
| Accrued interest receivable, net | | 8,662 | | 8,529 | | | 133 | | 2 | |
| Deferred tax assets, net | | 5,329 | | 5,777 | | | (448) | | (8) | |
| Other assets | | 22,337 | | 27,156 | | | (4,819) | | (18) | |
| Total assets | | $3,224,980 | | $3,208,333 | | | $16,647 | | 1 | % |
| | | | | | |
| Liabilities and Equity: | | | | | | |
| Liabilities: | | | | | | |
| Accrued interest payable | | $7,507 | | $7,309 | | | $198 | | 3 | % |
| Debt | | 3,167,514 | | 3,145,832 | | | 21,682 | | 1 | |
| Other liabilities | | 10,892 | | 18,174 | | | (7,282) | | (40) | |
| Total liabilities | | 3,185,913 | | 3,171,315 | | | 14,598 | | — | |
| Total equity | | 39,067 | | 37,018 | | | 2,049 | | 6 | |
| Total liabilities and equity | | $3,224,980 | | $3,208,333 | | | $16,647 | | 1 | % |
Key Drivers:
As of March 31, 2023 compared to December 31, 2022:
n Securities purchased under agreements to resell and debt increased primarily due to an increase in debt issuance to prefund upcoming debt maturities and anticipated calls of outstanding debt.
n Other assets decreased primarily due to a decline in receivables related to U.S. Treasury securities sold but not yet settled.
n Other liabilities decreased primarily due to a decline in payables related to U.S. Treasury securities purchased but not yet settled.
| | | | | | | | |
| Freddie Mac 1Q 2023 Form 10-Q | | 9 |
| | | | | | | | |
| Management's Discussion and Analysis | | Our Portfolios |
OUR PORTFOLIOS
The table below presents the UPB of our mortgage portfolio by segment.
Table 8 - Mortgage Portfolio
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | March 31, 2023 | | December 31, 2022 |
| (In millions) | | Single-Family | Multifamily | Total | | Single-Family | Multifamily | Total |
| Mortgage loans held-for-investment: | | | | | | | | |
| By consolidated trusts | | $2,909,802 | $34,978 | $2,944,780 | | $2,907,999 | $30,574 | $2,938,573 |
| By Freddie Mac | | 35,147 | 12,375 | 47,522 | | 33,506 | 17,805 | 51,311 |
| Total mortgage loans held-for-investment | | 2,944,949 | | 47,353 | | 2,992,302 | | | 2,941,505 | | 48,379 | | 2,989,884 | |
| Mortgage loans held-for-sale | | 3,373 | | 10,255 | | 13,628 | | | 3,564 | | 9,544 | | 13,108 | |
| Total mortgage loans | | 2,948,322 | | 57,608 | | 3,005,930 | | | 2,945,069 | | 57,923 | | 3,002,992 | |
| Mortgage-related guarantees: | | | | | | | | |
| Mortgage loans held by nonconsolidated trusts | | 31,023 | | 357,747 | | 388,770 | | | 31,500 | | 360,869 | | 392,369 | |
| Other mortgage-related guarantees | | 9,290 | | 10,684 | | 19,974 | | | 9,476 | | 10,510 | | 19,986 | |
| Total mortgage-related guarantees | | 40,313 | | 368,431 | | 408,744 | | | 40,976 | | 371,379 | | 412,355 | |
| Total mortgage portfolio | | $2,988,635 | | $426,039 | | $3,414,674 | | | $2,986,045 | | $429,302 | | $3,415,347 | |
| Guaranteed mortgage-related securities: | | | | | | | | |
| Issued by consolidated trusts | | $2,920,201 | $34,978 | $2,955,179 | | $2,916,038 | $30,813 | $2,946,851 |
| Issued by nonconsolidated trusts | | 25,329 | 316,606 | 341,935 | | 25,772 | 319,117 | 344,889 |
| Total guaranteed mortgage-related securities | | $2,945,530 | | $351,584 | | $3,297,114 | | | $2,941,810 | | $349,930 | | $3,291,740 | |
Our investments portfolio consists of our mortgage-related investments portfolio and our other investments portfolio.
Mortgage-Related Investments Portfolio The Purchase Agreement limits the size of our mortgage-related investments portfolio to a maximum amount of $225 billion. The calculation of mortgage assets subject to the Purchase Agreement cap includes the UPB of mortgage assets and 10% of the notional value of interest-only securities. We are also subject to additional limitations on the size and composition of our mortgage-related investments portfolio pursuant to FHFA guidance. For additional information on the restrictions on our mortgage-related investments portfolio, see the MD&A - Conservatorship and Related Matters section in our 2022 Annual Report.
| | | | | | | | |
| Freddie Mac 1Q 2023 Form 10-Q | | 10 |
| | | | | | | | |
| Management's Discussion and Analysis | | Our Portfolios |
The table below presents the details of our mortgage-related investments portfolio.
Table 9 - Mortgage-Related Investments Portfolio
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | March 31, 2023 | | December 31, 2022 |
| (In millions) | | Single-Family | Multifamily | Total | | Single-Family | Multifamily | Total |
| Unsecuritized mortgage loans: | | | | | | | | |
| Securitization pipeline and other loans | | $10,863 | | $22,630 | | $33,493 | | | $10,093 | | $27,349 | | $37,442 | |
| Seasoned loans | | 27,657 | | — | | $27,657 | | | 26,977 | | — | | 26,977 | |
| Total unsecuritized mortgage loans | | 38,520 | 22,630 | 61,150 | | 37,070 | 27,349 | 64,419 |
| Mortgage-related securities: | | | | | | | | |
| Investment securities | | 3,988 | | 6,183 | | 10,171 | | | 3,440 | | 6,396 | | 9,836 | |
| Debt of consolidated trusts | | 17,077 | | 698 | | 17,775 | | | 17,939 | | 536 | | 18,475 | |
| Total mortgage-related securities | | 21,065 | | 6,881 | | 27,946 | | | 21,379 | | 6,932 | | 28,311 | |
| Mortgage-related investments portfolio | | $59,585 | | $29,511 | | $89,096 | | | $58,449 | | $34,281 | | $92,730 | |
| 10% of notional amount of interest-only securities | | | | $21,554 | | | | $21,758 |
| Mortgage-related investments portfolio for purposes of Purchase Agreement cap | | | | 110,650 | | | | 114,488 |
Other Investments Portfolio The table below presents the details of our other investments portfolio.
Table 10 - Other Investments Portfolio
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | March 31, 2023 | | December 31, 2022 |
| (In millions) | | Liquidity and Contingency Operating Portfolio | Custodial Account | Other | Total Other Investments Portfolio (1) | | Liquidity and Contingency Operating Portfolio | Custodial Account | Other | Total Other Investments Portfolio (1) |
| Cash and cash equivalents | | $5,038 | | $741 | | $94 | | $5,873 | | | $5,652 | | $611 | | $97 | | $6,360 | |
Securities purchased under agreements to resell | | 100,948 | | 10,881 | | 859 | | 112,688 | | | 88,499 | | 9,703 | | 1,084 | | 99,286 | |
| Non-mortgage-related securities | | 17,531 | | — | | 4,738 | | 22,269 | | | 20,188 | | — | | 3,645 | | 23,833 | |
| Other assets | | — | | — | | 5,644 | | 5,644 | | | — | | — | | 4,565 | | 4,565 | |
| Other investments portfolio | | $123,517 | | $11,622 | | $11,335 | | $146,474 | | | $114,339 | | $10,314 | | $9,391 | | $134,044 | |
(1)Represents carrying value.
| | | | | | | | |
| Freddie Mac 1Q 2023 Form 10-Q | | 11 |
| | | | | | | | |
| Management's Discussion and Analysis | | Our Business Segments |
OUR BUSINESS SEGMENTS
As shown in the table below, we have two reportable segments, which are based on the way we manage our business.
| | | | | |
| Segment | Description |
| Single-Family | Reflects results from our purchase, securitization, and guarantee of single-family loans, our investments in single-family loans and mortgage-related securities, the management of Single-Family mortgage credit risk and market risk, and any results of our treasury function that are not allocated to each segment. |
|
|
| Multifamily | Reflects results from our purchase, securitization, and guarantee of multifamily loans, our investments in multifamily loans and mortgage-related securities, and the management of Multifamily mortgage credit risk and market risk. |
|
|
Segment Net Revenues and Net Income The charts below show our net revenues and net income by segment.
Segment Net Revenues
(In billions)
Segment Net Income
(In billions)
| | | | | | | | |
| Freddie Mac 1Q 2023 Form 10-Q | | 12 |
| | | | | |
| Management's Discussion and Analysis | Our Business Segments | Single-Family |
Single-Family
The charts, tables, and related discussion below present the business results of our Single-Family segment.
UPB of Single-Family Loan Purchases and Guarantees by Loan Purpose and Average Estimated Guarantee Fee Rate(1) on New Acquisitions
(UPB in billions)
(1)Estimated guarantee fee rate calculation excludes the legislated guarantee fees and includes deferred fees recognized over the estimated life of the related loans.
Number of Families Helped to Own a Home and Average Loan UPB of New Acquisitions
(Loan count in thousands)
n 1Q 2023 vs. 1Q 2022
l Our loan purchase and guarantee activity slowed due to higher mortgage interest rates. We expect volume for the remainder of the year to be lower than 2022 due in part to higher mortgage interest rates.
l The average loan size of new acquisitions increased due to a higher conforming loan limit and house price appreciation in recent quarters.
l The average estimated guarantee fee rate on new acquisitions increased primarily due to higher contractual guarantee fees and faster expected credit fee recognition driven by higher estimated prepayments on new acquisitions. This increase was partially offset by a shift in the business mix of new acquisitions.
For additional information on credit fee changes, see the MD&A - Regulation and Supervision section in this Form 10-Q and our 2022 Annual Report.
| | | | | | | | |
| Freddie Mac 1Q 2023 Form 10-Q | | 13 |
| | | | | |
| Management's Discussion and Analysis | Our Business Segments | Single-Family |
Single-Family Mortgage Portfolio Single-Family Mortgage Portfolio and Average Estimated Guarantee Fee Rate(1) on Mortgage Portfolio
(UPB in billions)
(1)Estimated guarantee fee rate is calculated as of acquisition and excludes the legislated guarantee fees. Estimated guarantee fee rate calculation also excludes certain loans, the majority of which are held by VIEs that we do not consolidate. The UPB of these excluded loans was $43 billion as of March 31, 2023.
Single-Family Mortgage Loans
(Loan count in millions) 
n The Single-Family mortgage portfolio was $3.0 trillion at March 31, 2023, up 4% year-over-year and flat quarter-over-quarter, as portfolio growth has moderated in recent periods due to the slowdown in new business activity as both home purchase activity and refinance activity slowed due to higher mortgage interest rates.
n The average estimated guarantee fee rate on the Single-Family mortgage portfolio increased year-over-year as older vintages with lower estimated guarantee fee rates were replaced by acquisitions of new loans with higher estimated guarantee fee rates.
| | | | | | | | |
| Freddie Mac 1Q 2023 Form 10-Q | | 14 |
| | | | | |
| Management's Discussion and Analysis | Our Business Segments | Single-Family |
We transfer credit risk on a portion of our Single-Family mortgage portfolio to the private market, reducing the risk of future losses to us when borrowers default. The charts below show the issuance amounts associated with CRT transactions for loans in our Single-Family mortgage portfolio.
UPB Covered by New CRT Issuance
(In billions)
New CRT Issuance Maximum Coverage
(In billions)
n 1Q 2023 vs. 1Q 2022
l The UPB of mortgage loans covered by CRT transactions and related maximum coverage issued during 1Q 2023 decreased compared to 1Q 2022 due to a decrease in loan acquisition activity in recent quarters and changes in business strategy and market conditions.
l Our percentage of Single-Family acquisitions targeted for CRT transactions (primarily 30-year fixed rate loans with LTV ratios between 60% and 97%) increased to 81% during 1Q 2023, from 67% during 1Q 2022, primarily driven by an increase in the percentage of recently acquired loans with original LTV ratios above 60% and an increase in the percentage of 30-year loan acquisitions.
See MD&A - Risk Management - Single-Family Mortgage Credit Risk - Transferring Credit Risk to Third-Party Investors for additional information on our CRT activities and other credit enhancements.
| | | | | | | | |
| Freddie Mac 1Q 2023 Form 10-Q | | 15 |
| | | | | |
| Management's Discussion and Analysis | Our Business Segments | Single-Family |
Loss Mitigation Activities The following chart provides details about the single-family loan workout activities that were completed during the periods presented. The forbearance data included below is limited to loans in forbearance that are past due based on the loans' original contractual terms and excludes both loans for which we do not control servicing and loans included in certain legacy transactions, as the forbearance data for such loans is either not reported to us by the servicers or is otherwise not readily available to us.
Completed Loan Workout Activity
(UPB in billions, number of loan workouts in thousands)
(1)Other includes repayment plans and foreclosure alternatives.
n Completed loan workout activity includes forbearance plans where borrowers fully reinstated the loan to current status during or at the end of the forbearance period, payment deferral plans, loan modifications, successfully completed repayment plans, short sales, and deeds in lieu of foreclosure. Completed loan workout activity excludes active loss mitigation activity that was ongoing and had not been completed as of the end of the period, such as forbearance plans that had been initiated but not completed and trial period modifications. There were approximately 27,000 loans in active forbearance plans and approximately 13,000 loans in other active loss mitigation activity as of March 31, 2023.
n 1Q 2023 vs. 1Q 2022 - Our loan workout activity decreased as the overall forbearance population continued to decline.
| | | | | | | | |
| Freddie Mac 1Q 2023 Form 10-Q | | 16 |
| | | | | |
| Management's Discussion and Analysis | Our Business Segments | Single-Family |
The table below presents the results of operations for our Single-Family segment. See Note 11 for additional information about segment financial results.
Table 11 - Single-Family Segment Financial Results | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | Change | | | | | |
| (Dollars in millions) | | 1Q 2023 | 1Q 2022 | | $ | % | | | | | | |
| Net interest income | | $4,296 | | $3,806 | | | $490 | | 13 | % | | | | | | |
| Non-interest income | | (93) | | 1,408 | | | (1,501) | | (107) | | | | | | | |
| Net revenues | | 4,203 | | 5,214 | | | (1,011) | | (19) | | | | | | | |
| (Provision) benefit for credit losses | | (318) | | 831 | | | (1,149) | | (138) | | | | | | | |
| Non-interest expense | | (1,783) | | (1,778) | | | (5) | | — | | | | | | | |
| Income before Income tax expense | | 2,102 | | 4,267 | | | (2,165) | | (51) | | | | | | | |
| Income tax expense | | (425) | | (856) | | | 431 | | 50 | | | | | | | |
| Net income | | 1,677 | | 3,411 | | | (1,734) | | (51) | | | | | | | |
| Other comprehensive income (loss), net of taxes and reclassification adjustments | | (1) | | (12) | | | 11 | | 92 | | | | | | | |
| Comprehensive income | | $1,676 | | $3,399 | | | ($1,723) | | (51) | % | | | | | | |
Key Business Drivers:
n 1Q 2023 vs. 1Q 2022
l Net income of $1.7 billion, down 51% year-over-year.
–Net revenues were $4.2 billion, down 19% year-over-year.
◦Net interest income was $4.3 billion, up 13% year-over-year, primarily driven by mortgage portfolio growth, higher average portfolio guarantee fee rates, and higher investments net interest income due to higher interest rates. These increases were partially offset by a decline in deferred fee income due to slower prepayments driven by higher mortgage interest rates.
◦Non-interest income was a loss of $0.1 billion for 1Q 2023, compared to non-interest income of $1.4 billion for 1Q 2022, which was primarily driven by spread-related gains on commitments to hedge the securitization pipeline during that period.
–Provision for credit losses was $0.3 billion for 1Q 2023, driven by a modest credit reserve build primarily attributable to new acquisitions. The benefit for credit losses of $0.8 billion for 1Q 2022 was driven by a credit reserve release due to higher estimated house prices and an improvement in forecasted economic conditions.
| | | | | | | | |
| Freddie Mac 1Q 2023 Form 10-Q | | 17 |
| | | | | | | | |
| Management's Discussion and Analysis | | Our Business Segments | Multifamily |
Multifamily
The charts, tables, and related discussion below present the business results of our Multifamily segment.
New Business Activity
(In billions)
Total Number of Rental Units Financed(1)
(In thousands)
(1) Includes rental units financed by supplemental loans.
n As of March 31, 2023, the multifamily new business activity subject to the FHFA 2023 loan purchase cap of $75 billion was $5.7 billion. Approximately 60% of this activity, based on UPB, was mission-driven, affordable housing, currently exceeding FHFA's minimum requirement of 50%.
n Our new business activity was lower year-over-year as higher mortgage interest rates and greater market uncertainty have reduced demand for multifamily mortgage financing.
n Our index lock agreements and outstanding commitments to purchase or guarantee multifamily assets were $19.2 billion and $19.9 billion as of March 31, 2023 and March 31, 2022, respectively.
| | | | | | | | |
| Freddie Mac 1Q 2023 Form 10-Q | | 18 |
| | | | | | | | |
| Management's Discussion and Analysis | | Our Business Segments | Multifamily |
Multifamily Mortgage Portfolio and Guarantee Portfolio
Mortgage Portfolio
(UPB in billions)
Guarantee Portfolio
(In billions) 
n Our Multifamily mortgage portfolio was $426 billion at March 31, 2023, up 3% year-over-year and down 1% quarter-over-quarter, primarily due to the slowdown in new business activity as higher mortgage interest rates and greater market uncertainty have reduced demand for multifamily mortgage financing. Our guarantee portfolio was $362 billion at March 31, 2023, up 3% year-over-year as our securitization activities outpaced payoffs.
n In addition to our Multifamily mortgage portfolio, we have investments in LIHTC fund partnerships with carrying values totaling $2.9 billion and $2.8 billion as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively.
| | | | | | | | |
| Freddie Mac 1Q 2023 Form 10-Q | | 19 |
| | | | | | | | |
| Management's Discussion and Analysis | | Our Business Segments | Multifamily |
UPB Covered by New CRT Issuance New CRT Issuance Maximum Coverage
(In billions) (In billions)
n 1Q 2023 vs. 1Q 2022
l The UPB of mortgage loans covered by new CRT transactions and the maximum coverage decreased year-over-year, primarily due to fewer securitizations with subordination as a result of a smaller average held-for-sale securitization pipeline.
See MD&A - Risk Management - Multifamily Mortgage Credit Risk - Transferring Credit Risk to Third-Party Investors for more information on risk transfer transactions and credit enhancements on our Multifamily mortgage portfolio.
| | | | | | | | |
| Freddie Mac 1Q 2023 Form 10-Q | | 20 |
| | | | | | | | |
| Management's Discussion and Analysis | | Our Business Segments | Multifamily |
The table below presents the results of operations for our Multifamily segment. See Note 11 for additional information about segment financial results.
Table 12 - Multifamily Segment Financial Results | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | Change | | | | | |
| (Dollars in millions) | | 1Q 2023 | 1Q 2022 | | $ | % | | | | | | |
| Net interest income | | $205 | | $298 | | | ($93) | | (31) | % | | | | | | |
| Non-interest income | | 419 | | 334 | | | 85 | | 25 | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Net revenues | | 624 | | 632 | | | (8) | | (1) | | | | | | | |
| (Provision) benefit for credit losses | | (77) | | 6 | | | (83) | | (1,383) | | | | | | | |
| Non-interest expense | | (149) | | (154) | | | 5 | | 3 | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Income before income tax expense | | 398 | | 484 | | | (86) | | (18) | | | | | | | |
| Income tax expense | | (80) | | (97) | | | 17 | | 18 | | | | | | | |
| Net income | | 318 | | 387 | | | (69) | | (18) | | | | | | | |
| Other comprehensive income (loss), net of taxes and reclassification adjustments | | 55 | | (108) | | | 163 | | 151 | | | | | | | |
| Comprehensive income | | $373 | | $279 | | | $94 | | 34 | % | | | | | | |
Key Business Drivers:
n 1Q 2023 vs. 1Q 2022
l Net income of $0.3 billion, down 18% year-over-year.
–Net revenues were $0.6 billion, down 1% year-over-year.
–Net interest income was $0.2 billion, down 31% year-over-year, primarily due to lower prepayment income driven by higher mortgage interest rates.
–Non-interest income was $0.4 billion, up 25% year-over-year, primarily driven by higher guarantee income, partially offset by lower net investment gains. Guarantee income increased as 1Q 2022 included fair value losses on guarantee assets due to rising interest rates. Net investment gains declined due to lower revenue from held-for-sale loan purchase and securitization activity as a result of lower volumes and lower margins, coupled with net losses from interest-rate risk management activities.
–Provision for credit losses was $0.1 billion for 1Q 2023, compared to a small benefit for credit losses for 1Q 2022, primarily due to a credit reserve build to reflect increased uncertainty in forecasted economic conditions.
| | | | | | | | |
| Freddie Mac 1Q 2023 Form 10-Q | | 21 |
| | | | | | | | |
| Management's Discussion and Analysis | | Risk Management |
RISK MANAGEMENT
To achieve our mission, we take risks as an integral part of our business activities. We are exposed to the following key types of risk: credit risk, market risk, liquidity risk, operational risk, compliance risk, legal risk, strategic risk, and reputation risk.
Credit Risk
Allowance for Credit Losses The tables below present a summary of the changes in our allowance for credit losses and key allowance for credit losses ratios.
Table 13 - Allowance for Credit Losses Activity
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | 1Q 2023 | 1Q 2022 | | | |
| (Dollars in millions) | | Single-Family | Multifamily | Total | Single-Family | Multifamily | Total | | | | | | | |
| Allowance for credit losses: |
| Beginning balance | | $7,746 | | $147 | | $7,893 | | $5,440 | | $78 | | $5,518 | | | | | | | | |
| Provision (benefit) for credit losses | | 318 | | 77 | | 395 | | (831) | | (6) | | (837) | | | | | | | | |
| Charge-offs | | (90) | | — | | (90) | | (173) | | — | | (173) | | | | | | | | |
| Recoveries collected | | 32 | | — | | 32 | | 52 | | — | | 52 | | | | | | | | |
| Net charge-offs | | (58) | | — | | (58) | | (121) | | — | | (121) | | | | | | | | |
Other(1) | | 91 | | — | | 91 | | 361 | | — | | 361 | | | | | | | | |
| Ending balance | | $8,097 | | $224 | | $8,321 | | $4,849 | | $72 | | $4,921 | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Average loans outstanding during the period(2) | | $2,985,726 | $47,748 | $3,033,474 | $2,868,454 | $28,079 | $2,896,533 | | | | | | | |
| Net charge-offs to average loans outstanding | | 0.00 | % | 0.00 | % | 0.00 | % | 0.00 | % | 0.00 | % | 0.00 | % | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Components of ending balance of allowance for credit losses: |
| Mortgage loans held-for-investment | | $7,675 | | $160 | | $7,835 | | $4,358 | | $31 | | $4,389 | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Other(3) | | 422 | | 64 | | 486 | | 491 | | 41 | | 532 | | | | | | | | |
| Total ending balance | | $8,097 | | $224 | | $8,321 | | $4,849 | | $72 | | $4,921 | | | | | | | | |
(1)Primarily includes capitalization of past due interest related to non-accrual loans that received payment deferral plans and loan modifications.
(2)Based on amortized cost basis of held-for-investment loans for which we have not elected the fair value option.
(3)Includes allowance for credit losses related to advances of pre-foreclosure costs, accrued interest receivable, and off-balance sheet credit exposures.
Table 14 - Allowance for Credit Losses Ratios
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | March 31, 2023 | December 31, 2022 | | | | | | | |
| (Dollars in millions) | | Single-Family | Multifamily | Total | Single-Family | Multifamily | Total | | | | | | | |
| Allowance for credit losses ratios: |
Allowance for credit losses(1) to total loans outstanding | | 0.26 | % | 0.35 | % | 0.26 | % | 0.25 | % | 0.16 | % | 0.24 | % | | | | | | | |
| Non-accrual loans to total loans outstanding | | 0.34 | | 0.09 | | 0.34 | | 0.34 | | 0.09 | | 0.33 | | | | | | | | |
| Allowance for credit losses to non-accrual loans | | 75.88 | | 390.24 | | 77.15 | | 72.45 | | 183.33 | | 72.91 | | | | | | | | |
| Balances: |
| Allowance for credit losses on mortgage loans held-for-investment | | $7,675 | | $160 | | $7,835 | | $7,314 | | $77 | | $7,391 | | | | | | | | |
Total loans outstanding(2) | | 2,984,782 | | 46,064 | | 3,030,846 | | 2,981,401 | | 47,094 | | 3,028,495 | | | | | | | | |
Non-accrual loans(2) | | 10,114 | | 41 | | 10,155 | | 10,095 | | 42 | | 10,137 | | | | | | | | |
(1)Represents allowance for credit losses on total held-for-investment loans.
(2)Based on amortized cost basis of held-for-investment loans for which we have not elected the fair value option.
As of March 31, 2023 compared to December 31, 2022:
n The ratio of allowance for credit losses to non-accrual loans increased due to a modest credit reserve build primarily attributable to new acquisitions in Single-Family.
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| Freddie Mac 1Q 2023 Form 10-Q | | 22 |
| | | | | | | | |
| Management's Discussion and Analysis | | Risk Management |
Single-Family Mortgage Credit Risk Maintaining Prudent Underwriting Standards and Quality Control Practices and Managing Seller/Servicer Performance Loan Purchase Credit Characteristics
We monitor and evaluate market conditions that could affect the credit quality of our single-family loan purchases. Additionally, when managing our new acquisitions, we consider our risk limits and guidance from FHFA and capital requirements under the ERCF. This may affect the volume and characteristics of our loan acquisitions.
The charts below show the credit profile of the single-family loans we purchased or guaranteed. The average original LTV increased year-over-year due to the increase in the percentage of loan acquisitions related to home purchases as home purchase loans typically have higher LTV ratios than refinance loans. The percentage of loans with a DTI ratio greater than 45% also increased year-over-year due to changes in market conditions, such as increasing house prices and higher mortgage interest rates in recent quarters.
Weighted Average Original LTV Ratio 
Weighted Average Original Credit Score(1)
(1)Weighted average original credit score is generally based on three credit bureaus (Equifax, Experian, and TransUnion).
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| Freddie Mac 1Q 2023 Form 10-Q | | 23 |
| | | | | | | | |
| Management's Discussion and Analysis | | Risk Management |
The table below contains additional information about the single-family loans we purchased or guaranteed.
Table 15 - Single-Family New Business Activity | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | 1Q 2023 | 1Q 2022 | | | |
| (Dollars in millions) | | Amount | % of Total | Amount | % of Total | | | | | |
| 20- and 30-year or more, amortizing fixed-rate | | $55,469 | | 94 | % | $181,977 | | 88 | % | | | | | |
| 15-year or less, amortizing fixed-rate | | 2,214 | | 4 | | 23,484 | | 11 | | | | | | |
| Adjustable-rate | | 1,282 | | 2 | | 1,627 | | 1 | | | | | | |
| Total | | $58,965 | | 100 | % | $207,088 | | 100 | % | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | |
| Percentage of purchases | | | | | | | | | | |
| DTI ratio > 45% | | | 23 | % | | 15 | % | | | | | |
| Original LTV ratio > 90% | | | 28 | | | 14 | | | | | | |
| Transaction type: | | | | | | | | | | |
| Cash window | | | 28 | | | 25 | | | | | | |
| Guarantor swap | | | 72 | | | 75 | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | |
| Property type: | | | | | | | | | | |
| Detached single-family houses and townhouses | | | 91 | | | 93 | | | | | | |
| Condominium or co-op | | | 9 | | | 7 | | | | | | |
| Occupancy type: | | | | | | | | | | |
| Primary residence | | | 92 | | | 89 | | | | | | |
| Second home | | | 2 | | | 5 | | | | | | |
| Investment property | | | 6 | | | 6 | | | | | | |
| Loan purpose: | | | | | | | | | | |
| Purchase | | | 86 | | | 45 | | | | | | |
| Cash-out refinance | | | 9 | | | 33 | | | | | | |
| Other refinance | | | 5 | | | 22 | | | | | | |
Transferring Credit Risk to Third-Party Investors To reduce our credit risk exposure, we engage in various credit enhancement arrangements, which include CRT transactions and other credit enhancements.
Single-Family Mortgage Portfolio CRT Issuance
The table below provides the UPB of the mortgage loans covered by CRT transactions issued during the periods presented as well as the maximum coverage provided by those transactions.
Table 16 - Single-Family Mortgage Portfolio CRT Issuance | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | 1Q 2023 | 1Q 2022 |
| (In millions) | | UPB(1) | Maximum Coverage(2) | UPB(1) | Maximum Coverage(2) |
| STACR | | $14,887 | | $611 | | $123,562 | | $5,088 | |
| ACIS | | — | | — | | 83,991 | | 3,226 | |
| Other | | 46 | | 46 | | 146 | | 146 | |
| | | | | |
| Total CRT issuance | | $14,933 | | $657 | | $207,699 | | $8,460 | |
(1) Represents the UPB of the assets included in the associated reference pool or securitization trust, as applicable.
(2) For STACR transactions, represents the balance held by third parties at issuance. For ACIS transactions, represents the aggregate limit of insurance purchased from third parties at issuance.
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| Freddie Mac 1Q 2023 Form 10-Q | | 24 |
| | | | | | | | |
| Management's Discussion and Analysis | | Risk Management |
Single-Family Mortgage Portfolio Credit Enhancement Coverage Outstanding
The table below provides information on the UPB and maximum coverage associated with credit-enhanced loans in our Single-Family mortgage portfolio.
Table 17 - Single-Family Mortgage Portfolio Credit Enhancement Coverage Outstanding | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | March 31, 2023 |
| (Dollars in millions) | | UPB(1) | % of Portfolio | Maximum Coverage(2) |
Primary mortgage insurance(3) | | $613,366 | | 21 | % | $156,920 | |
| STACR | | 1,184,605 | | 40 | | 34,150 | |
| ACIS | | 901,506 | | 30 | | 19,260 | |
| Other | | 40,958 | | 1 | | 11,057 | |
Less: UPB with multiple credit enhancements and other reconciling items(4) | | (900,339) | | (30) | | — | |
| Single-Family mortgage portfolio - credit-enhanced | | 1,840,096 | | 62 | | 221,387 | |
| Single-Family mortgage portfolio - non-credit-enhanced | | 1,148,539 | | 38 | | N/A |
| Total | | $2,988,635 | | 100 | % | $221,387 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | December 31, 2022 |
| (Dollars in millions) | | UPB(1) | % of Portfolio | Maximum Coverage(2) |
Primary mortgage insurance(3) | | $609,123 | | 21 | % | $155,022 | |
| STACR | | 1,188,017 | | 40 | | 35,111 | |
| ACIS | | 938,409 | | 31 | | 19,774 | |
| Other | | 41,572 | | 1 | | 11,105 | |
Less: UPB with multiple credit enhancements and other reconciling items(4) | | (945,062) | | (32) | | — | |
| Single-Family mortgage portfolio - credit-enhanced | | 1,832,059 | | 61 | | 221,012 | |
| Single-Family mortgage portfolio - non-credit-enhanced | | 1,153,986 | | 39 | | N/A |
| Total | | $2,986,045 | | 100 | % | $221,012 | |
(1) Represents the current UPB of the assets included in the associated reference pool or securitization trust, as applicable.
(2) For STACR transactions, represents the outstanding balance held by third parties. For ACIS transactions, represents the remaining aggregate limit of insurance purchased from third parties.
(3) Amounts exclude certain loans for which we do not control servicing, as the coverage information for these loans is not readily available to us.
(4) Other reconciling items primarily include timing differences in reporting cycles between the UPB of certain CRT transactions and the UPB of the underlying loans.
Credit Enhancement Coverage Characteristics
The table below provides the serious delinquency rates for the credit-enhanced and non-credit-enhanced loans in our Single-Family mortgage portfolio. The credit-enhanced categories are not mutually exclusive as a single loan may be covered by both primary mortgage insurance and other credit enhancements.
Table 18 - Serious Delinquency Rates for Credit-Enhanced and Non-Credit-Enhanced Loans in Our Single-Family Mortgage Portfolio | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | March 31, 2023 | | December 31, 2022 |
(% of portfolio based on UPB)(1) | | % of Portfolio(2) | SDQ Rate | | % of Portfolio(2) | SDQ Rate |
| Credit-enhanced: | | | | | | |
| Primary mortgage insurance | | 21 | % | 0.99 | % | | 21 | % | 1.05 | % |
| CRT and other | | 56 | | 0.64 | | | 56 | | 0.68 | |
| Non-credit-enhanced | | 38 | | 0.52 | | | 39 | | 0.57 | |
| Total | | N/A | 0.62 | | | N/A | 0.66 | |
(1)Excludes loans underlying certain securitization products for which loan-level data is not available.
(2)Percentages do not total to 100% as a single loan may be included in multiple line items.
Credit Enhancement Recoveries
Our expected recovery receivable from freestanding credit enhancements, net of allowance, was $0.4 billion for both March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022.
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| Freddie Mac 1Q 2023 Form 10-Q | | 25 |
| | | | | | | | |
| Management's Discussion and Analysis | | Risk Management |
Monitoring Loan Performance and Characteristics We review loan performance, including delinquency statistics and related loan characteristics, in conjunction with housing market and economic conditions, to assess credit risk when estimating our allowance for credit losses. We also use this information to determine if our pricing and eligibility standards reflect the risk associated with the loans we purchase and guarantee.
Loan Characteristics
The table below contains details of the characteristics of the loans in our Single-Family mortgage portfolio.
Table 19 - Credit Quality Characteristics of Our Single-Family Mortgage Portfolio | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | March 31, 2023 |
| (Dollars in millions) | | UPB | Original Credit
Score (1) | Current Credit
Score(1)(2) | Original LTV Ratio | Current
LTV
Ratio |
| Single-Family mortgage portfolio year of origination: | | | | | | |
| 2023 | | $34,412 | | 749 | 748 | 80 | % | 80 | % |
| 2022 | | 455,538 | | 745 | 742 | 76 | | 74 | |
| 2021 | | 1,038,828 | | 752 | 756 | 71 | | 59 | |
| 2020 | | 763,137 | | 761 | 766 | 71 | | 51 | |
| 2019 | | 128,761 | | 746 | 751 | 76 | | 50 | |
| 2018 and prior | | 567,959 | | 737 | 749 | 75 | | 35 | |
| Total | | $2,988,635 | | 750 | 755 | 73 | | 55 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | December 31, 2022 |
| (Dollars in millions) | | UPB | Original Credit
Score (1) | Current Credit
Score(1)(2) | Original LTV Ratio | Current
LTV
Ratio |
| Single-Family mortgage portfolio year of origination: | | | | | | |
| 2022 | | $438,339 | | 745 | 742 | 76 | % | 74 | % |
| 2021 | | 1,054,844 | | 752 | 758 | 71 | | 59 | |
| 2020 | | 776,425 | | 761 | 766 | 71 | | 51 | |
| 2019 | | 131,637 | | 746 | 752 | 76 | | 50 | |
| 2018 | | 52,921 | | 736 | 736 | 76 | | 47 | |
| 2017 and prior | | 531,879 | | 737 | 752 | 75 | | 34 | |
| Total | | $ | 2,986,045 | | 750 | | 756 | | 73 | | 54 | |
(1)Original credit score is generally based on three credit bureaus (Equifax, Experian, and TransUnion). Current credit score is based on Experian only.
(2)Credit scores for certain recently acquired loans may not have been updated by the credit bureau since the loan acquisition, and therefore the original credit scores also represent the current credit scores.
The following table presents the combination of credit score and CLTV ratio attributes of loans in our Single-Family mortgage portfolio.
Table 20 - Single-Family Mortgage Portfolio Attribute Combinations(1) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | March 31, 2023 |
| | CLTV ≤ 60 | | CLTV > 60 to 80 | | CLTV > 80 to 90 | | CLTV > 90 to 100 | | CLTV > 100 | | All Loans |
| Original credit score | | % of Portfolio | SDQ Rate | | % of Portfolio | SDQ Rate(2) | | % of Portfolio | SDQ Rate(2) | | % of Portfolio | SDQ Rate(2) | | % of Portfolio | SDQ Rate(2) | | % of Portfolio | SDQ Rate |
| 740 and above | < 620 | 41 | % | 0.19 | % | | 18 | % | 0.24 | % | | 4 | % | 0.25 | % | | 2 | % | 0.22 | % | | — | % | NM | | 65 | % | 0.21 | % |
| 700 to 739 | | 11 | | 0.63 | | | 7 | | 0.73 | | | 2 | | 0.77 | | | 1 | | 0.51 | | | — | | NM | | 21 | | 0.66 | |
| 680 to 699 | | 4 | | 1.05 | | | 3 | | 1.28 | | | — | | NM | | — | | NM | | — | | NM | | 7 | | 1.12 | |
| 660 to 679 | | 2 | | 1.49 | | | 1 | | 1.81 | | | — | | NM | | — | | NM | | — | | NM | | 3 | | 1.57 | |
| 620 to 659 | | 2 | | 2.24 | | | 1 | | 2.87 | | | — | | NM | | — | | NM | | — | | NM | | 3 | | 2.39 | |
| Less than 620 | | 1 | | 5.40 | | | — | | NM | | — | | NM | | — | | NM | | — | | NM | | 1 | | 5.92 | |
| Total | | 61 | % | 0.59 | | | 30 | % | 0.66 | | | 6 | % | 0.65 | | | 3 | % | 0.46 | | | — | % | NM | | 100 | % | 0.62 | |
Referenced footnotes are included after the prior period table
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| Freddie Mac 1Q 2023 Form 10-Q | | 26 |
| | | | | | | | |
| Management's Discussion and Analysis | | Risk Management |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | December 31, 2022 |
| | CLTV ≤ 60 | | CLTV > 60 to 80 | | CLTV > 80 to 90 | | CLTV > 90 to 100 | | CLTV > 100 | | All Loans |
| Original credit score | | % of Portfolio | SDQ Rate | | % of Portfolio | SDQ Rate(2) | | % of Portfolio | SDQ Rate(2) | | % of Portfolio | SDQ Rate(2) | | % of Portfolio | SDQ Rate(2) | | % of Portfolio | SDQ Rate |
| 740 and above | | 40 | % | 0.22 | % | | 18 | % | 0.25 | % | | 4 | % | 0.23 | % | | 2 | % | 0.16 | % | | — | % | NM | | 64 | % | 0.23 | % |
| 700 to 739 | | 12 | | 0.70 | | | 6 | | 0.75 | | | 2 | | 0.72 | | | 1 | | 0.38 | | | — | | NM | | 21 | | 0.71 | |
| 680 to 699 | | 5 | | 1.16 | | | 2 | | 1.28 | | | — | | NM | | — | | NM | | — | | NM | | 7 | | 1.18 | |
| 660 to 679 | | 3 | | 1.65 | | | 1 | | 1.77 | | | — | | NM | | — | | NM | | — | | NM | | 4 | | 1.68 | |
| 620 to 659 | | 2 | | 2.46 | | | 1 | | 2.78 | | | — | | NM | | — | | NM | | — | | NM | | 3 | | 2.54 | |
| Less than 620 | | 1 | | 5.97 | | | — | | NM | | — | | NM | | — | | NM | | — | | NM | | 1 | | 6.52 | |
| Total | | 63 | % | 0.66 | | 28 | % | 0.67 | | | 6 | % | 0.60 | | 3 | % | 0.37 | | | — | % | NM | | 100 | % | 0.66 |
(1) Excludes loans underlying certain securitization products for which original credit score is not available.
(2) NM - not meaningful due to the percentage of the portfolio rounding to zero.
Geographic Concentrations
We purchase mortgage loans from across the U.S. However, local economic conditions can affect the borrower's ability to repay and the value of the underlying collateral, leading to concentrations of credit risk in certain geographic areas. In addition, certain states and municipalities have passed or may pass laws that limit our ability to foreclose or evict and make it more difficult and costly to manage our risk.
See Note 12 for more information about the geographic distribution of our Single-Family mortgage portfolio.
Delinquency Rates
We report Single-Family delinquency rates based on the number of loans in our Single-Family mortgage portfolio that are past due as reported to us by our servicers as a percentage of the total number of loans in our Single-Family mortgage portfolio.
The chart below shows the delinquency rates of mortgage loans in our Single-Family mortgage portfolio.
Our Single-Family serious delinquency rate decreased to 0.62% as of March 31, 2023, compared to 0.92% as of March 31, 2022, as borrowers completed loan workout activities that returned the mortgages to current status primarily for borrowers exiting forbearance. See Note 3 for additional information on the payment status of our single-family mortgage loans.
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| Freddie Mac 1Q 2023 Form 10-Q | | 27 |
| | | | | | | | |
| Management's Discussion and Analysis | | Risk Management |
Multifamily Mortgage Credit Risk Maintaining Policies and Procedures for New Business Activity, Including Prudent Underwriting Standards Our underwriting standards focus on the LTV ratio and DSCR, which estimates a borrower's ability to repay the loan using the secured property's cash flows, after expenses. The charts below provide the weighted average original LTV and DSCR for our new business activity for the periods presented.
Weighted Average Original LTV Ratio 
Weighted Average Original DSCR
Transferring Credit Risk to Third-Party Investors To reduce our credit risk exposure, we engage in a variety of CRT activities; however, securitizations remain our principal credit risk transfer mechanism. Through securitizations (i.e., subordination), we have transferred a substantial amount of the expected and stressed credit risk on the Multifamily mortgage portfolio, thereby reducing our overall credit risk exposure and required capital.
Multifamily Mortgage Portfolio CRT Issuance
The table below provides the UPB of the mortgage loans covered by CRT transactions issued during the periods presented as well as the maximum coverage provided by those transactions.
Table 21 - Multifamily Mortgage Portfolio CRT Issuance | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | 1Q 2023 | | 1Q 2022 | | | | |
| (In millions) | | UPB(1) | Maximum Coverage(2) | | UPB(1) | Maximum Coverage(2) | | | | | | |
| Subordination | | $6,149 | | $425 | | | $14,105 | | $974 | | | | | | | |
| SCR | | 1,166 | | 105 | | | — | | — | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Lender risk-sharing | | 239 | | 48 | | | — | | — | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Total CRT issuance | | $7,554 | | $578 | | | $14,105 | | $974 | | | | | | | |
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| | | | | | | | | | |
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| | | | | | | | | | | | |
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(1) Represents the UPB of the assets included in the associated reference pool or securitization trust, as applicable.
(2) For subordination, represents the UPB of the securities that are held by third parties at issuance and are subordinate to the securities we guarantee. For SCR transactions, represents the UPB of securities held by third parties at issuance. For lender risk-sharing, represents the amount of loss recovery that is available subject to the terms of counterparty agreements at issuance.
Multifamily Mortgage Portfolio Credit Enhancement Coverage Outstanding
While we obtain various forms of credit protection in connection with the acquisition, guarantee, and/or securitization of a loan or group of loans, our principal credit enhancement type is subordination, which is created through our senior subordinate securitization transactions. As of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, our maximum coverage provided by subordination in nonconsolidated VIEs was $41.1 billion and $41.7 billion, respectively.
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| Freddie Mac 1Q 2023 Form 10-Q | | 28 |
| | | | | | | | |
| Management's Discussion and Analysis | | Risk Management |
The table below presents the UPB and delinquency rates for both credit-enhanced and non-credit-enhanced loans underlying our Multifamily mortgage portfolio.
Table 22 - Credit-Enhanced and Non-Credit-Enhanced Loans Underlying Our Multifamily Mortgage Portfolio | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | March 31, 2023 | | December 31, 2022 |
| (Dollars in millions) | | UPB | | Delinquency Rate | | | | UPB | | Delinquency Rate | |
| Credit-enhanced: | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Subordination | | $355,747 | | | 0.14 | % | | | | $358,813 | | | 0.12 | % | |
| Other | | 40,011 | | | 0.15 | | | | | 38,870 | | | 0.12 | | |
| Total credit-enhanced | | 395,758 | | | 0.14 | | | | | 397,683 | | | 0.12 | | |
| Non-credit-enhanced | | 30,281 | | | 0.09 | | | | | 31,619 | | | 0.08 | | |
| Total | | $426,039 | | | 0.13 | | | | | $429,302 | | | 0.12 | | |
The table below contains details on the loans underlying our Multifamily mortgage portfolio that are not credit-enhanced.
Table 23 - Credit Quality of Our Multifamily Mortgage Portfolio Without Credit Enhancement | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | March 31, 2023 | | December 31, 2022 |
| (Dollars in millions) | | UPB | Delinquency Rate | | | UPB | Delinquency Rate |
| Mortgage loans held-for-sale | | $9,609 | | 0.27 | % | | | $9,138 | | 0.29 | % |
| Mortgage loans held-for-investment: | | | | | | | |
| Held by Freddie Mac | | 10,453 | | — | | | | 15,468 | | — | |
| Held by consolidated trusts | | 7,881 | | 0.02 | | | | 4,665 | | — | |
| Other mortgage-related guarantees | | 2,338 | | — | | | | 2,348 | | — | |
| Total | | $30,281 | | 0.09 | | | | $31,619 | | 0.08 | |
Market Risk
Our business segments have embedded exposure to market risk, which is the economic risk associated with adverse changes in interest rates, volatility, and spreads. Market risk can adversely affect future cash flows, or economic value, as well as earnings and net worth. The primary sources of interest-rate risk are our investments in mortgage-related assets, the debt we issue to fund these assets, and our Single-Family guarantees.
Our primary interest-rate risk measures are duration gap and Portfolio Value Sensitivity (PVS). Duration gap measures the difference in price sensitivity to interest rate changes between our financial assets and liabilities and is expressed in months relative to the value of assets. PVS is an estimate of the change in the present value of the cash flows of our financial assets and liabilities from an instantaneous shock to interest rates, assuming spreads are held constant and no rebalancing actions are undertaken. PVS is measured in two ways, one measuring the estimated sensitivity of our portfolio value to a 50 basis point parallel movement in interest rates (PVS-L) and the other to a non-parallel movement resulting from a 25 basis point change in the slope of the yield curve (PVS-YC). While we believe that duration gap and PVS are useful risk management tools, they should be understood as estimates rather than as precise measurements.
The following tables provide our duration gap, estimated point-in-time and minimum and maximum PVS-L and PVS-YC results, and an average of the daily values and standard deviation. The table below also provides PVS-L estimates assuming an immediate 100 basis point shift in the yield curve. The interest-rate sensitivity of a mortgage portfolio varies across a wide range of interest rates.
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| Freddie Mac 1Q 2023 Form 10-Q | | 29 |
| | | | | | | | |
| Management's Discussion and Analysis | | Risk Management |
Table 24 - PVS-YC and PVS-L Results Assuming Shifts of the Yield Curve | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | March 31, 2023 | | December 31, 2022 |
| | PVS-YC | | PVS-L | | PVS-YC | | PVS-L |
| (In millions) | | 25 bps | | 50 bps | 100 bps | | 25 bps | | 50 bps | 100 bps |
Assuming shifts of the yield curve, (gains) losses on:(1) | | | | | | | | | | |
| Assets: | | | | | | | | | | |
Investments | | $420 | | | $3,410 | | $6,736 | | | $362 | | | ($3,131) | | ($6,340) | |
Guarantees(2) | | (92) | | | (462) | | (863) | | | (93) | | | 512 | | 1,090 | |
| Total assets | | 328 | | | 2,948 | | 5,873 | | | 269 | | | (2,619) | | (5,250) | |
| Liabilities | | 69 | | | (1,832) | | (3,690) | | | 68 | | | 1,958 | | 3,912 | |
| Derivatives | | (395) | | | (1,106) | | (2,160) | | | (336) | | | 648 | | 1,278 | |
| Total | | $2 | | | $10 | | $23 | | | $1 | | | ($13) | | ($60) | |
| PVS | | $2 | | | $10 | | $23 | | | $1 | | | $— | | $— | |
(1)The categorization of the PVS impact between assets, liabilities, and derivatives on this table is based upon the economic characteristics of those assets and liabilities, not their accounting classification. For example, purchase and sale commitments of mortgage-related securities and debt of consolidated trusts held by the mortgage-related investments portfolio are both categorized as assets on this table.
(2)Represents the interest-rate risk from our guarantees, which include buy-ups, float, and upfront fees (including buy-downs).
Table 25 - Duration Gap and PVS Results | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | 1Q 2023 | | 1Q 2022 |
(Duration gap in months, dollars in millions) | | Duration Gap | PVS-YC 25 bps | PVS-L 50 bps | | Duration Gap | PVS-YC 25 bps | PVS-L 50 bps |
| Average | | — | | $3 | | $3 | | | — | | $8 | | $11 | |
| Minimum | | (0.2) | | — | | — | | | (0.3) | | — | | — | |
| Maximum | | 0.2 | | 9 | | 24 | | | 0.4 | | 16 | | 77 | |
| Standard deviation | | 0.1 | | 2 | | 6 | | | 0.2 | | 4 | | 19 | |
Derivatives enable us to reduce our economic interest-rate risk exposure as we continue to align our derivative portfolio with the changing duration of our economically hedged assets and liabilities. The table below shows that the PVS-L risk levels, assuming a 50 basis point shift in the yield curve for the periods presented, would have been higher if we had not used derivatives.
Table 26 - PVS-L Results Before Derivatives and After Derivatives | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | PVS-L (50 bps) | | |
| (In millions) | | Before Derivatives | After Derivatives | | Effect of Derivatives |
March 31, 2023 | | $1,116 | | $10 | | | ($1,106) | |
December 31, 2022(1) | | 645 | | — | | | (645) | |
(1)Before derivatives, our adverse PVS-L rate movement was -50 whereas after derivatives our adverse PVS-L rate movement was +50 bps.
Earnings Sensitivity to Market Risk The accounting treatment for our financial assets and liabilities (i.e., some are measured at amortized cost, while others are measured at fair value) creates variability in our GAAP earnings when interest rates and spreads change. We manage this variability of GAAP earnings, which may not reflect the economics of our business, using fair value hedge accounting. See MD&A - Consolidated Results of Operations and MD&A - Our Business Segments for additional information on the effect of changes in interest rates and market spreads on our financial results.
| | | | | | | | |
| Freddie Mac 1Q 2023 Form 10-Q | | 30 |
| | | | | | | | |
| Management's Discussion and Analysis | | Risk Management |
Interest Rate-Related Earnings Sensitivity While we manage our interest-rate risk exposure on an economic basis to a low level as measured by our models, changes in interest rates may still result in significant earnings variability from period to period.
By electing fair value hedge accounting for certain single-family mortgage loans and certain debt instruments, we are able to reduce the potential variability in our earnings attributable to changes in interest rates. See Note 8 for additional information on hedge accounting.
Earnings Sensitivity to Changes in Interest Rates
We evaluate a range of interest rate scenarios to determine the sensitivity of our earnings due to changes in interest rates and to determine our fair value hedge accounting strategies. The interest rate scenarios evaluated include parallel shifts in the yield curve in which interest rates increase or decrease by 100 basis points, non-parallel shifts in the yield curve in which long-term interest rates increase or decrease by 100 basis points, and non-parallel shifts in the yield curve in which short-term and medium-term interest rates increase or decrease by 100 basis points. This evaluation identifies the net effect on comprehensive income from changes in fair value attributable to changes in interest rates for financial instruments measured at fair value recognized on our condensed consolidated balance sheets at period end, including the effects of fair value hedge accounting, for each of the identified scenarios. This evaluation does not include the net effect on comprehensive income from interest-rate sensitive items that are not measured at fair value (e.g., amortization of mortgage loan premiums and discounts, changes in fair value of held-for-sale mortgage loans for which we have not elected the fair value option), from changes in our future contractual net interest income due to repricing of our interest-bearing assets and liabilities, or from future new business activities. The before-tax results of this evaluation are shown in the table below.
Table 27 - Earnings Sensitivity to Changes in Interest Rates | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| (In millions) | | March 31, 2023 | | March 31, 2022 |
Interest Rate Scenarios(1) | | | | |
| Parallel yield curve shifts: | | | | |
| +100 basis points | | $25 | | | ($44) | |
| -100 basis points | | (25) | | | 44 | |
| Non-parallel yield curve shifts - long-term interest rates: | | | | |
| +100 basis points | | 118 | | | 181 | |
| -100 basis points | | (118) | | | (181) | |
| Non-parallel yield curve shifts - short-term and medium-term interest rates: | | | | |
| +100 basis points | | (92) | | | (224) | |
| -100 basis points | | 92 | | | 224 | |
(1)The earnings sensitivity presented is calculated using the change in interest rates and net effective duration exposure.
The actual effect of changes in interest rates on our comprehensive income in any given period may vary based on a number of factors, including, but not limited to, the composition of our assets and liabilities, the actual changes in interest rates that are realized at different terms along the yield curve, and the effectiveness of our hedge accounting strategies. Even if implemented properly, our hedge accounting programs may not be effective in reducing earnings volatility, and our hedges may fail in any given future period, which could expose us to significant earnings variability in that period.
| | | | | | | | |
| Freddie Mac 1Q 2023 Form 10-Q | | 31 |
| | | | | | | | |
| Management's Discussion and Analysis | | Liquidity and Capital Resources |
LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES
Our business activities require that we maintain adequate liquidity to meet our financial obligations as they come due and to meet the needs of customers in a timely and cost-efficient manner. We also must maintain adequate capital resources to avoid being placed into receivership by FHFA.
Liquidity
Primary Sources of Liquidity The following table lists the sources of our liquidity, the balances as of the dates shown, and a brief description of their importance to Freddie Mac.
Table 28 - Liquidity Sources | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| (In millions) | March 31, 2023(1) | December 31, 2022(1) | Description | | |
| | | | | |
| Other Investments Portfolio - Liquidity and Contingency Operating Portfolio | $123,517 | | $114,339 | | The liquidity and contingency operating portfolio, included within our other investments portfolio, is primarily used for short-term liquidity management. | | |
| Mortgage Loans and Mortgage-Related Securities | 25,580 | | 25,853 | | The liquid portion of our mortgage-related investments portfolio can be pledged or sold for liquidity purposes. The amount of cash we may be able to successfully raise may be substantially less than the balance. | | |
(1)Represents carrying value for the liquidity and contingency operating portfolio, included within our other investments portfolio, and UPB for the liquid portion of the mortgage-related investments portfolio.
Other Investments Portfolio Our other investments portfolio is important to our cash flow, collateral management, asset and liability management, and ability to provide liquidity and stability to the mortgage market.
Our liquidity and contingency operating portfolio primarily includes securities purchased under agreements to resell and non-mortgage-related securities. Our non-mortgage-related securities consist of U.S. Treasury securities and other investments that we could sell to provide us with an additional source of liquidity to fund our business operations. We also maintain non-interest-bearing deposits at the Federal Reserve Bank of New York and interest-bearing deposits at commercial banks. Our interest-bearing deposits at commercial banks totaled $4.8 billion and $5.0 billion as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. See MD&A - Our Portfolios - Investments Portfolio - Other Investments Portfolio for more information about our other investments portfolio.
Mortgage Loans and Mortgage-Related Securities We invest principally in mortgage loans and mortgage-related securities, certain categories of which are largely unencumbered and liquid. Our primary source of liquidity among these mortgage assets is our holdings of agency securities. See MD&A - Our Portfolios - Investments Portfolio - Mortgage-Related Investments Portfolio for more information about our mortgage loans and mortgage-related securities.
| | | | | | | | |
| Freddie Mac 1Q 2023 Form 10-Q | | 32 |
| | | | | | | | |
| Management's Discussion and Analysis | | Liquidity and Capital Resources |
Primary Sources of Funding The following table lists the sources of our funding, the balances as of the dates shown, and a brief description of their importance to Freddie Mac.
Table 29 - Funding Sources | | | | | | | | | | | |
| (In millions) | March 31, 2023(1) | December 31, 2022(1) | Description |
| Debt of Freddie Mac | $180,464 | | $166,762 | | Debt of Freddie Mac is used to fund our business activities. |
Debt of
Consolidated Trusts | 2,987,050 | | 2,979,070 | | Debt of consolidated trusts is used primarily to fund our Single-Family guarantee activities. This type of debt is principally repaid by the cash flows of the associated mortgage loans. As a result, our repayment obligation is limited to amounts paid pursuant to our guarantee of principal and interest and to purchase modified or seriously delinquent loans from the trusts. |
(1)Represents the carrying value of debt balances after consideration of offsetting arrangements.
We issue debt of Freddie Mac to fund our operations. Competition for funding can vary with economic, financial market, and regulatory environments. The amount, type, and term of debt issued is based on a variety of factors and is designed to meet our ongoing cash needs and to comply with our Liquidity Management Framework.
The table below summarizes the par value and the average rate of debt of Freddie Mac we issued or paid off, including regularly scheduled principal payments, payments resulting from calls, and payments for repurchases. We call, exchange, or repurchase our outstanding debt from time to time for a variety of reasons, including managing our funding composition and supporting the liquidity of our debt securities.
Table 30 - Debt of Freddie Mac Activity | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | 1Q 2023 | | 1Q 2022 |
| (Dollars in millions) | | Par Value | Average Rate(1) | | Par Value | Average Rate(1) |
| Short-term: | | | | | | |
| Beginning balance | | $7,716 | | 3.49 | % | | $— | | — | % |
| Issuances | | 50,739 | | 4.18 | | | 5,553 | | 0.15 | |
| Repayments | | — | | — | | | — | | — | |
| Maturities | | (49,739) | | 4.04 | | | (2,253) | | 0.01 | |
| Ending balance | | 8,716 | | 4.36 | | | 3,300 | | 0.25 | |
| | | | | | |
| Securities sold under agreements to repurchase | | 4,652 | | 4.58 | | | 11,260 | | 0.01 | |
| Offsetting arrangements | | (4,652) | | — | | | (11,260) | | — | |
| Securities sold under agreements to repurchase, net | | — | | — | | | — | | — | |
| Total short-term debt | | 8,716 | | 4.36 | | | 3,300 | | 0.25 | |
| | | | | | |
| Long-term: | | | | | | |
| Beginning balance | | 170,363 | | 2.22 | | | 181,613 | | 1.11 | |
| Issuances | | 14,192 | | 5.33 | | | 1,810 | | 2.21 | |
| Repayments | | (2,491) | | 5.93 | | | (1,834) | | 2.98 | |
| Maturities | | (680) | | 1.50 | | | (16,713) | | 0.12 | |
| Total long-term debt | | 181,384 | | 2.51 | | | 164,876 | | 1.21 | |
| Total debt of Freddie Mac, net | | $190,100 | | 2.60 | % | | $168,176 | | 1.19 | % |
(1)Average rate is weighted based on par value.
Total debt issuance increased year-over-year primarily to fund upcoming debt maturities and anticipated calls of outstanding debt. As of March 31, 2023, our aggregate indebtedness pursuant to the Purchase Agreement was $190.1 billion, which was below the current $270.0 billion debt cap limit. Our aggregate indebtedness calculation primarily includes the par value of short- and long-term debt.
| | | | | | | | |
| Freddie Mac 1Q 2023 Form 10-Q | | 33 |
| | | | | | | | |
| Management's Discussion and Analysis | | Liquidity and Capital Resources |
Maturity and Redemption Dates
The following table presents the par value of debt of Freddie Mac by contractual maturity date and earliest redemption date. The earliest redemption date refers to the earliest call date for callable debt and the contractual maturity date for all other debt of Freddie Mac.
Table 31 - Maturity and Redemption Dates | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | As of March 31, 2023 | | As of December 31, 2022 |
| (In millions) | | Contractual Maturity Date | Earliest Redemption Date | | Contractual Maturity Date | Earliest Redemption Date |
Debt of Freddie Mac(1): | | | | | | |
| 1 year or less | | $56,692 | | $161,845 | | | $60,534 | | $156,515 | |
| 1 year through 2 years | | 43,276 | | 7,234 | | | 32,261 | | 3,820 | |
| 2 years through 3 years | | 50,206 | | 10,106 | | | 51,658 | | 13,071 | |
| 3 years through 4 years | | 5,580 | | 198 | | | 5,739 | | 212 | |
| 4 years through 5 years | | 8,713 | | 204 | | | 7,603 | | 170 | |
| Thereafter | | 26,750 | | 11,630 | | | 27,623 | | 11,630 | |
STACR and SCR debt(2) | | 3,535 | | 3,535 | | | 4,652 | | 4,652 | |
| Total debt of Freddie Mac | | $194,752 | | $194,752 | | | $190,070 | | $190,070 | |
(1)Includes payables related to securities sold under agreements to repurchase that we offset against receivables related to securities purchased under agreements to resell on our condensed consolidated balance sheets, when such amounts meet the conditions for offsetting in the accounting guidance.
(2)STACR debt notes and SCR debt notes are subject to prepayment risk as their payments are based upon the performance of a reference pool of mortgage assets that may be prepaid by the related mortgage borrower at any time generally without penalty and are, therefore, included as a separate category in the table.
Debt of Consolidated Trusts The largest component of debt on our condensed consolidated balance sheets is debt of consolidated trusts, which relates to securitization transactions that we consolidate for accounting purposes. We primarily issue this type of debt by securitizing mortgage loans to fund our Single-Family guarantee activities.
The table below shows activity for the debt of consolidated trusts.
Table 32 - Debt of Consolidated Trusts Activity | | | | | | | | | | | |
| (In millions) | | 1Q 2023 | 1Q 2022 |
| Beginning balance | | $2,929,567 | | $2,732,056 | |
| Issuances | | 87,021 | | 295,247 | |
| Repayments and extinguishments | | (77,867) | | (192,232) | |
| Ending balance | | 2,938,721 | | 2,835,071 | |
Unamortized premiums and discounts | | 48,329 | | 64,155 | |
| Debt of consolidated trusts | | $2,987,050 | | $2,899,226 | |
Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements We enter into certain business arrangements that are not recorded on our condensed consolidated balance sheets or that may be recorded in amounts that differ from the full contractual or notional amount of the transaction that affect our short- and long-term liquidity needs. Our off-balance sheet arrangements primarily consist of guarantees and commitments. See Note 2 and Note 4 for additional information on these transactions. See MD&A - Risk Management - Credit Risk for additional information on our credit risk exposure on off-balance sheet arrangements.
Cash and cash equivalents (including restricted cash and cash equivalents) decreased by $4.7 billion from $10.5 billion as of March 31, 2022 to $5.9 billion as of March 31, 2023, primarily driven by an increase in securities purchased under agreements to resell.
| | | | | | | | |
| Freddie Mac 1Q 2023 Form 10-Q | | 34 |
| | | | | | | | |
| Management's Discussion and Analysis | | Liquidity and Capital Resources |
Capital Resources
The table below presents activity related to our net worth.
Table 33 - Net Worth Activity | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| (In millions) | | 1Q 2023 | 1Q 2022 | | | |
| Beginning balance | | $37,018 | | $28,033 | | | | |
| Comprehensive income (loss) | | 2,049 | | 3,678 | | | | |
| Capital draw from Treasury | | — | | — | | | | |
| Senior preferred stock dividends declared | | — | | — | | | | |
| Total equity / net worth | | $39,067 | | $31,711 | | | | |
| | | | | | |
| Remaining Treasury funding commitment | | $140,162 | | $140,162 | | | | |
| Aggregate draws under Purchase Agreement | | 71,648 | | 71,648 | | | | |
| Aggregate cash dividends paid to Treasury | | 119,680 | | 119,680 | | | | |
| Liquidation preference of the senior preferred stock | | 109,666 | | 100,681 | | | | |
The charts below present the ERCF capital adequacy requirements under the risk-based capital requirement (CET1 capital ratio relative to RWA) and leverage capital requirement (Tier 1 capital ratio relative to ATA).
Risk-Based Capital Requirement: CET1 Capital Ratio
Leverage Capital Requirement: Tier 1 Capital Ratio
| | | | | | | | |
| Freddie Mac 1Q 2023 Form 10-Q | | 35 |
| | | | | | | | |
| Management's Discussion and Analysis | | Liquidity and Capital Resources |
Capital Metrics
The table below presents the components of our regulatory capital.
Table 34 - Regulatory Capital Components
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| (In billions) | | March 31, 2023 | December 31, 2022 |
| Total equity | | $39 | | $37 | |
| Less: | | | |
| Senior preferred stock | | 73 | | 73 | |
| Preferred stock | | 14 | | 14 | |
| Common equity | | (48) | | (50) | |
| Less: deferred tax assets arising from temporary differences that exceed 10% of CET1 capital and other regulatory adjustments | | 5 | | 5 | |
| Common equity Tier 1 capital | | (53) | | (55) | |
| Add: Preferred stock | | 14 | | 14 | |
| Tier 1 capital | | (39) | | (41) | |
| Tier 2 capital adjustments | | — | | — | |
| Adjusted total capital | | ($39) | | ($41) | |
The table below presents the components of our statutory capital.
Table 35 - Statutory Capital Components
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| (In billions) | | March 31, 2023 | December 31, 2022 |
| Total equity | | $39 | | $37 | |
| Less: | | | |
| Senior preferred stock | | 73 | | 73 | |
| AOCI, net of taxes | | (1) | | (1) | |
| Core capital | | (33) | | (35) | |
General allowance for foreclosure losses(1) | | 8 | | 8 | |
| Total capital | | ($25) | | ($27) | |
(1)Represents our allowance for credit losses.
| | | | | | | | |
| Freddie Mac 1Q 2023 Form 10-Q | | 36 |
| | | | | | | | |
| Management's Discussion and Analysis | | Liquidity and Capital Resources |
Table 36 - Capital Metrics Under ERCF | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| (In billions) | | | | | March 31, 2023 | | December 31, 2022 |
| Adjusted total assets | | $3,716 | | | $3,710 | |
| Risk-weighted assets (standardized approach): | | | | |
| Credit risk | | 781 | | | 778 | |
| Market risk | | 57 | | | 51 | |
| Operational risk | | 70 | | | 70 | |
| Total risk-weighted assets | $908 | | $899 |
| | | | | | | | | |
| (In billions) | | | | | March 31, 2023 | | December 31, 2022 |
| Stress capital buffer | | $27 | | | $27 | |
| Stability capital buffer | | 23 | | | 23 | |
| Countercyclical capital buffer amount | | — | | | — | |
| PCCBA | | $50 | | | $50 | |
| PLBA | | $11 | | | $11 | |
| | | | | | | | | |
| | | March 31, 2023 |
| (Dollars in billions) | | | Minimum
Capital
Requirement | Applicable Buffer(1) | Capital
Requirement
(Including Buffer) | Available
Capital (Deficit) | Capital
Shortfall |
| Risk-based capital amounts: | | | | | | | |
| Total capital | | | $73 | | N/A | $73 | | ($25) | | ($98) | |
| CET1 capital | | | 41 | | $50 | | 91 | | (53) | | (144) | |
| Tier 1 capital | | | 54 | | 50 | | 104 | | (39) | | (143) | |
| Adjusted total capital | | | 73 | | 50 | | 123 | | (39) | | (162) | |
Risk-based capital ratios(2): | | | | | | | |
| Total capital | | | 8.0 | % | N/A | 8.0 | % | (2.8) | % | (10.8) | % |
| CET1 capital | | | 4.5 | | 5.6 | % | 10.1 | | (5.8) | | (15.9) | |
| Tier 1 capital | | | 6.0 | | 5.6 | | 11.6 | | (4.3) | | (15.9) | |
| Adjusted total capital | | | 8.0 | | 5.6 | | 13.6 | | (4.3) | | (17.9) | |
| Leverage capital amounts: | | | | | | | |
| Core capital | | | $93 | | N/A | $93 | | ($33) | | ($126) | |
| Tier 1 capital | | | 93 | | $11 | | 104 | | (39) | | (143) | |
Leverage capital ratios(3): | | | | | | | |
| Core capital | | | 2.5 | % | N/A | 2.5 | % | (0.9) | % | (3.4) | % |
| Tier 1 capital | | | 2.5 | | 0.3 | % | 2.8 | | (1.0) | | (3.8) | |
Referenced footnotes are included after the prior period table.
| | | | | | | | |
| Freddie Mac 1Q 2023 Form 10-Q | | 37 |
| | | | | | | | |
| Management's Discussion and Analysis | | Liquidity and Capital Resources |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | December 31, 2022 |
| (Dollars in billions) | | | Minimum
Capital
Requirement | Applicable Buffer(1) | Capital
Requirement
(Including Buffer) | Available
Capital (Deficit) | Capital
Shortfall |
| Risk-based capital amounts: | | | | | | | |
| Total capital | | | $72 | | N/A | $72 | | ($27) | | ($99) | |
| CET1 capital | | | 40 | | $50 | | 90 | | (55) | | (145) | |
| Tier 1 capital | | | 54 | | 50 | | 104 | | (41) | | (145) | |
| Adjusted total capital | | | 72 | | 50 | | 122 | | (41) | | (163) | |
Risk-based capital ratios(2): | | | | | | | |
| Total capital | | | 8.0 | % | N/A | 8.0 | % | (3.1) | % | (11.1) | % |
| CET1 capital | | | 4.5 | | 5.6 | % | 10.1 | | (6.2) | | (16.3) | |
| Tier 1 capital | | | 6.0 | | 5.6 | | 11.6 | | (4.6) | | (16.2) | |
| Adjusted total capital | | | 8.0 | | 5.6 | | 13.6 | | (4.6) | | (18.2) | |
| Leverage capital amounts: | | | | | | | |
| Core capital | | | $93 | | N/A | $93 | | ($35) | | ($128) | |
| Tier 1 capital | | | 93 | | $11 | | 104 | | (41) | | (145) | |
Leverage capital ratios(3): | | | | | | | |
| Core capital | | | 2.5 | % | N/A | 2.5 | % | (1.0) | % | (3.5) | % |
| Tier 1 capital | | | 2.5 | | 0.3 | % | 2.8 | | (1.1) | | (3.9) | |
(1)PCCBA for risk-based capital and PLBA for leverage capital.
(2)As a percentage of RWA.
(3)As a percentage of ATA.
At March 31, 2023, our maximum payout ratio under the ERCF was 0.0%.
See Note 15 for additional information on our amounts of capital and ratios under the ERCF and see MD&A - Regulation and Supervision - Capital Standards and Public Disclosures for additional information on the ERCF.
| | | | | | | | |
| Freddie Mac 1Q 2023 Form 10-Q | | 38 |
| | | | | | | | |
| Management's Discussion and Analysis | | Critical Accounting Estimates |
CRITICAL ACCOUNTING ESTIMATES
Our critical accounting estimates and policies relate to the Single-Family allowance for credit losses. For additional information about our critical accounting estimates and other significant accounting policies, see Note 1 and Critical Accounting Estimates in our 2022 Annual Report.
Single-Family Allowance for Credit Losses
The Single-Family allowance for credit losses represents our estimate of expected credit losses over the contractual term of the mortgage loans. The Single-Family allowance for credit losses pertains to all single-family loans classified as held-for-investment on our condensed consolidated balance sheets.
Determining the appropriateness of the Single-Family allowance for credit losses is a complex process that is subject to numerous estimates and assumptions requiring significant management judgment about matters that involve a high degree of subjectivity. This process involves the use of models that require us to make judgments about matters that are difficult to predict, the most significant of which is the probability of default.
Changes in forecasted house price growth rates can have a significant effect on our allowance for credit losses estimates. The table below shows our nationwide forecasted house price growth rates that were used in determining our allowance for credit losses. See Note 5 for additional information regarding our current period provision for credit losses.
Table 37 - Forecasted House Price Growth Rates | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | 12-Month Forward | 13- to 24-Month Forward |
| | | |
| | | |
| March 31, 2023 | | (2.9) | % | (1.3) | % |
| December 31, 2022 | | (3.0) | | (1.8) | |
| | | | | | | | |
| Freddie Mac 1Q 2023 Form 10-Q | | 39 |
| | | | | | | | |
| Management's Discussion and Analysis | Regulation and Supervision |
REGULATION AND SUPERVISION
In addition to oversight by FHFA as our Conservator, we are subject to regulation and oversight by FHFA under our Charter and the GSE Act and to certain regulation by other government agencies. FHFA has the power to require us from time to time to change our processes, take action and/or stop taking action that could impact our business. Furthermore, regulatory activities by other government agencies can affect us indirectly, even if we are not directly subject to such agencies' regulation or oversight. For example, regulations that modify requirements applicable to the purchase or servicing of mortgages can affect us.
Federal Housing Finance Agency
Targeted Pricing Changes to Enterprise Pricing Framework In January 2023, FHFA announced further changes to Freddie Mac and Fannie Mae’s single-family pricing framework by introducing redesigned and recalibrated upfront fee matrices for purchase, rate-term refinance, and cash-out refinance loans, including a new upfront fee for certain borrowers with a DTI above 40 percent. On March 15, 2023, FHFA announced that it would delay the effective date of the DTI ratio-based fee by three months to August 1, 2023, to ensure a level playing field for all lenders to have sufficient time to deploy the fee.
Single-Family Social Bond Policy In February 2023, FHFA requested input on Freddie Mac and Fannie Mae’s single-family social bond policy and program design. FHFA solicited input on the opportunities and potential risks associated with single-family social bond issuance, including with regard to borrower benefits and privacy. FHFA also sought input to facilitate defining the criteria and appropriate impact measures for Enterprise-labeled single-family social bonds.
Capital Standards and Public Disclosures On February 23, 2023, FHFA announced that it is seeking comment on a notice of proposed rulemaking that would amend several provisions of the ERCF for Freddie Mac and Fannie Mae. The proposed rule includes modifications of certain provisions of the ERCF related to guarantees on commingled securities, multifamily mortgage exposures secured by properties with government subsidies, derivatives and cleared transactions, and credit scores. These proposed amendments would clarify certain aspects of the ERCF and help to further align the ERCF with the risks faced by the Enterprises.
Resecuritization Fee for New Issuances of Commingled Securities Effective July 1, 2022, as a result of the ERCF, Freddie Mac began charging a 50 bps fee for any newly-issued commingled security. This fee applied to collateral issued by Fannie Mae based on the UPB of the collateral when it is used for a new commingled security. Freddie Mac has not been applying the fee to any Freddie Mac-issued collateral used for a new commingled security. Due to the market's reaction to this fee, our issuances of commingled securities effectively ceased after July 1, 2022. Effective April 1, 2023, we reduced the fee from 50 bps to 9.375 bps per FHFA's guidance.
Enhanced Payment Deferral Policies for Borrowers Facing Financial Hardship Effective July 1, 2023, Freddie Mac, in conjunction with Fannie Mae and under the direction of FHFA, will implement a new payment deferral policy allowing eligible borrowers recovering from short-term hardship to defer up to six months of delinquent mortgage payments. This policy is separate from our COVID-19 and Disaster Payment Deferral policies.
| | | | | | | | |
| Freddie Mac 1Q 2023 Form 10-Q | | 40 |
| | | | | | | | |
| Management's Discussion and Analysis | Regulation and Supervision |
Updated Equitable Housing Finance Plan On April 5, 2023, FHFA announced updates to Freddie Mac and Fannie Mae’s 2022-2024 Equitable Housing Finance Plans for 2023. The updates build upon the inaugural plans first announced last year and make adjustments based on initial research and findings.
In addition, we released a performance report that outlines our progress under our Equitable Housing Finance Plan during 2022 and actions we are taking to advance equity in our automated underwriting systems, such as the inclusion of rental payments and cash flow underwriting and the use of advanced statistical techniques to improve model fairness.
Final Rule Amending the Duty to Serve Underserved Markets Regulation On April 12, 2023, FHFA issued a final rule to amend the Enterprise Duty to Serve Underserved Markets regulation. The final rule allows Freddie Mac’s activities in all colonia census tracts to be eligible for Duty to Serve credit. The final rule: (1) adds a new definition for “colonia census tract” to mean that a census tract containing a colonia will serve as a census tract-based proxy for a colonia; (2) amends the definition of “high-needs rural region” by substituting “colonia census tract” for “colonia”; and (3) amends the definition of “rural area” to include all colonia census tracts, regardless of their location. The final rule will go into effect on July 1, 2023.
Fair Lending, Fair Housing, and Equitable Housing Finance Plans On April 19, 2023, FHFA announced that it is seeking comment on a notice of proposed rulemaking that would formalize many of its existing practices and programs regarding fair housing and fair lending oversight of its regulated entities.
Specifically, the proposed rule would codify in regulation:
n FHFA’s fair lending oversight requirements for Freddie Mac and Fannie Mae and the Federal Home Loan Banks;
n The requirements for the Enterprises to maintain Equitable Housing Finance Plans; and
n The requirements for the Enterprises to collect and report homeownership education, housing counseling, and language preference information from the Supplemental Consumer Information Form.
The proposed rule would also expand requirements for the Enterprises in fair lending compliance and provide greater oversight and transparency regarding the Equitable Housing Finance Plans.
| | | | | | | | |
| Freddie Mac 1Q 2023 Form 10-Q | | 41 |
| | | | | | | | |
| Management's Discussion and Analysis | Forward-Looking Statements |
FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
We regularly communicate information concerning our business activities to investors, the news media, securities analysts, and others as part of our normal operations. Some of these communications, including this Form 10-Q, contain "forward-looking statements." Examples of forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, statements pertaining to the conservatorship, our current expectations and objectives for the Single-Family and Multifamily segments of our business, our efforts to assist the housing market, our liquidity and capital management, economic and market conditions and trends including, but not limited to, changes in observed and forecasted house price appreciation, our market share, the effect of legislative and regulatory developments and new accounting guidance, the credit quality of loans we own or guarantee, the costs and benefits of our CRT transactions, banking crises or failures, the effects of natural disasters, other catastrophic events, and significant climate change effects and actions taken in response thereto on our business, and our results of operations and financial condition. Forward-looking statements involve known and unknown risks and uncertainties, some of which are beyond our control. Forward-looking statements are often accompanied by, and identified with, terms such as "could," "may," "will," "believe," "expect," "anticipate," "forecast," and similar phrases. These statements are not historical facts, but rather represent our expectations based on current information, plans, judgments, assumptions, estimates, and projections. Actual results may differ significantly from those described in or implied by such forward-looking statements due to various factors and uncertainties, including those described in the Risk Factors section in our 2022 Annual Report, and including, without limitation, the following:
n The actions the federal government (including FHFA, Treasury, and Congress) and state governments may take, require us to take, or restrict us from taking, including actions to promote equitable access to affordable and sustainable housing, such as programs to implement the expectations in FHFA's Conservatorship Scorecards, recent requirements and guidance related to equitable housing, and other objectives for us;
n Changes in the fiscal and monetary policies of the Federal Reserve, including changes in target interest rates and in the amount of agency MBS and agency CMBS held by the Federal Reserve;
n The effect of the restrictions on our business due to the conservatorship and the Purchase Agreement;
n Changes in our Charter, applicable legislative or regulatory requirements (including any legislation affecting the future status of our company), or the Purchase Agreement;
n Changes to our capital requirements and potential effects of such changes on our business strategies;
n Changes in tax laws;
n Changes in privacy and cybersecurity laws and regulations;
n Changes in accounting policies, practices, standards, or guidance;
n Changes in economic and market conditions, including volatility in the financial services industry, changes in employment rates, inflation, interest rates, spreads, and house prices;
n Changes in the U.S. residential mortgage market, including changes in the supply and type of loan products (e.g., refinance vs. purchase and fixed-rate vs. ARM);
n The success of our efforts to mitigate our losses on our Single-Family mortgage portfolio;
n The success of our strategy to transfer mortgage credit risk through STACR, ACIS, K Certificate, SCR, MCIP, and other CRT transactions;
n Our ability to maintain adequate liquidity to fund our operations;
n Our ability to maintain the security and resiliency of our operational systems and infrastructure, including against cyberattacks or other security incidents, whether due to insider error or malfeasance or system errors or vulnerabilities in our or our third parties' systems;
n Our ability to effectively execute our business strategies, implement significant changes, and improve efficiency;
n The adequacy of our risk management framework, including the adequacy of our regulatory capital framework prescribed by FHFA and internal models for measuring risk;
n Our ability to manage mortgage credit risk, including the effect of changes in underwriting and servicing practices;
n Our ability to limit or manage our economic exposure and GAAP earnings exposure to interest-rate volatility and spread volatility, including the availability of derivative financial instruments needed for interest-rate risk management purposes and our ability to apply hedge accounting;
n Our operational ability to issue new securities, make timely and correct payments on securities, and provide initial and ongoing disclosures;
n Our reliance on CSS and the CSP for the operation of the majority of our Single-Family securitization activities, limits on our influence over CSS Board decisions, and any additional changes FHFA may require in our relationship with, or support of, CSS;
n Changes in the methodologies, models, assumptions, and estimates we use to prepare our financial statements, make business decisions, and manage risks;
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| Freddie Mac 1Q 2023 Form 10-Q | | 42 |
| | | | | | | | |
| Management's Discussion and Analysis | Forward-Looking Statements |
n Changes in investor demand for our debt or mortgage-related securities;
n Our ability to maintain market acceptance of the UMBS, including our ability to maintain alignment of the prepayment speeds of our and Fannie Mae's respective UMBS;
n Changes in the practices of loan originators, servicers, investors, and other participants in the secondary mortgage market;
n Competition from other market participants, which could affect the pricing we offer for our products, the credit characteristics of the loans we purchase, and our ability to meet our affordable housing goals and other mandated activities;
n The discontinuance of, transition from, or replacement of LIBOR and the adverse consequences it could have on our business and operations;
n The availability of critical third parties, or their vendors and other business partners, to deliver products or services, or to manage risks, including cybersecurity risk, effectively;
n The occurrence of a major natural disaster, other catastrophic event, or significant climate change effects in areas in which our offices, significant portions of our total mortgage portfolio, or the offices of critical third parties are located, and for which we may be uninsured or significantly underinsured; and
n Other factors and assumptions described in this Form 10-Q and our 2022 Annual Report, including in the MD&A section.
Forward-looking statements are made only as of the date of this Form 10-Q, and we undertake no obligation to update any forward-looking statements we make to reflect events or circumstances occurring after the date of this Form 10-Q.
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| Freddie Mac 1Q 2023 Form 10-Q | | 43 |
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| Freddie Mac 1Q 2023 Form 10-Q | | 44 |
| | | | | |
| Financial Statements | Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income and Comprehensive Income |
FREDDIE MAC
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income and Comprehensive Income (Unaudited) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
(In millions, except share-related amounts) | | 1Q 2023 | 1Q 2022 | | | |
| Net interest income | | | | | | |
| Interest income | | $24,987 | | $17,740 | | | | |
| Interest expense | | (20,486) | | (13,636) | | | | |
| Net interest income | | 4,501 | | 4,104 | | | | |
| | | | | | |
| Non-interest income | | | | | | |
| Guarantee income | | 466 | | 70 | | | | |
| Investment gains, net | | (225) | | 1,513 | | | | |
| Other income | | 85 | | 159 | | | | |
| Non-interest income | | 326 | | 1,742 | | | | |
| Net revenues | | 4,827 | | 5,846 | | | | |
| | | | | | |
| (Provision) benefit for credit losses | | (395) | | 837 | | | | |
| | | | | | |
| Non-interest expense | | | | | | |
| Salaries and employee benefits | | (374) | | (356) | | | | |
| | | | | | |
| | | | | | |
| Credit enhancement expense | | (530) | | (459) | | | | |
| Benefit for (decrease in) credit enhancement recoveries | | 49 | | (17) | | | | |
| | | | | | |
| Legislative assessments expense | | (735) | | (759) | | | | |
| Other expense | | (342) | | (341) | | | | |
| Non-interest expense | | (1,932) | | (1,932) | | | | |
| | | | | | |
| Income before income tax expense | | 2,500 | | 4,751 | | | | |
| Income tax expense | | (505) | | (953) | | | | |
| Net income | | 1,995 | | 3,798 | | | | |
| | | | | | |
| | | | | | |
| | | | | | |
| | | | | | |
| Other comprehensive income (loss), net of taxes and reclassification adjustments | | 54 | | (120) | | | | |
| Comprehensive income | | $2,049 | | $3,678 | | | | |
| | | | | | |
| Net income | | $1,995 | | $3,798 | | | | |
| Amounts attributable to senior preferred stock | | (2,049) | | (3,678) | | | | |
| Net income attributable to common stockholders | | ($54) | | $120 | | | | |
| Net income per common share | | ($0.02) | | $0.04 | | | | |
| Weighted average common shares (in millions) | | 3,234 | | 3,234 | | | | |
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.
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| Freddie Mac 1Q 2023 Form 10-Q | | 45 |
| | | | | |
| Financial Statements | Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets |
FREDDIE MAC
Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets (Unaudited)
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| | March 31, | December 31, |
(In millions, except share-related amounts) | | 2023 | 2022 |
| Assets | | | |
Cash and cash equivalents (includes $834 and $707 of restricted cash and cash equivalents) | | $5,873 | | $6,360 | |
| Securities purchased under agreements to resell | | 108,036 | | 87,295 | |
| Investment securities, at fair value | | 37,712 | | 38,701 | |
Mortgage loans held-for-sale (includes $2,926 and $3,218 at fair value) | | 12,782 | | 12,197 | |
Mortgage loans held-for-investment (net of allowance for credit losses of $7,835 and $7,391 and includes $1,238 and $1,214 at fair value) | | 3,024,249 | | 3,022,318 | |
| Accrued interest receivable, net | | 8,662 | | 8,529 | |
| Deferred tax assets, net | | 5,329 | | 5,777 | |
Other assets (includes $5,982 and $5,890 at fair value) | | 22,337 | | 27,156 | |
| Total assets | | $3,224,980 | | $3,208,333 | |
| Liabilities and equity | | | |
| Liabilities | | | |
| Accrued interest payable | | $7,507 | | $7,309 | |
Debt (includes $2,811 and $3,047 at fair value) | | 3,167,514 | | 3,145,832 | |
Other liabilities (includes $894 and $759 at fair value) | | 10,892 | | 18,174 | |
| Total liabilities | | 3,185,913 | | 3,171,315 | |
| Commitments and contingencies (Notes 4, 8, 14) | | | |
| Equity | | | |
Senior preferred stock (liquidation preference of $109,666 and $107,878) | | 72,648 | | 72,648 | |
| Preferred stock, at redemption value | | 14,109 | | 14,109 | |
Common stock, $0.00 par value, 4,000,000,000 shares authorized, 725,863,886 shares issued and 650,059,553 shares outstanding | | — | | — | |
| | | |
| Retained earnings | | (43,671) | | (45,666) | |
| AOCI, net of taxes, related to: | | | |
| Available-for-sale securities | | (32) | | (84) | |
| Other | | (102) | | (104) | |
| AOCI, net of taxes | | (134) | | (188) | |
Treasury stock, at cost, 75,804,333 shares | | (3,885) | | (3,885) | |
Total equity | | 39,067 | | 37,018 | |
| Total liabilities and equity | | $3,224,980 | | $3,208,333 | |
The table below presents the carrying value and classification of the assets and liabilities of consolidated VIEs on our condensed consolidated balance sheets.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| | March 31, | December 31, |
| (In millions) | | 2023 | 2022 |
| | | |
| Assets: | | | |
| | | |
Cash and cash equivalents (includes $740 and $610 of restricted cash and cash equivalents) | | $741 | $611 | |
| Securities purchased under agreements to resell | | 10,881 | 9,703 | |
| Investment securities, at fair value | | 113 | 126 | |
| Mortgage loans held-for-investment, net | | 2,977,998 | 2,971,601 | |
| Accrued interest receivable, net | | 8,083 | 7,944 | |
| Other assets | | 5,925 | 5,019 | |
| Total assets of consolidated VIEs | | $3,003,741 | $2,995,004 |
| Liabilities: | | | |
| Accrued interest payable | | $6,779 | | $6,619 | |
| Debt | | 2,987,050 | | 2,979,070 | |
| Total liabilities of consolidated VIEs | | $2,993,829 | | $2,985,689 | |
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.
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| Freddie Mac 1Q 2023 Form 10-Q | | 46 |
| | | | | |
| Financial Statements | Condensed Consolidated Statements of Equity |
FREDDIE MAC
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Equity (Unaudited)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | Shares Outstanding | Senior Preferred Stock | Preferred Stock, at Redemption Value | Common Stock, at Par Value | Retained
Earnings | AOCI, Net of Tax | Treasury
Stock, at
Cost | Total Equity |
| (In millions) | | Senior Preferred Stock | Preferred Stock | Common Stock |
| Balance at December 31, 2022 | | 1 | | 464 | | 650 | | $72,648 | | $14,109 | | $— | | ($45,666) | | ($188) | | ($3,885) | | $37,018 | |
| Comprehensive income: | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Net income | | — | | — | | — | | — | | — | | — | | 1,995 | | — | | — | | 1,995 | |
| Other comprehensive income (loss): | | | | | | | | | | | |
Changes in net unrealized gains (losses) on available-for-sale securities (net of taxes of $14 million) | | — | | — | | — | | — | | — | | — | | — | | 52 | | — | | 52 | |
Reclassification adjustment for gains on available-for-sale securities included in net income (net of taxes of $0 million) | | — | | — | | — | | — | | — | | — | | — | | — | | — | | — | |
Other (net of taxes of $1 million) | | — | | — | | — | | — | | — | | — | | — | | 2 | | — | | 2 | |
| Comprehensive income | | — | | — | | — | | — | | — | | — | | 1,995 | | 54 | | — | | 2,049 | |
| Ending balance at March 31, 2023 | | 1 | | 464 | | 650 | | $72,648 | | $14,109 | | $— | | ($43,671) | | ($134) | | ($3,885) | | $39,067 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| Balance at December 31, 2021 | | 1 | | 464 | | 650 | | $72,648 | | $14,109 | | $— | | ($54,993) | | $154 | | ($3,885) | | $28,033 | |
| Comprehensive income: | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Net income | | — | | — | | — | | — | | — | | — | | 3,798 | | — | | — | | 3,798 | |
| Other comprehensive income (loss): | | | | | | | | | | | |
Changes in net unrealized gains (losses) on available-for-sale securities (net of taxes of $33 million) | | — | | — | | — | | — | | — | | — | | — | | (123) | | — | | (123) | |
Reclassification adjustment for gains on available-for-sale securities included in net income (net of taxes of $0 million) | | — | | — | | — | | — | | — | | — | | — | | 1 | | — | | 1 | |
Other (net of taxes of $1 million) | | — | | — | | — | | — | | — | | — | | — | | 2 | | — | | 2 | |
| Comprehensive income | | — | | — | | — | | — | | — | | — | | 3,798 | | (120) | | — | | 3,678 | |
| Ending balance at March 31, 2022 | | 1 | | 464 | | 650 | | $72,648 | | $14,109 | | $— | | ($51,195) | | $34 | | ($3,885) | | $31,711 | |
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.
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| Freddie Mac 1Q 2023 Form 10-Q | | 47 |
| | | | | |
| Financial Statements | Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows |
FREDDIE MAC
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (Unaudited)
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| (In millions) | | 1Q 2023 | 1Q 2022 |
| Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities | | $3,435 | | $3,749 | |
| Cash flows from investing activities | | | |
| Investment securities: | | | |
| Purchases | | (39,052) | | (42,254) | |
| Proceeds from sales | | 34,919 | | 40,122 | |
| Proceeds from maturities and repayments | | 5,464 | | 1,833 | |
| Mortgage loans acquired held-for-investment: | | | |
| Purchases | | (19,991) | | (53,755) | |
| Proceeds from sales | | 1,661 | | 329 | |
| Proceeds from repayments | | 55,034 | | 116,023 | |
| Secured lending arrangements: | | | |
| Advances | | (22,317) | | (62,351) | |
| Proceeds from repayments | | 1 | | 238 | |
| Net (increase) decrease in securities purchased under agreements to resell | | (13,353) | | (2,341) | |
| Cash flows related to derivatives | | 61 | | 826 | |
| Other, net | | (113) | | (141) | |
| Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities | | 2,314 | | (1,471) | |
| Cash flows from financing activities | | | |
| Debt of consolidated trusts: | | | |
| Proceeds from issuance | | 44,187 | | 136,361 | |
| Repayments and redemptions | | (55,197) | | (128,700) | |
| Debt of Freddie Mac: | | | |
| Proceeds from issuance | | 64,864 | | 7,361 | |
| Repayments | | (52,748) | | (20,849) | |
| Net increase (decrease) in securities sold under agreements to repurchase | | (7,339) | | 3,927 | |
| | | |
| | | |
| Other, net | | (3) | | (2) | |
| Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities | | (6,236) | | (1,902) | |
| Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents (includes restricted cash and cash equivalents) | | (487) | | 376 | |
| Cash and cash equivalents (includes restricted cash and cash equivalents) at the beginning of year | | 6,360 | | 10,150 | |
| Cash and cash equivalents (includes restricted cash and cash equivalents) at end of period | | 5,873 | | 10,526 | |
| | | |
| Supplemental cash flow information | | | |
| Cash paid for: | | | |
| Debt interest | | 20,806 | | 17,996 | |
| Income taxes | | — | | — | |
| Non-cash investing and financing activities (Notes 3 and 6) | | | |
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements. | | | | | | | | |
| Freddie Mac 1Q 2023 Form 10-Q | | 48 |
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| Financial Statements | Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements | Note 1 |
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
NOTE 1
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
Freddie Mac is a GSE chartered by Congress in 1970, with a mission to provide liquidity, stability, and affordability to the U.S. housing market. We are regulated by FHFA, the SEC, HUD, and Treasury, and are currently operating under the conservatorship of FHFA. The conservatorship and related matters significantly affect our management, business activities, financial condition, and results of operations. In connection with our entry into conservatorship, we entered into the Purchase Agreement with Treasury, under which we issued Treasury both senior preferred stock and a warrant to purchase common stock. Our Purchase Agreement with Treasury is critical to keeping us solvent and avoiding the appointment of a receiver by FHFA under statutory mandatory receivership provisions. We believe the support provided by Treasury pursuant to the Purchase Agreement currently enables us to have adequate liquidity to conduct normal business activities. For more information on the conservatorship, the roles of FHFA and Treasury, and the Purchase Agreement, see our 2022 Annual Report. Throughout our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements and related notes, we use certain acronyms and terms which are defined in the Glossary of our 2022 Annual Report.
The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements and related notes in our 2022 Annual Report.
The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with GAAP and include our accounts as well as the accounts of other entities in which we have a controlling financial interest. All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated.
We are operating under the basis that we will realize assets and satisfy liabilities in the normal course of business as a going concern and in accordance with the authority provided by FHFA to our Board of Directors to oversee management's conduct of our business operations. In the opinion of management, our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements contain all adjustments, which include only normal recurring adjustments, necessary for a fair statement of our results.
The preparation of our condensed consolidated financial statements requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, revenues and expenses, and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements. Management has made significant estimates to report the allowance for credit losses on single-family mortgage loans. Actual results could be different from these estimates.
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| Freddie Mac 1Q 2023 Form 10-Q | | 49 |
| | | | | |
| Financial Statements | Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements | Note 1 |
Recently Issued Accounting Guidance
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| Recently Adopted Accounting Guidance |
| Standard | Description | Date of
Adoption | Effect on Consolidated Financial Statements |
ASU 2022-01, Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815): Fair Value Hedging - Portfolio Layer Method | The amendments in this Update provide clarifications of the guidance in ASC Topic 815 on fair value hedge accounting of interest rate risk for portfolios of financial assets. The Update amends the guidance in ASU 2017-12 that, among other things, establishes the "last-of-layer" method for making the fair value hedge accounting for these portfolios more accessible by allowing the entities to apply the portfolio layer method to portfolios of all financial assets, including both prepayable and nonprepayable financial assets. The Update provides additional guidance on the accounting for and disclosure of hedge basis adjustments that are applicable to the portfolio layer method. | January 1, 2023 | The adoption of these amendments did not have a material effect on our consolidated financial statements.
We adopted the guidance in this Update related to disclosures on a prospective basis. |
ASU 2022-02, Financial Instruments—Credit Losses (Topic 326): Troubled Debt Restructurings and Vintage Disclosures | The amendments in this Update require disclosure of current period gross write-offs by year of origination for financing receivables within the scope of ASC Subtopic 326-20. | January 1, 2023 for the amendments related to disclosure of gross write-offs by year of origination. | The adoption of these amendments did not have a material effect on our consolidated financial statements. See Note 3 for additional disclosure of gross write-offs by year of origination. |
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| Recently Issued Accounting Guidance, Not Yet Adopted Within Our Consolidated Financial Statements |
| Standard | Description | Date of
Adoption | Effect on Consolidated Financial Statements |
ASU 2023-02, Investments - Equity Method and Joint Ventures (Topic 323): Accounting for Investments in Tax Credit Structures Using the Proportional Amortization Method | The amendments in this Update expand the use of the proportional amortization method of accounting to equity investments in other tax credit structures that meet certain conditions. This Update also amends those conditions primarily to assess projected benefits on a discounted basis and expands the disclosure requirements of those investments. | January 1, 2024 | We do not expect the adoption of these amendments to have a material effect on our consolidated financial statements. |
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| Freddie Mac 1Q 2023 Form 10-Q | | 50 |
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| Financial Statements | Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements | Note 2 |
NOTE 2
Securitizations and Variable Interest Entities
The following table presents the carrying amounts and classification of the assets and liabilities recorded on our condensed consolidated balance sheets that relate to our variable interests in VIEs for which we are not the primary beneficiary and with which we were involved in the design and creation and have a significant continuing involvement, our maximum exposure to loss as a result of our involvement with such VIEs, and the total assets of the VIEs. Our involvement with such VIEs primarily consists of guarantees that we have issued to the VIE, some of which are accounted for as derivative instruments, and investments in debt securities issued by the VIE. See Note 4 for additional information on our guarantees to nonconsolidated VIEs.
Total assets shown in the table below represents the remaining UPB of the mortgage loans or other noncash financial assets held by the VIE and excludes cash and nonfinancial assets held by the VIE. Maximum exposure to loss shown in the table below is primarily based on the remaining UPB of the guaranteed securities issued by the VIE and represents the contractual amounts that could be lost if the assets of the VIE (including the assets in the related reference pool for CRT products) became worthless at the balance sheet date, without consideration of proceeds from related collateral liquidation and possible recoveries under credit enhancements. We do not believe the maximum exposure to loss from our involvement with nonconsolidated VIEs is representative of the actual loss we are likely to incur based on our historical loss experience and after consideration of proceeds from related collateral liquidation and available credit enhancements.
Table 2.1 - Nonconsolidated VIEs
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | March 31, 2023 |
| | Carrying Amounts of the Assets and Liabilities On the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets | Total Assets | Maximum Exposure to Loss |
(In millions) | | Investment securities | Accrued Interest Receivable and Other Assets(1) | Liabilities(1) |
| Single-Family: | | | | | | |
| Securitization products | | $952 | | $178 | | $430 | | $31,139 | | $25,329 | |
Resecuritization products(2) | | 5,800 | | 64 | | 587 | | 116,807 | | 116,807 | |
CRT products(3) | | — | | 211 | | 104 | | 30,701 | | 117 | |
| Total Single-Family | | 6,752 | | 453 | | 1,121 | | 178,647 | | 142,253 | |
| Multifamily: | | | | | | |
Securitization products(4) | | 7,641 | | 4,903 | | 4,783 | | 357,747 | | 316,606 | |
CRT products(3) | | — | | 2 | | 4 | | 1,065 | | — | |
| Total Multifamily | | 7,641 | | 4,905 | | 4,787 | | 358,812 | | 316,606 | |
| Other | | — | | 8 | | 5 | | 166 | | 440 | |
| Total | | $14,393 | | $5,366 | | $5,913 | | $537,625 | | $459,299 | |
Referenced footnotes are included after the prior period table.
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| Freddie Mac 1Q 2023 Form 10-Q | | 51 |
| | | | | |
| Financial Statements | Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements | Note 2 |
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| | December 31, 2022 |
| | Carrying Amounts of the Assets and Liabilities On the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets | Total Assets | Maximum Exposure to Loss |
(In millions) | | Investment securities | Accrued Interest Receivable and Other Assets(1) | Liabilities(1) |
| Single-Family: | | | | | | |
| Securitization products | | $965 | | $175 | | $436 | | $31,614 | | $25,772 | |
Resecuritization products(2) | | 5,092 | | 61 | | 659 | | 119,267 | | 119,267 | |
CRT products(3) | | — | | 197 | | 52 | | 30,549 | | 105 | |
| Total Single-Family | | 6,057 | | 433 | | 1,147 | | 181,430 | | 145,144 | |
| Multifamily: | | | | | | |
Securitization products(4) | | 7,808 | | 4,931 | | 4,920 | | 360,869 | | 319,117 | |
CRT products(3) | | — | | 2 | | 2 | | 972 | | — | |
| Total Multifamily | | 7,808 | | 4,933 | | 4,922 | | 361,841 | | 319,117 | |
| Other | | — | | 8 | | 5 | | 185 | | 435 | |
| Total | | $13,865 | | $5,374 | | $6,074 | | $543,456 | | $464,696 | |
(1) Other assets primarily include our guarantee assets. Liabilities primarily include our guarantee obligations.
(2) Total assets and maximum exposure to loss are based on the UPB of Fannie Mae securities underlying commingled Freddie Mac resecuritization trusts. We exclude noncommingled resecuritization trusts from these amounts as we have already guaranteed the underlying collateral and therefore noncommingled resecuritizations do not involve any incremental assets or create any incremental exposure to credit risk. Total assets exclude $0.1 billion as of both March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, of Fannie Mae securities that we have guaranteed that are included in resecuritization trusts that we have consolidated as we own all of the outstanding securities issued by the VIE.
(3) Maximum exposure to loss is based on our expected recovery receivables. We also have exposure to loss from our obligations to make certain payments to the VIE to support payment of the interest due on the notes issued by the VIE, which we account for as derivative instruments. The notional value of these derivative instruments is equal to the total assets of the VIE.
(4) Includes total assets of $0.7 billion and $0.4 billion as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively, related to VIEs in which our interest would no longer absorb significant variability as the guaranteed securities have completely paid off.
We also obtain interests in various other entities created by third parties through the normal course of business that may be VIEs, such as through purchases of multifamily loans, guarantees of multifamily housing revenue bonds, as a derivative counterparty, or through other activities. To the extent that we were not involved in the design or creation of these VIEs, they are excluded from the table above. Our interests in these VIEs are generally passive in nature and are not expected to result in us obtaining a controlling financial interest in these VIEs in the future. As a result, we do not consolidate these VIEs and we account for our interests in these VIEs in the same manner that we account for our interests in other third-party transactions.
| | | | | | | | |
| Freddie Mac 1Q 2023 Form 10-Q | | 52 |
| | | | | |
| Financial Statements | Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements | Note 3 |
NOTE 3
Mortgage Loans
The table below provides details of the loans on our condensed consolidated balance sheets.
Table 3.1 - Mortgage Loans | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | March 31, 2023 | | December 31, 2022 |
| (In millions) | | Single-Family | Multifamily | Total | | Single-Family | Multifamily | Total |
| Held-for-sale UPB | | $3,373 | | $10,255 | | $13,628 | | | $3,564 | | $9,544 | | $13,108 | |
| Cost basis and fair value adjustments, net | | (675) | | (171) | | (846) | | | (696) | | (215) | | (911) | |
| Total held-for-sale loans, net | | 2,698 | | 10,084 | | 12,782 | | | 2,868 | | 9,329 | | 12,197 | |
| Held-for-investment UPB | | 2,944,949 | | 47,353 | | 2,992,302 | | | 2,941,505 | | 48,379 | | 2,989,884 | |
Cost basis and fair value adjustments, net(1) | | 39,833 | | (51) | | 39,782 | | | 39,896 | | (71) | | 39,825 | |
| Allowance for credit losses | | (7,675) | | (160) | | (7,835) | | | (7,314) | | (77) | | (7,391) | |
Total held-for-investment loans, net(2) | | 2,977,107 | | 47,142 | | 3,024,249 | | | 2,974,087 | | 48,231 | | 3,022,318 | |
| Total mortgage loans, net | | $2,979,805 | | $57,226 | | $3,037,031 | | | $2,976,955 | | $57,560 | | $3,034,515 | |
(1)Includes ($0.7) billion of basis adjustments maintained on a closed portfolio basis related to existing portfolio layer method hedge relationships as of March 31, 2023.
(2)Includes $1.2 billion of multifamily held-for-investment loans for which we have elected the fair value option as of both March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022.
For the purposes of certain single-family mortgage loan disclosures below, we present loans by class of financing receivable type. Financing receivable classes used for disclosure consist of: "20- and 30-year or more, amortizing fixed-rate," "15-year or less, amortizing fixed-rate," and "adjustable-rate and other." The "other" class consists of Alt-A, interest-only, and option ARM loans.
The table below provides details of the UPB of loans we purchased and sold during the periods presented.
Table 3.2 - Loans Purchased and Sold | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| (In millions) | | 1Q 2023 | 1Q 2022 | | | |
| Single-Family: | | | | | | |
| Purchases: | | | | | | |
Held-for-investment loans | | $58,965 | | $206,935 | | | | |
Sales of held-for-sale loans(1) | | — | | 15 | | | | |
Multifamily: | | | | | | |
| Purchases: | | | | | | |
Held-for-investment loans | | 3,349 | | 2,565 | | | | |
Held-for-sale loans | | 2,695 | | 12,267 | | | | |
Sales of held-for-sale loans(2) | | 6,150 | | 14,292 | | | | |
(1)Our sales of single-family loans reflect the sale of single-family seasoned loans.
(2)Our sales of multifamily loans occur primarily through the issuance of Multifamily K Certificates.
| | | | | | | | |
| Freddie Mac 1Q 2023 Form 10-Q | | 53 |
| | | | | |
| Financial Statements | Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements | Note 3 |
The table below presents the allowance for credit losses or valuation allowance that was reversed or established due to loan reclassifications between held-for-investment and held-for-sale during the periods presented.
Table 3.3 - Loan Reclassifications(1) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | 1Q 2023 | 1Q 2022 |
| (In millions) | | UPB | Allowance for Credit Losses Reversed or (Established) | Valuation Allowance (Established) or Reversed | UPB | Allowance for Credit Losses Reversed or (Established) | Valuation Allowance (Established) or Reversed |
| Single-Family reclassifications from: | | | | | | | |
| Held-for-investment to held-for-sale | | $— | | $— | | $— | | $248 | | $— | | $— | |
Held-for-sale to held-for-investment(2) | | 48 | | 4 | | 4 | | 62 | | (3) | | — | |
| Multifamily reclassifications from: | | | | | | | |
| Held-for-investment to held-for-sale | | 4,731 | | 1 | | (27) | | 315 | | — | | — | |
Held-for-sale to held-for-investment(2) | | 561 | | — | | 16 | | 246 | | — | | — | |
(1)Amounts exclude reclassifications related to loans for which we have elected the fair value option.
(2)Allowance for credit losses established upon loan reclassifications from held-for-sale to held-for-investment to reflect the net amount we expect to collect on the loan. Loans with prior charge-offs may have a negative allowance for credit losses established upon reclassification.
The table below presents the amortized cost basis of non-accrual loans as of the beginning and the end of the periods presented, including the interest income recognized for the period that is related to the loans on non-accrual status as of the period end.
Table 3.4 - Amortized Cost Basis of Held-for-Investment Loans on Non-Accrual
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | Non-Accrual Amortized Cost Basis | | Interest Income Recognized(1) |
| (In millions) | | December 31, 2022 | March 31, 2023 | | 1Q 2023 | |
| Single-Family: | | | | | | |
| 20- and 30-year or more, amortizing fixed-rate | | $9,307 | | $9,348 | | | $28 | | |
| 15-year or less, amortizing fixed-rate | | 427 | | 434 | | | 1 | | |
| Adjustable-rate and other | | 361 | | 332 | | | 1 | | |
| Total Single-Family | | 10,095 | | 10,114 | | | 30 | | |
| Total Multifamily | | 42 | | 41 | | | 1 | | |
| Total Single-Family and Multifamily | | $10,137 | | $10,155 | | | $31 | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | Non-Accrual Amortized Cost Basis | | Interest Income Recognized(1) |
| (In millions) | | December 31, 2021 | March 31, 2022 | | 1Q 2022 | |
| Single-Family: | | | | | | |
| 20- and 30-year or more, amortizing fixed-rate | | $17,013 | | $13,831 | | | $49 | | |
| 15-year or less, amortizing fixed-rate | | 844 | | 684 | | | 1 | | |
| Adjustable-rate and other | | 793 | | 580 | | | 1 | | |
| Total Single-Family | | 18,650 | | 15,095 | | | 51 | | |
| Total Multifamily | | — | | 42 | | | — | | |
| Total Single-Family and Multifamily | | $18,650 | | $15,137 | | | $51 | | |
(1)Represents the amount of payments received during the period, including those received while the loans were on accrual status, for the held-for-investment loans on non-accrual status as of period end.
| | | | | | | | |
| Freddie Mac 1Q 2023 Form 10-Q | | 54 |
| | | | | |
| Financial Statements | Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements | Note 3 |
The table below provides the amount of accrued interest receivable, net presented on our condensed consolidated balance sheets and the amount of accrued interest receivable related to loans on non-accrual status at the end of the periods that was charged off.
Table 3.5 - Accrued Interest Receivable, Net and Related Charge-Offs | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | Accrued Interest Receivable, Net | | Accrued Interest Receivable Related Charge-Offs |
| (In millions) | | March 31, 2023 | December 31, 2022 | | 1Q 2023 | 1Q 2022 | | |
| Single-Family loans | | $8,090 | | $7,967 | | | ($48) | | ($87) | | | |
| Multifamily loans | | 228 | | 220 | | | — | | — | | | |
Single-Family
The current LTV ratio is one key factor we consider when estimating our allowance for credit losses for single-family loans. As current LTV ratios increase, the borrower's equity in the home decreases, which may negatively affect the borrower's ability to refinance (outside of our relief refinance programs) or to sell the property for an amount at or above the balance of the outstanding loan.
The table below presents the amortized cost basis of single-family held-for-investment loans by current LTV ratio. Our current LTV ratios are estimates based on available data through the end of each period presented. For reporting purposes:
n Alt-A loans continue to be presented in the "adjustable-rate and other" category following modification, even though the borrower may have provided full documentation of assets and income to complete the modification and
n Option ARM loans continue to be presented in the "adjustable-rate and other" category following modification, even though the modified loan no longer provides for optional payment provisions.
| | | | | | | | |
| Freddie Mac 1Q 2023 Form 10-Q | | 55 |
| | | | | |
| Financial Statements | Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements | Note 3 |
Table 3.6 - Amortized Cost Basis of Single-Family Held-for-Investment Loans by Current LTV Ratio and Vintage | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | March 31, 2023 |
| | Year of Origination | Total |
| (In millions) | | 2023 | 2022 | 2021 | 2020 | 2019 | Prior |
Current LTV ratio: | | | | | | | | |
20- and 30-year or more, amortizing fixed-rate | | | | | | | | |
| ≤ 60 | | $4,065 | | $69,133 | | $395,062 | | $483,968 | | $86,816 | | $436,771 | | $1,475,815 | |
| > 60 to 80 | | 11,184 | | 162,441 | | 415,109 | | 184,807 | | 27,759 | | 17,233 | | 818,533 | |
> 80 to 90 | | 6,522 | | 86,335 | | 82,824 | | 5,149 | | 579 | | 568 | | 181,977 | |
| > 90 to 100 | | 10,477 | | 86,541 | | 12,317 | | 391 | | 59 | | 152 | | 109,937 | |
> 100 | | 5 | | 6,027 | | 211 | | 6 | | 5 | | 151 | | 6,405 | |
Total 20- and 30-year or more, amortizing fixed-rate | | 32,253 | | 410,477 | | 905,523 | | 674,321 | | 115,218 | | 454,875 | | 2,592,667 | |
Current-period gross write-offs(1) | | — | | 3 | | 8 | | 2 | | 1 | | 12 | | 26 | |
15-year or less, amortizing fixed-rate | | | | | | | | |
| ≤ 60 | | 561 | | 17,299 | | 119,253 | | 106,899 | | 14,068 | | 69,206 | | 327,286 | |
| > 60 to 80 | | 639 | | 12,575 | | 18,425 | | 1,938 | | 103 | | 26 | | 33,706 | |
> 80 to 90 | | 123 | | 1,500 | | 275 | | 6 | | — | | 1 | | 1,905 | |
| > 90 to 100 | | 69 | | 462 | | 5 | | — | | — | | 1 | | 537 | |
> 100 | | — | | 12 | | — | | — | | — | | 1 | | 13 | |
| Total 15-year or less, amortizing fixed-rate | | 1,392 | | 31,848 | | 137,958 | | 108,843 | | 14,171 | | 69,235 | | 363,447 | |
Current-period gross write-offs(1) | | — | | — | | — | | — | | — | | 1 | | 1 | |
Adjustable-rate and other | | | | | | | | |
| ≤ 60 | | 74 | | 1,312 | | 2,779 | | 1,498 | | 615 | | 14,915 | | 21,193 | |
| > 60 to 80 | | 269 | | 2,391 | | 1,873 | | 200 | | 69 | | 447 | | 5,249 | |
> 80 to 90 | | 211 | | 1,251 | | 173 | | 5 | | 2 | | 35 | | 1,677 | |
| > 90 to 100 | | 207 | | 912 | | 13 | | — | | — | | 16 | | 1,148 | |
> 100 | | — | | 71 | | — | | — | | — | | 8 | | 79 | |
| Total adjustable-rate and other | | 761 | | 5,937 | | 4,838 | | 1,703 | | 686 | | 15,421 | | 29,346 | |
Current-period gross write-offs(1) | | — | | — | | — | | — | | — | | 5 | | 5 | |
Total for all loan product types by current LTV ratio: | | | | | | | | |
≤ 60 | | $4,700 | | $87,744 | | $517,094 | | $592,365 | | $101,499 | | $520,892 | | $1,824,294 | |
| > 60 to 80 | | 12,092 | | 177,407 | | 435,407 | | 186,945 | | 27,931 | | 17,706 | | 857,488 | |
> 80 to 90 | | 6,856 | | 89,086 | | 83,272 | | 5,160 | | 581 | | 604 | | 185,559 | |
| > 90 to 100 | | 10,753 | | 87,915 | | 12,335 | | 391 | | 59 | | 169 | | 111,622 | |
> 100 | | 5 | | 6,110 | | 211 | | 6 | | 5 | | 160 | | 6,497 | |
| Total Single-Family loans | | $34,406 | | $448,262 | | $1,048,319 | | $784,867 | | $130,075 | | $539,531 | | $2,985,460 | |
Total current-period gross write-offs(1) | | $— | | $3 | | $8 | | $2 | | $1 | | $18 | | $32 | |
| | | | | | | | |
| Freddie Mac 1Q 2023 Form 10-Q | | 56 |
| | | | | |
| Financial Statements | Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements | Note 3 |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | December 31, 2022 |
| | Year of Origination | Total |
| (In millions) | | 2022 | 2021 | 2020 | 2019 | 2018 | Prior |
Current LTV ratio: | | | | | | | | |
20- and 30-year or more, amortizing fixed-rate | | | | | | | | |
| ≤ 60 | | $66,153 | | $394,498 | | $489,315 | | $87,188 | | $38,955 | | $407,819 | | $1,483,928 | |
| > 60 to 80 | | 158,421 | | 424,141 | | 190,167 | | 28,991 | | 7,870 | | 10,426 | | 820,016 | |
| > 80 to 90 | | 79,901 | | 90,006 | | 4,405 | | 569 | | 164 | | 419 | | 175,464 | |
> 90 to 100 | | 86,109 | | 8,911 | | 397 | | 56 | | 24 | | 143 | | 95,640 | |
> 100 | | 2,568 | | 49 | | 6 | | 6 | | 5 | | 156 | | 2,790 | |
Total 20- and 30-year or more, amortizing fixed-rate | | 393,152 | | 917,605 | | 684,290 | | 116,810 | | 47,018 | | 418,963 | | 2,577,838 | |
15-year or less, amortizing fixed-rate | | | | | | | | |
| ≤ 60 | | 16,752 | | 119,379 | | 109,685 | | 14,606 | | 5,578 | | 68,240 | | 334,240 | |
| > 60 to 80 | | 13,042 | | 22,007 | | 2,503 | | 132 | | 16 | | 16 | | 37,716 | |
| > 80 to 90 | | 1,601 | | 368 | | 7 | | — | | — | | 1 | | 1,977 | |
> 90 to 100 | | 570 | | 5 | | — | | — | | — | | 1 | | 576 | |
> 100 | | 3 | | — | | — | | — | | — | | 1 | | 4 | |
| Total 15-year or less, amortizing fixed-rate | | 31,968 | | 141,759 | | 112,195 | | 14,738 | | 5,594 | | 68,259 | | 374,513 | |
Adjustable-rate and other | | | | | | | | |
| ≤ 60 | | 1,255 | | 2,779 | | 1,524 | | 634 | | 428 | | 15,139 | | 21,759 | |
| > 60 to 80 | | 2,322 | | 1,956 | | 214 | | 76 | | 28 | | 445 | | 5,041 | |
| > 80 to 90 | | 1,127 | | 186 | | 5 | | 1 | | 1 | | 34 | | 1,354 | |
> 90 to 100 | | 836 | | 11 | | — | | — | | — | | 14 | | 861 | |
> 100 | | 26 | | — | | — | | — | | — | | 9 | | 35 | |
| Total adjustable-rate and other | | 5,566 | | 4,932 | | 1,743 | | 711 | | 457 | | 15,641 | | 29,050 | |
| | | | | | | | |
Total for all loan product types by current LTV ratio: | | | | | | | | |
| ≤ 60 | | $84,160 | | $516,656 | | $600,524 | | $102,428 | | $44,961 | | $491,198 | | $1,839,927 | |
| > 60 to 80 | | 173,785 | | 448,104 | | 192,884 | | 29,199 | | 7,914 | | 10,887 | | 862,773 | |
| > 80 to 90 | | 82,629 | | 90,560 | | 4,417 | | 570 | | 165 | | 454 | | 178,795 | |
> 90 to 100 | | 87,515 | | 8,927 | | 397 | | 56 | | 24 | | 158 | | 97,077 | |
> 100 | | 2,597 | | 49 | | 6 | | 6 | | 5 | | 166 | | 2,829 | |
| Total Single-Family loans | | $430,686 | | $1,064,296 | | $798,228 | | $132,259 | | $53,069 | | $502,863 | | $2,981,401 | |
(1) Excludes write-offs related to accrued interest receivable and advances of pre-foreclosure costs.
Multifamily
The table below presents the amortized cost basis of our multifamily held-for-investment loans, for which we have not elected the fair value option, by credit quality indicator, based on available data through the end of each period presented. These indicators involve significant management judgment and are defined as follows:
n "Pass" is current and adequately protected by the borrower's current financial strength and debt service capacity;
n "Special mention" has administrative issues that may affect future repayment prospects but does not have current credit weaknesses. In addition, this category generally includes loans in forbearance;
n "Substandard" has a weakness that jeopardizes the timely full repayment; and
n "Doubtful" has a weakness that makes collection or liquidation in full highly questionable and improbable based on existing conditions.
| | | | | | | | |
| Freddie Mac 1Q 2023 Form 10-Q | | 57 |
| | | | | |
| Financial Statements | Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements | Note 3 |
Table 3.7 - Amortized Cost Basis of Multifamily Held-for-Investment Loans by Credit Quality Indicator and Vintage | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | March 31, 2023 |
| | Year of Origination | Total |
| (In millions) | | 2023 | 2022 | 2021 | 2020 | 2019 | Prior | | Revolving Loans |
| Category: | | | | | | | | | | |
Pass | | $1,588 | | $18,854 | | $7,733 | | $6,479 | | $4,810 | | $3,660 | | | $2,242 | | $45,366 | |
Special mention | | — | | — | | 39 | | 73 | | 190 | | 17 | | | — | | 319 | |
Substandard | | — | | — | | 78 | | 75 | | 27 | | 199 | | | — | | 379 | |
Doubtful | | — | | — | | — | | — | | — | | — | | | — | | — | |
| Total | | $1,588 | | $18,854 | | $7,850 | | $6,627 | | $5,027 | | $3,876 | | | $2,242 | | $46,064 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | December 31, 2022 |
| | Year of Origination | Total |
| (In millions) | | 2022 | 2021 | 2020 | 2019 | 2018 | Prior | | Revolving Loans |
| Category: | | | | | | | | | | |
Pass | | $21,854 | | $7,638 | | $6,546 | | $4,784 | | $1,077 | | $2,646 | | | $1,924 | | $46,469 | |
Special mention | | — | | 39 | | 65 | | 232 | | 7 | | 113 | | | — | | 456 | |
Substandard | | — | | 1 | | 3 | | 27 | | 7 | | 131 | | | — | | 169 | |
Doubtful | | — | | — | | — | | — | | — | | — | | | — | | — | |
| Total | | $21,854 | | $7,678 | | $6,614 | | $5,043 | | $1,091 | | $2,890 | | | $1,924 | | $47,094 | |
The table below presents the amortized cost basis of our single-family and multifamily held-for-investment loans, for which we have not elected the fair value option, by payment status.
Table 3.8 - Amortized Cost Basis of Held-for-Investment Loans by Payment Status | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | March 31, 2023 |
| (In millions) | | Current | One Month Past Due | Two Months Past Due | Three Months or More Past Due, or in Foreclosure(1) | Total | Three Months or More Past Due, and Accruing Interest | Non-Accrual With No Allowance(2) |
| Single-Family: | | | | | | | | |
| 20- and 30-year or more, amortizing fixed-rate | | $2,560,613 | | $16,017 | | $4,017 | | $12,020 | | $2,592,667 | | $3,053 | | $499 | |
| 15-year or less, amortizing fixed-rate | | 361,524 | | 1,131 | | 214 | | 578 | | 363,447 | | 157 | | 7 | |
| Adjustable-rate and other | | 28,650 | | 279 | | 75 | | 342 | | 29,346 | | 28 | | 59 | |
| Total Single-Family | | 2,950,787 | | 17,427 | | 4,306 | | 12,940 | | 2,985,460 | | 3,238 | | 565 | |
| Total Multifamily | | 46,008 | | 13 | | 2 | | 41 | | 46,064 | | — | | — | |
| Total Single-Family and Multifamily | | $2,996,795 | | $17,440 | | $4,308 | | $12,981 | | $3,031,524 | | $3,238 | | $565 | |
Referenced footnotes are included after the prior period table.
| | | | | | | | |
| Freddie Mac 1Q 2023 Form 10-Q | | 58 |
| | | | | |
| Financial Statements | Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements | Note 3 |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | December 31, 2022 |
| (In millions) | | Current | One
Month
Past Due | Two
Months
Past Due | Three Months or
More Past Due,
or in Foreclosure(1) | Total | Three Months or More Past Due, and Accruing Interest | Non-Accrual with No Allowance(2) |
| Single-Family: | | | | | | | | |
| 20- and 30-year or more, amortizing fixed-rate | | $2,541,057 | | $19,820 | | $4,603 | | $12,358 | | $2,577,838 | | $3,432 | | $522 | |
| 15-year or less, amortizing fixed-rate | | 372,065 | | 1,590 | | 250 | | 608 | | 374,513 | | 191 | | 9 | |
| Adjustable-rate and other | | 28,262 | | 325 | | 88 | | 375 | | 29,050 | | 30 | | 67 | |
| Total Single-Family | | 2,941,384 | | 21,735 | | 4,941 | | 13,341 | | 2,981,401 | | 3,653 | | 598 | |
| Total Multifamily | | 47,039 | | 13 | | — | | 42 | | 47,094 | | — | | 42 | |
| Total Single-Family and Multifamily | | $2,988,423 | | $21,748 | | $4,941 | | $13,383 | | $3,028,495 | | $3,653 | | $640 | |
(1)Includes $1.9 billion and $1.6 billion of single-family loans that were in the process of foreclosure as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively.
(2)Loans with no allowance for loan losses primarily represent those loans that were previously charged off and therefore the collateral value is sufficiently in excess of the amortized cost to result in recovery of the entire amortized cost basis if the property were foreclosed upon or otherwise subject to disposition. We exclude the amounts of allowance for credit losses on accrued interest receivable and advances of pre-foreclosure costs when determining whether a loan has an allowance for credit losses.
Single-Family Loan Restructurings
We offer several types of restructurings to single-family borrowers that may result in a payment delay, interest rate reduction, term extension, or combination thereof. We do not offer principal forgiveness.
For purposes of the disclosure related to single-family loan restructurings involving borrowers experiencing financial difficulty, we exclude loans that were held-for-sale either at the time of restructuring or at the period end. The table below presents the amortized cost basis of single-family held-for-investment loan restructurings involving borrowers experiencing financial difficulty that we entered into during the periods presented. The amortized cost basis of loans in trial period modification plans was $1.8 billion and $3.1 billion as of March 31, 2023 and March 31, 2022, respectively. Most of these loans are 20- and 30-year or more, amortizing fixed-rate loans.
Table 3.9 - Single-Family Loan Restructurings Involving Borrowers Experiencing Financial Difficulty(1)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | 1Q 2023 |
| (Dollars in millions) | | Payment Delay(2) | | Payment Delay and Term Extension | Payment Delay, Term Extension, and Interest Rate Reduction | Total | Total as % of Class of Financing Receivable(3) |
| Single-Family: | | | | | | | |
| 20- and 30-year or more, amortizing fixed-rate | | $6,357 | | | $1,037 | | $86 | | $7,480 | | 0.3 | % |
| 15-year or less, amortizing fixed-rate | | 332 | | | 19 | | 1 | | 352 | | 0.1 | |
| Adjustable-rate and other | | 76 | | | 13 | | 4 | | 93 | | 0.3 | |
| Total Single-Family loan restructurings | | $6,765 | | | $1,069 | | $91 | | $7,925 | | 0.3 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | 1Q 2022 |
| (Dollars in millions) | | Payment Delay(2) | | Payment Delay and Term Extension | Payment Delay, Term Extension, and Interest Rate Reduction | Total | Total as % of Class of Financing Receivable(3) |
| Single-Family: | | | | | | | |
| 20- and 30-year or more, amortizing fixed-rate | | $9,133 | | | $683 | | $2,948 | | $12,764 | | 0.5 | % |
| 15-year or less, amortizing fixed-rate | | 596 | | | 15 | | 55 | | 666 | | 0.2 | |
| Adjustable-rate and other | | 212 | | | 15 | | 78 | | 305 | | 1.1 | |
| Total Single-Family loan restructurings | | $9,941 | | | $713 | | $3,081 | | $13,735 | | 0.5 | |
Referenced footnotes are on the next page.
| | | | | | | | |
| Freddie Mac 1Q 2023 Form 10-Q | | 59 |
| | | | | |
| Financial Statements | Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements | Note 3 |
(1) Type of loan restructurings reflects the cumulative effects of the loan restructurings received during the period. Includes loan modifications in the period in which the borrower completes the trial period and the loan is permanently modified.
(2) Includes $2.7 billion and $5.1 billion related to payment deferral plans for 1Q 2023 and 1Q 2022, respectively. Also includes forbearance plans, repayment plans, and loan modifications that only involve payment delays.
(3) Based on the amortized cost basis as of period end, divided by the total period-end amortized cost basis of the corresponding financing receivable class of single-family held-for-investment loans.
The table below shows the financial effect of single-family held-for-investment loan restructurings involving borrowers experiencing financial difficulty that we entered into during the periods presented.
Table 3.10 – Financial Effects of Single-Family Loan Restructurings Involving Borrowers Experiencing Financial Difficulty(1)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | 1Q 2023 |
| (Dollars in thousands) | | Weighted-Average Interest Rate Reduction | Weighted-Average Months of Term Extension | Weighted-Average Payment Deferral or Principal Forbearance(2) |
| Single-Family: | | | | |
| 20- and 30-year or more, amortizing fixed-rate | | 0.9 | % | 180 | $16 | |
| 15-year or less, amortizing fixed-rate | | 0.4 | | 354 | 16 | |
| Adjustable-rate and other | | 2.0 | | 206 | 19 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | 1Q 2022 |
| (Dollars in thousands) | | Weighted-Average Interest Rate Reduction | Weighted-Average Months of Term Extension | Weighted-Average Payment Deferral or Principal Forbearance(2) |
| Single-Family: | | | | |
| 20- and 30-year or more, amortizing fixed-rate | | 1.6 | % | 186 | $24 | |
| 15-year or less, amortizing fixed-rate | | 0.8 | | 366 | 25 | |
| Adjustable-rate and other | | 2.2 | | 226 | 27 | |
(1) Averages are based on payment deferral plans and loan modifications completed during the periods presented. The financial effects of forbearance plans and repayment plans consist of a payment delay of between one and twelve months. In addition, the financial effect of a forbearance plan is included at the time the forbearance plan is completed if the borrower exits forbearance by entering into a payment deferral plan or loan modification.
(2) Primarily related to payment deferral plans. Amounts are based on non-interest-bearing principal balances on the restructured loans.
The following table provides the amortized cost basis of single-family held-for-investment loans that had a payment default (i.e., loans that became two months delinquent) during the periods presented and had been restructured within the previous 12 months preceding the payment default, when the borrower was experiencing financial difficulty at the time of the restructuring. Since we adopted ASU 2022-02 prospectively, single-family held-for-investment loans that were restructured prior to January 1, 2022, the date we adopted such guidance, have been excluded from the disclosures related to loan restructurings.
Table 3.11 - Subsequent Defaults of Single-Family Restructured Loans Involving Borrowers Experiencing Financial Difficulty(1)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | 1Q 2023 |
| (In millions) | | Payment Delay | | Payment Delay and Term Extension | Payment Delay, Term Extension, and Interest Rate Reduction | Total |
| Single-Family: | | | | | | |
| 20- and 30-year or more, amortizing fixed-rate | | $704 | | | $175 | | $206 | | $1,085 | |
| 15-year or less, amortizing fixed-rate | | 32 | | | — | | — | | 32 | |
| Adjustable-rate and other | | 10 | | | 2 | | 5 | | 17 | |
| Total Single-Family | | $746 | | | $177 | | $211 | | $1,134 | |
Referenced footnote is included after the prior period table.
| | | | | | | | |
| Freddie Mac 1Q 2023 Form 10-Q | | 60 |
| | | | | |
| Financial Statements | Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements | Note 3 |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | 1Q 2022 |
| (In millions) | | Payment Delay | | Payment Delay and Term Extension | Payment Delay, Term Extension, and Interest Rate Reduction | Total |
| Single-Family: | | | | | | |
| 20- and 30-year or more, amortizing fixed-rate | | $391 | | | $7 | | $7 | | $405 | |
| 15-year or less, amortizing fixed-rate | | 28 | | | — | | — | | 28 | |
| Adjustable-rate and other | | 16 | | | — | | — | | 16 | |
| Total Single-Family | | $435 | | | $7 | | $7 | | $449 | |
(1) Excludes forbearance plans and repayment plans as borrowers are typically past due based on the loan's original contractual terms at the time the borrowers enter into these plans.
The following table provides the single-family held-for-investment loan performance in the 12 months after a restructuring involving borrowers experiencing financial difficulty. While a single-family loan is in a forbearance plan or repayment plan, payments continue to be due based on the loan’s original contractual terms because the loan has not been permanently modified. As a result, we report single-family loans in forbearance plans and repayment plans as delinquent to the extent that payments are past due based on the loan’s original contractual terms. Loans that have been restructured by entering into a payment deferral plan or loan modification are reported as delinquent to the extent that payments are past due based on the loan's restructured terms.
Table 3.12 - Amortized Cost Basis of Single-Family Restructured Loans Involving Borrowers Experiencing Financial Difficulty by Payment Status
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | March 31, 2023 |
| (In millions) | | Current | One Month Past Due | Two Months Past Due | Three Months or More Past Due | Total |
| Single-Family: | | | | | | |
| 20- and 30-year or more, amortizing fixed-rate | | $16,491 | | $2,381 | | $1,572 | | $6,642 | | $27,086 | |
| 15-year or less, amortizing fixed-rate | | 670 | | 98 | | 71 | | 310 | | 1,149 | |
| Adjustable-rate and other | | 227 | | 33 | | 17 | | 115 | | 392 | |
| Total Single-Family | | $17,388 | | $2,512 | | $1,660 | | $7,067 | | $28,627 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | March 31, 2022 |
| (In millions) | | Current | One Month Past Due | Two Months Past Due | Three Months or More Past Due | Total |
| Single-Family: | | | | | | |
| 20- and 30-year or more, amortizing fixed-rate | | $7,887 | | $1,486 | | $1,359 | | $2,032 | | $12,764 | |
| 15-year or less, amortizing fixed-rate | | 380 | | 89 | | 88 | | 109 | | 666 | |
| Adjustable-rate and other | | 191 | | 19 | | 16 | | 79 | | 305 | |
| Total Single-Family | | $8,458 | | $1,594 | | $1,463 | | $2,220 | | $13,735 | |
Non-Cash Investing and Financing Activities During 1Q 2023 and 1Q 2022, we acquired $42.5 billion and $153.3 billion, respectively, of loans held-for-investment in exchange for the issuance of debt of consolidated trusts in guarantor swap transactions. We received approximately $21.3 billion and $61.5 billion of loans held-for-investment from sellers during 1Q 2023 and 1Q 2022, respectively, to satisfy advances to lenders that were recorded in other assets on our condensed consolidated balance sheets.
| | | | | | | | |
| Freddie Mac 1Q 2023 Form 10-Q | | 61 |
| | | | | |
| Financial Statements | Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements | Note 4 |
NOTE 4
Guarantees and Other Off-Balance Sheet Credit Exposures
The table below shows information about our mortgage-related guarantees and guarantees of Fannie Mae securities, including the UPB of the loans or securities underlying the guarantee, the maximum potential amount of future payments that we could be required to make under the guarantee, the liability we have recognized on our condensed consolidated balance sheets for the guarantee, and the maximum remaining term of the guarantee. This table does not include our unrecognized guarantees, such as guarantees to consolidated VIEs or to resecuritization trusts that do not expose us to incremental credit risk. We do not believe the potential amount of future payments we could be required to make is representative of the actual payments we will be required to make or the actual loss we are likely to incur, based on our historical loss experience and after consideration of proceeds from related collateral liquidation, including possible recoveries under credit enhancements.
Table 4.1 - Financial Guarantees
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | March 31, 2023 |
(Dollars in millions, terms in years) | | UPB | Maximum Exposure | Recognized Liability(1) | Maximum Remaining Term |
| Single-Family mortgage-related guarantees: | | | | | |
Nonconsolidated securitization products(2) | | $31,130 | | $25,329 | | $385 | | 40 |
| Other mortgage-related guarantees | | 9,290 | | 9,290 | | 192 | | 29 |
| Total Single-Family mortgage-related guarantees | | 40,420 | | 34,619 | | 577 | | |
| Multifamily mortgage-related guarantees: | | | | | |
Nonconsolidated securitization products(2)(3) | | 357,747 | | 316,606 | | 4,751 | | 37 |
| Other mortgage-related guarantees | | 10,684 | | 10,684 | | 378 | | 36 |
| Total Multifamily mortgage-related guarantees | | 368,431 | | 327,290 | | 5,129 | | |
Guarantees of Fannie Mae securities(4) | | 116,807 | | 116,807 | | — | | 39 |
| Other | | 166 | | 440 | | — | | 30 |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | December 31, 2022 |
(Dollars in millions, terms in years) | | UPB | Maximum Exposure | Recognized Liability(1) | Maximum Remaining Term |
| Single-Family mortgage-related guarantees: | | | | | |
Nonconsolidated securitization products(2) | | $31,604 | | $25,772 | | $391 | | 40 |
| Other mortgage-related guarantees | | 9,476 | | 9,476 | | 203 | | 29 |
| Total Single-Family mortgage-related guarantees | | 41,080 | | 35,248 | | 594 | | |
| Multifamily mortgage-related guarantees: | | | | | |
Nonconsolidated securitization products(2)(3) | | 360,869 | | 319,117 | | 4,889 | | 37 |
| Other mortgage-related guarantees | | 10,510 | | 10,510 | | 379 | | 36 |
| Total Multifamily mortgage-related guarantees | | 371,379 | | 329,627 | | 5,268 | | |
Guarantees of Fannie Mae securities(4) | | 119,267 | | 119,267 | | — | | 39 |
| Other | | 185 | | 435 | | — | | 29 |
(1) Excludes allowance for credit losses on off-balance sheet credit exposures. See Note 5 for additional information on our allowance for credit losses on off-balance sheet credit exposures.
(2) Maximum exposure is based on remaining UPB of the guaranteed securities issued by the VIE.
(3) Includes UPB of $0.7 billion and $0.4 billion as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively, related to VIEs in which our interest would no longer absorb significant variability as the guaranteed securities have completely paid off. In addition, includes guarantees that are accounted for as derivatives with UPB of $2.1 billion as of both March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022.
(4) Excludes $0.1 billion as of both March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, of Fannie Mae securities that we have guaranteed that are included in resecuritization trusts that we have consolidated as we own all of the outstanding securities issued by the VIE.
| | | | | | | | |
| Freddie Mac 1Q 2023 Form 10-Q | | 62 |
| | | | | |
| Financial Statements | Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements | Note 4 |
The table below shows the payment status of the mortgage loans underlying our mortgage-related guarantees.
Table 4.2 – UPB of Loans Underlying Our Mortgage-Related Guarantees by Payment Status | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | March 31, 2023 |
| (In millions) | | Current | One Month Past Due | Two Months Past Due | Three Months or More Past Due, or in Foreclosure | Total |
| Single-Family | | $35,753 | | $2,075 | | $729 | | $1,863 | | $40,420 | |
| Multifamily | | 367,681 | | 251 | | 21 | | 478 | | 368,431 | |
| Total | | $403,434 | | $2,326 | | $750 | | $2,341 | | $408,851 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | December 31, 2022 |
| (In millions) | | Current | One Month Past Due | Two Months Past Due | Three Months or More Past Due, or in Foreclosure | Total |
| Single-Family | | $36,241 | | $2,072 | | $748 | | $2,019 | | $41,080 | |
| Multifamily | | 370,911 | | 23 | | 12 | | 433 | | 371,379 | |
| Total | | $407,152 | | $2,095 | | $760 | | $2,452 | | $412,459 | |
Other Off-Balance Sheet Credit Exposures In addition to our guarantees, we enter into other agreements that expose us to off-balance sheet credit risk. These agreements may require us to transfer cash before or upon settlement of our contractual obligation. We recognize an allowance for credit losses for those agreements not measured at fair value or otherwise recognized in the financial statements. Most of these commitments expire in less than one year. See Note 5 for additional discussion of our allowance for credit losses on our off-balance sheet credit exposures. The table below shows our other off-balance sheet credit exposures.
Table 4.3 – Other Off-Balance Sheet Credit Exposures
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| (In millions) | | March 31, 2023 | December 31, 2022 |
Mortgage loan purchase commitments(1) | | $11,249 | | $9,609 | |
Other commitments(2) | | 34,923 | | 22,293 | |
| Total | | $46,172 | | $31,902 | |
(1)Includes $2.1 billion and $0.5 billion of commitments for which we have elected the fair value option as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. Excludes mortgage loan purchase commitments accounted for as derivative instruments. See Note 8 for additional information on commitments accounted for as derivative instruments.
(2)Consists of unfunded portion of revolving lines of credit, liquidity guarantees, and other commitments.
| | | | | | | | |
| Freddie Mac 1Q 2023 Form 10-Q | | 63 |
| | | | | |
| Financial Statements | Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements | Note 5 |
NOTE 5
Allowance for Credit Losses
The table below summarizes changes in our allowance for credit losses.
Table 5.1 - Details of the Allowance for Credit Losses | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | 1Q 2023 | 1Q 2022 | | | |
| (In millions) | | Single-Family | Multifamily | Total | Single-Family | Multifamily | Total | | | | | | | |
| Beginning balance | | $7,746 | | $147 | | $7,893 | | $5,440 | | $78 | | $5,518 | | | | | | | | |
| Provision (benefit) for credit losses | | 318 | | 77 | | 395 | | (831) | | (6) | | (837) | | | | | | | | |
| Charge-offs | | (90) | | — | | (90) | | (173) | | — | | (173) | | | | | | | | |
| Recoveries collected | | 32 | | — | | 32 | | 52 | | — | | 52 | | | | | | | | |
Other(1) | | 91 | | — | | 91 | | 361 | | — | | 361 | | | | | | | | |
| Ending balance | | $8,097 | | $224 | | $8,321 | | $4,849 | | $72 | | $4,921 | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Components of the ending balance of the allowance for credit losses: | | | | | | | |
| Mortgage loans held-for-investment | | $7,675 | | $160 | | $7,835 | | $4,358 | | $31 | | $4,389 | | | | | | | | |
Other(2) | | 422 | | 64 | | 486 | | 491 | | 41 | | 532 | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Total ending balance | | $8,097 | | $224 | | $8,321 | | $4,849 | | $72 | | $4,921 | | | | | | | | |
(1)Primarily includes capitalization of past due interest related to non-accrual loans that receive payment deferral plans and loan modifications.
(2)Includes allowance for credit losses related to advances of pre-foreclosure costs, accrued interest receivable, and off-balance sheet credit exposures.
n 1Q 2023 vs. 1Q 2022 - Provision for credit losses for 1Q 2023 was driven by a modest credit reserve build primarily attributable to new acquisitions in Single-Family. The benefit for credit losses for 1Q 2022 was driven by a credit reserve release due to higher estimated house prices and an improvement in forecasted economic conditions.
In addition, charge-offs decreased year-over-year primarily due to a decrease in charge-offs of accrued interest receivable during 1Q 2023.
| | | | | | | | |
| Freddie Mac 1Q 2023 Form 10-Q | | 64 |
| | | | | |
| Financial Statements | Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements | Note 6 |
NOTE 6
Investment Securities
The table below summarizes the fair values of our investments in debt securities by classification.
Table 6.1 - Investment Securities | | | | | | | | | | | |
| (In millions) | | March 31, 2023 | December 31, 2022 |
| Trading securities | | $31,343 | | $32,167 | |
| Available-for-sale securities | | 6,369 | | 6,534 | |
| Total fair value of investment securities | | $37,712 | | $38,701 | |
The table below presents the fair values of our trading securities by major security type. Our non-mortgage-related securities primarily consist of investments in U.S. Treasury securities.
Table 6.2 - Trading Securities | | | | | | | | | | | |
| (In millions) | | March 31, 2023 | December 31, 2022 |
| Mortgage-related securities | | $9,074 | | $8,334 | |
| Non-mortgage-related securities | | 22,269 | | 23,833 | |
| Total fair value of trading securities | | $31,343 | | $32,167 | |
For trading securities held at March 31, 2023 and March 31, 2022, we recorded net unrealized losses of $0.2 billion and $1.0 billion during 1Q 2023 and 1Q 2022, respectively.
Available-for-Sale Securities The table below provides details of the securities classified as available-for-sale on our condensed consolidated balance sheets. At March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, all available-for-sale securities were mortgage-related securities.
Table 6.3 - Available-for-Sale Securities | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | March 31, 2023 |
| | Amortized
Cost
Basis | Gross Unrealized Gains in Other Comprehensive Income | Gross Unrealized
Losses in Other Comprehensive Income | Fair Value | Accrued Interest Receivable |
| (In millions) | |
| Agency mortgage-related securities | | $6,006 | | $14 | | ($238) | | $5,782 | | $13 | |
| Other mortgage-related securities | | 408 | | 182 | | (3) | | 587 | | 3 | |
| Total available-for-sale securities | | $6,414 | | $196 | | ($241) | | $6,369 | | $16 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | December 31, 2022 |
| | Amortized
Cost
Basis | Gross Unrealized Gains in Other Comprehensive Income | Gross Unrealized
Losses in Other Comprehensive Income | Fair Value | Accrued Interest Receivable |
| (In millions) | |
| Agency mortgage-related securities | | $6,215 | | $6 | | ($301) | | $5,920 | | $12 | |
| Other mortgage-related securities | | 429 | | 188 | | (3) | | 614 | | 3 | |
| Total available-for-sale securities | | $6,644 | | $194 | | ($304) | | $6,534 | | $15 | |
The fair value of our available-for-sale securities held at March 31, 2023 scheduled to contractually mature after ten years was $1.5 billion, with an additional $4.0 billion scheduled to contractually mature after five years through ten years.
| | | | | | | | |
| Freddie Mac 1Q 2023 Form 10-Q | | 65 |
| | | | | |
| Financial Statements | Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements | Note 6 |
The table below presents available-for-sale securities in a gross unrealized loss position and whether such securities have been in an unrealized loss position for less than 12 months, or 12 months or greater.
Table 6.4 - Available-for-Sale Securities in a Gross Unrealized Loss Position | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | March 31, 2023 |
| | Less than 12 Months | | 12 Months or Greater |
| (In millions) | | Fair Value | Gross Unrealized Losses | | Fair Value | Gross Unrealized Losses |
| Agency mortgage-related securities | | $3,038 | | ($80) | | | $1,696 | | ($158) | |
| Other mortgage-related securities | | 28 | | (2) | | | 13 | | (1) | |
| Total available-for-sale securities in a gross unrealized loss position | | $3,066 | | ($82) | | | $1,709 | | ($159) | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | December 31, 2022 |
| | Less than 12 Months | | 12 Months or Greater |
| (In millions) | | Fair Value | Gross Unrealized Losses | | Fair Value | Gross Unrealized Losses |
| Agency mortgage-related securities | | $5,086 | | ($253) | | | $325 | | ($48) | |
| Other mortgage-related securities | | 46 | | (3) | | | 5 | | — | |
| Total available-for-sale securities in a gross unrealized loss position | | $5,132 | | ($256) | | | $330 | | ($48) | |
At March 31, 2023, the gross unrealized losses relate to 187 securities.
The table below summarizes the gross realized gains and gross realized losses from sales of available-for-sale securities.
Table 6.5 - Gross Realized Gains and Gross Realized Losses from Sales of Available-for-Sale Securities | | | | | | | | | | | |
| (In millions) | | 1Q 2023 | 1Q 2022 |
| Gross realized gains | | $2 | | $— | |
| Gross realized losses | | (2) | | (1) | |
| Net realized gains | | $— | | ($1) | |
Non-Cash Investing and Financing Activities During 1Q 2023 and 1Q 2022, we recognized $0.6 billion and $3.1 billion, respectively, of investment securities in exchange for the issuance of debt of consolidated trusts through partial sales of commingled single-class resecuritization products that were previously consolidated.
During 1Q 2023 and 1Q 2022, we derecognized $1.4 billion and $1.5 billion of mortgage-related securities and debt of consolidated trusts where we were no longer deemed the primary beneficiary.
| | | | | | | | |
| Freddie Mac 1Q 2023 Form 10-Q | | 66 |
| | | | | |
| Financial Statements | Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements | Note 7 |
NOTE 7
Debt
The table below summarizes the balances of total debt on our condensed consolidated balance sheets.
Table 7.1 - Total Debt | | | | | | | | | | | |
(In millions) | | March 31, 2023 | December 31, 2022 |
| Debt of consolidated trusts | | $2,987,050 | | $2,979,070 | |
| Debt of Freddie Mac: | | | |
Short-term debt | | 8,681 | | 7,712 | |
Long-term debt | | 171,783 | | 159,050 | |
| Total debt of Freddie Mac | | 180,464 | | 166,762 | |
Total debt | | $3,167,514 | | $3,145,832 | |
As of March 31, 2023, our aggregate indebtedness pursuant to the Purchase Agreement was $190.1 billion, which was below the current $270.0 billion debt cap limit. Our aggregate indebtedness calculation primarily includes the par value of short- and long-term debt.
Debt of Consolidated Trusts The table below summarizes the debt of consolidated trusts based on underlying loan product type.
Table 7.2 - Debt of Consolidated Trusts | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | March 31, 2023 | | December 31, 2022 |
| (Dollars in millions) | | Contractual Maturity | UPB | Carrying Amount(1) | Weighted Average Coupon(2) | | Contractual Maturity | UPB | Carrying Amount(1) | Weighted Average Coupon(2) |
| Single-Family: | | | | | | | | | | |
| 20-and 30-year or more, fixed-rate | | 2023 - 2061 | $2,522,559 | | $2,564,677 | | 2.82 | % | | 2023 - 2061 | $2,507,235 | | $2,550,137 | | 2.76 | % |
| 15-year or less, fixed-rate | | 2023 - 2038 | 357,248 | | 363,390 | | 2.15 | | | 2023 - 2038 | 367,844 | | 374,339 | | 2.14 | |
| Adjustable-rate and other | | 2023 - 2053 | 23,834 | | 24,402 | | 3.29 | | | 2023 - 2053 | 23,561 | | 24,153 | | 3.04 | |
| Total Single-Family | | | 2,903,641 | | 2,952,469 | | | | | 2,898,640 | | 2,948,629 | | |
| Multifamily | | 2024 - 2053 | 35,080 | | 34,581 | | 2.88 | | | 2023 - 2052 | 30,927 | | 30,441 | | 2.66 | |
| Total debt of consolidated trusts | | | $2,938,721 | | $2,987,050 | | | | | $2,929,567 | | $2,979,070 | | |
(1)Includes $2.1 billion and $1.9 billion as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively, of debt of consolidated trusts that represents the fair value of debt for which the fair value option was elected.
(2)The effective interest rate for debt of consolidated trusts was 2.47% and 2.39% as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively.
| | | | | | | | |
| Freddie Mac 1Q 2023 Form 10-Q | | 67 |
| | | | | |
| Financial Statements | Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements | Note 7 |
The table below summarizes the balances and effective interest rates for short-term debt.
Table 7.3 - Short-Term Debt | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | March 31, 2023 | | December 31, 2022 |
| (Dollars in millions) | | Par Value | Carrying Amount | Weighted
Average
Effective Rate | | Par Value | Carrying Amount | Weighted
Average
Effective Rate |
| Short-term debt: | | | | | | | | |
Discount notes and Reference Bills® | | $8,051 | | $8,016 | | 4.56 | % | | $6,826 | | $6,822 | | 3.71 | % |
| Medium-term notes | | 665 | | 665 | | 1.91 | | | 890 | | 890 | | 1.81 | |
| Securities sold under agreements to repurchase | | 4,652 | | 4,652 | | 4.58 | | | 11,991 | | 11,991 | | 3.86 | |
Offsetting arrangements(1) | | (4,652) | | (4,652) | | | | (11,991) | | (11,991) | | |
| Total short-term debt | | $8,716 | | $8,681 | | 4.36 | % | | $7,716 | | $7,712 | | 3.49 | % |
(1)We offset payables related to securities sold under agreements to repurchase against receivables related to securities purchased under agreements to resell on our condensed consolidated balance sheets, when such amounts meet the conditions for offsetting in the accounting guidance.
The table below summarizes our long-term debt.
Table 7.4 - Long-Term Debt | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | March 31, 2023 | | December 31, 2022 |
| (Dollars in millions) | | Contractual Maturity | Par Value | Carrying Amount(1) | Weighted Average Effective Rate(2) | | Contractual Maturity | Par Value | Carrying Amount(1) | Weighted Average Effective Rate(2) |
| Long-term debt: | | | | | | | | | | |
| Fixed-rate: | | | | | | | | | | |
| Medium-term notes — callable | | 2023 - 2050 | $115,743 | | $115,680 | | 2.35 | % | | 2023 - 2050 | $103,584 | | $103,528 | | 1.96 | % |
| Medium-term notes — non-callable | | 2023 - 2028 | 2,481 | | 2,481 | | 0.78 | | | 2023 - 2028 | 2,747 | | 2,747 | | 0.73 | |
| Reference Notes securities — non-callable | | 2023 - 2032 | 49,801 | | 49,839 | | 2.04 | | | 2023 - 2032 | 49,801 | | 49,832 | | 1.76 | |
| SCR debt notes | | 2031 - 2032 | 86 | | 86 | | 13.00 | | | 2031 - 2032 | 90 | | 93 | | 13.00 | |
| Variable-rate: | | | | | | | | | | |
| Medium-term notes — callable | | 2023 - 2028 | 4,941 | | 4,939 | | 4.04 | | | 2023 - 2027 | 4,691 | | 4,689 | | 3.95 | |
| Medium-term notes — non-callable | | 2026 | 47 | | 47 | | 8.10 | | | 2026 | 47 | | 47 | | 8.10 | |
| STACR | | 2023 - 2042 | 3,449 | | 3,342 | | 9.40 | | | 2023 - 2042 | 4,562 | | 4,448 | | 8.79 | |
| Zero-coupon: | | | | | | | | | | |
| Medium-term notes — non-callable | | 2024 - 2039 | 4,836 | | 2,955 | | 6.12 | | | 2023 - 2039 | 4,841 | | 2,913 | | 6.11 | |
| Other | | 2047 - 2053 | — | | 128 | | 0.85 | | | 2047 - 2052 | — | | 137 | | 0.82 | |
| Hedging-related basis adjustments | | | N/A | (7,714) | | | | | N/A | (9,384) | | |
| Total long-term debt | | | $181,384 | | $171,783 | | 2.49 | % | | | $170,363 | | $159,050 | | 2.20 | % |
(1)Represents par value, net of associated discounts or premiums and issuance cost. Includes $0.7 billion and $1.1 billion at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively, of long-term debt that represents the fair value of debt for which the fair value option was elected.
(2)Based on carrying amount.
| | | | | | | | |
| Freddie Mac 1Q 2023 Form 10-Q | | 68 |
| | | | | |
| Financial Statements | Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements | Note 7 |
The table below summarizes the contractual maturities of long-term debt.
Table 7.5 - Contractual Maturities of Long-Term Debt | | | | | | | | |
| | March 31, 2023 |
| (In millions) | | Amounts |
| Annual Maturities | | |
| Long-term debt (excluding STACR and SCR debt notes): | | |
| 2024 | | $40,271 | |
| 2025 | | 33,340 | |
| 2026 | | 58,018 | |
| 2027 | | 10,097 | |
| 2028 | | 7,793 | |
Thereafter | | 28,330 | |
Debt of consolidated trusts, STACR, and SCR debt notes(1) | | 2,942,256 | |
| Total | | 3,120,105 | |
Net discounts, premiums, debt issuance costs, hedge-related, and other basis adjustments(2) | | 38,728 | |
| Total debt of consolidated trusts, STACR, SCR, and long-term debt | | $3,158,833 | |
(1)Contractual maturities of these debt securities are not presented because they are subject to prepayment risk, as their payments are based upon the performance of a pool of mortgage assets that may be prepaid by the related mortgage borrower at any time generally without penalty.
(2)Other basis adjustments primarily represent changes in fair value on debt where we have elected the fair value option.
| | | | | | | | |
| Freddie Mac 1Q 2023 Form 10-Q | | 69 |
| | | | | |
| Financial Statements | Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements | Note 8 |
NOTE 8
Derivatives
We analyze the interest-rate sensitivity of financial assets and liabilities across a variety of interest-rate scenarios based on market prices, models, and economics. We use derivatives primarily to hedge interest-rate sensitivity mismatches between our financial assets and liabilities. We designate certain derivatives as hedging instruments in qualifying hedge accounting relationships. Interest-rate risk management derivatives that are not designated in qualifying hedge accounting relationships are economic hedges of financial instruments measured at fair value on a recurring basis or of other transactions or instruments that expose us to interest-rate risk.
We apply fair value hedge accounting to certain single-family mortgage loans and certain issuances of debt where we hedge the changes in fair value of these items attributable to the designated benchmark interest rate, using interest-rate swaps.
Derivative Assets and Liabilities at Fair Value The table below presents the notional value and fair value of derivatives reported on our condensed consolidated balance sheets.
Table 8.1 - Derivative Assets and Liabilities at Fair Value
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | March 31, 2023 | | December 31, 2022 |
| | | Notional or Contractual Amount | Derivatives at Fair Value | | Notional or Contractual Amount | Derivatives at Fair Value |
| (In millions) | | Assets | Liabilities | | Assets | Liabilities |
| Not designated as hedges | | | | | | | | |
| Interest-rate risk management derivatives: | | | | | | | | |
| Swaps | | $445,598 | | $1,427 | | ($604) | | | $480,824 | | $1,762 | | ($526) | |
| Written options | | 49,745 | | — | | (1,550) | | | 46,101 | | — | | (1,857) | |
Purchased options(1) | | 87,065 | | 3,703 | | — | | | 92,010 | | 4,302 | | — | |
| Futures | | 134,295 | | — | | — | | | 182,330 | | — | | — | |
| Total interest-rate risk management derivatives | | 716,703 | | 5,130 | | (2,154) | | | 801,265 | | 6,064 | | (2,383) | |
| Mortgage commitment derivatives | | 39,505 | | 19 | | (6) | | | 29,354 | | 12 | | (11) | |
CRT-related derivatives(2) | | 31,888 | | — | | (110) | | | 31,647 | | — | | (55) | |
| Other | | 14,090 | | 3 | | (539) | | | 14,426 | | 2 | | (624) | |
| Total derivatives not designated as hedges | | 802,186 | | 5,152 | | (2,809) | | | 876,692 | | 6,078 | | (3,073) | |
| Designated as fair value hedges | | | | | | | | |
| Interest-rate risk management derivatives: | | | | | | | | |
| Swaps | | 189,974 | | 328 | | (6,648) | | | 181,298 | | 321 | | (7,847) | |
| Total derivatives designated as fair value hedges | | 189,974 | | 328 | | (6,648) | | | 181,298 | | 321 | | (7,847) | |
| Receivables (payables) | | | 1 | | (214) | | | | 35 | | (25) | |
Netting adjustments(3) | | | (5,090) | | 8,778 | | | | (6,127) | | 10,187 | |
| Total derivative portfolio, net | | $992,160 | | $391 | | ($893) | | | $1,057,990 | | $307 | | ($758) | |
(1)Includes swaptions on credit indices with a notional or contractual amount of $6.9 billion and $10.1 billion at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively, and a fair value of $2.0 million as of both March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022.
(2)Includes derivative instruments related to CRT transactions that are considered freestanding credit enhancements.
(3)Represents counterparty netting and cash collateral netting.
| | | | | | | | |
| Freddie Mac 1Q 2023 Form 10-Q | | 70 |
| | | | | |
| Financial Statements | Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements | Note 8 |
Gains and Losses on Derivatives The table below presents the gains and losses on derivatives not designated in qualifying hedge relationships. These amounts are reported on our condensed consolidated statements of income as investment gains, net.
Table 8.2 - Gains and Losses on Derivatives(1) | | | | | | | | | | | |
| (In millions) | | 1Q 2023 | 1Q 2022 |
| Not designated as hedges | | | |
| Interest-rate risk management derivatives: | | | |
| Swaps | | $29 | | $390 | |
| Written options | | 195 | | (364) | |
| Purchased options | | (504) | | 717 | |
| Futures | | (307) | | 868 | |
| Total interest-rate risk management derivatives fair value gains (losses) | | (587) | | 1,611 | |
| Mortgage commitment derivatives | | (80) | | 1,839 | |
CRT-related derivatives(2) | | (76) | | 12 | |
| Other | | 61 | | (39) | |
| Total derivatives not designated as hedges fair value gains (losses) | | ($682) | | $3,423 | |
(1)Accrual of periodic cash settlements on swaps is included in the respective gain (loss) of the derivative and is no longer presented separately. Certain prior period amounts have been reclassified to conform to the current period presentation.
(2)Includes derivative instruments related to CRT transactions that are considered freestanding credit enhancements.
The table below presents the effects of fair value hedge accounting by condensed consolidated statements of income line item, including the gains and losses on derivatives and hedged items designated in qualifying hedge relationships and other components due to the application of hedge accounting.
Table 8.3 - Gains and Losses on Fair Value Hedges | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | 1Q 2023 | 1Q 2022 |
| (In millions) | | Interest Income | Interest Expense | Interest Income | Interest Expense |
| Total amounts of income and expense line items presented in our condensed consolidated statements of income in which the effects of fair value hedges are recorded: | | $24,987 | | ($20,486) | | $17,740 | | ($13,636) | |
| | | | | |
| Interest contracts on mortgage loans held-for-investment: | | | | | |
| Gain (loss) on fair value hedging relationships: | | | | | |
| Hedged items | | 1,123 | | — | | (2,627) | | — | |
| Derivatives designated as hedging instruments | | (1,073) | | — | | 2,055 | | — | |
| Interest accruals on hedging instruments | | 211 | | — | | (267) | | — | |
| Discontinued hedge related basis adjustments amortization | | 31 | | — | | (124) | | — | |
| Interest contracts on debt: | | | | | |
| Gain (loss) on fair value hedging relationships: | | | | | |
| Hedged items | | — | | (1,535) | | — | | 3,861 | |
| Derivatives designated as hedging instruments | | — | | 1,534 | | — | | (3,896) | |
| Interest accruals on hedging instruments | | — | | (1,051) | | — | | 144 | |
| Discontinued hedge related basis adjustment amortization | | — | | (38) | | — | | 10 | |
| | | | | | | | |
| Freddie Mac 1Q 2023 Form 10-Q | | 71 |
| | | | | |
| Financial Statements | Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements | Note 8 |
The table below presents the cumulative basis adjustments and the carrying amounts of the hedged item by its respective balance sheet line item.
Table 8.4 - Cumulative Basis Adjustments Due to Fair Value Hedging
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | March 31, 2023 |
| | Carrying Amount Assets / (Liabilities) | | Cumulative Amount of Fair Value Hedging Basis Adjustment Included in the Carrying Amount | | Closed Portfolio Under the Portfolio Layer Method |
| (In millions) | | | Total | Under the Portfolio Layer Method | Discontinued - Hedge Related | | Total Amount by Amortized Cost Basis | Designated Amount by UPB |
| Mortgage loans held-for-investment | | $1,126,852 | | | ($1,967) | | ($678) | | ($1,289) | | | $77,275 | | $11,516 | |
| Mortgage loans held-for-sale | | 56 | | | 1 | | — | | 1 | | | — | | — | |
| Debt | | (156,649) | | | 7,714 | | — | | 187 | | | — | | — | |
| | | | | | | | | |
| | December 31, 2022 |
| | Carrying Amount Assets / (Liabilities) | | Cumulative Amount of Fair Value Hedging Basis Adjustment Included in the Carrying Amount | | Closed Portfolio Under the Portfolio Layer Method |
| (In millions) | | | Total | Under the Portfolio Layer Method | Discontinued - Hedge Related | | Total Amount by Amortized Cost Basis | Designated Amount by UPB |
| Mortgage loans held-for-investment | | $1,108,098 | | | ($3,122) | | ($959) | | ($2,163) | | | $79,070 | | $11,516 | |
| Mortgage loans held-for-sale | | 67 | | | 1 | | — | | 1 | | | — | | — | |
| Debt | | (142,511) | | | 9,384 | | — | | 123 | | | — | | — | |
| | | | | | | | |
| Freddie Mac 1Q 2023 Form 10-Q | | 72 |
| | | | | |
| Financial Statements | Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements | Note 9 |
NOTE 9
Collateralized Agreements and Offsetting Arrangements
Offsetting of Financial Assets and Liabilities The table below presents offsetting and collateral information related to derivatives, securities purchased under agreements to resell, and securities sold under agreements to repurchase which are subject to enforceable master netting agreements or similar arrangements.