GLG TD Holdings Inc

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-K

(Mark One)

☒ ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023

or

☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from ____________ to ____________

Commission file number: 001-36055

BAIYU HOLDINGS, INC.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

139, Xinzhou 11th Street, Futian District

Shenzhen, Guangdong, PRC 518000

(Address of principal executive offices) (Zip Code)

+86 (0755) 82792111

(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

Securities registered under Section 12(b) of the Act:

Securities registered under Section 12(g) of the Act: None.

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ☐ No ☒

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes ☐ No ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☐

If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

As of June 30, 2023, the last business day of the registrant’s second quarter of most recently completed fiscal year, the aggregate market value of the common stock held by non-affiliates of the registrant was approximately $71.8 million based on the closing price of $0.615 for the registrant’s common stock as reported on the NASDAQ Capital Market.

As of March 22, 2024, there were 19,785,688 shares of the Company’s common stock issued and outstanding.

BAIYU Holdings, Inc.

Annual Report on Form 10-K

For the Fiscal Year Ended December 31, 2023

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Unless the context requires otherwise, reference to “BAIYU” refers to BAIYU Holdings, Inc., our Delaware holding company; reference to the “Company,” “we,” “our” or “us” refers to BAIYU Holdings, Inc., together as a group with its subsidiaries, and, in the context of describing the substantive operations and consolidated financial information relating to such operations of BAIYU Holdings, Inc. and its subsidiaries as a whole, refers to BAIYU and its subsidiaries; references to “VIE” or “Tongdow Internet Technology” refers to Shenzhen Tongdow Internet Technology Co., Ltd., the variable interest entity.

“PRC” or “China” refers to the People’s Republic of China, and only in the context of describing PRC laws, regulations, rules, regulatory authority and other legal or tax matters in this annual report, excludes Taiwan, Hong Kong and Macau; the legal and operational risks associated with operating in the PRC also apply to our operations in Hong Kong.

“RMB” or “Renminbi” refers to the legal currency of China and “$,” “US$” or “U.S. Dollars” refers to the legal currency of the United States.

Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements

The information contained in this annual report on Form 10-K includes statements that are not historical facts and are “forward-looking statements.” Such forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, statements regarding our Company and our management’s expectations, hopes, beliefs, intentions or strategies regarding the future, including our financial condition and results of operations. In addition, any statements that refer to projections, forecasts or other characterizations of future events or circumstances, including any underlying assumptions, are forward-looking statements. The words “anticipates,” “believes,” “continue,” “could,” “estimates,” “expects,” “intends,” “may,” “might,” “plans,” “possible,” “potential,” “predicts,” “projects,” “seeks,” “should,” “will,” “would” and similar expressions, or the negatives of such terms, may be identified as forward-looking statements, but the absence of these words does not mean that a statement is not forward-looking.

The forward-looking statements contained herein are based on current expectations and beliefs concerning future developments and the potential effects on us. Future developments that actually affect us may not be those anticipated. These forward-looking statements involve a number of risks, uncertainties (some of which are beyond our control) or other assumptions that may cause actual results or performance to be materially different from those expressed or implied by these forward-looking statements. Examples are statements regarding future developments with respect to the following:

You should not rely upon forward-looking statements as predictions of future events. The events and circumstances reflected in the forward-looking statements may not be achieved or occur. Although we believe that the expectations reflected in the forward-looking statements are reasonable, we cannot guarantee future results, levels of activity, performance or achievements. Moreover, neither we nor any other person assume responsibility for the accuracy and completeness of the forward-looking statements. Except as required by law, we undertake no obligation to update publicly any forward-looking statements for any reason after the date of this report to conform these statements to actual results or to changes in our expectations.

We qualify all of our forward-looking statements by these cautionary statements. The Company assumes no obligation to revise or update any forward-looking statements for any reason, except as required by law.

PART I

Item 1. Description of Business.

Overview and Corporate History

BAIYU Holdings, Inc. (formerly known as TD Holdings, Inc.), has become a business engaging in commodities trading business (the “Commodities Trading Business”) and supply chain service business (the “Supply Chain Service Business”) in China since the disposition of its direct loans, loan guarantees and financial leasing services to small-to-medium sized businesses, farmers and individuals in July 2018 and its used luxurious car leasing business in August 2020.

The Commodities Trading Business primarily involves purchasing non-ferrous metal products from upstream metal and mineral suppliers and then selling to downstream customers. The Supply Chain Service Business primarily has served as a one-stop commodity supply chain service and digital intelligence supply chain platform integrating upstream and downstream enterprises, warehouses, logistics, information, and futures trading.

BAIYU Holdings, Inc. is a Delaware holding company that conducts its operations and operates its business in China through its PRC subsidiaries. Such structure involves unique risks to our investors. The Chinese government may intervene in or influence the operation of PRC subsidiaries and exercise significant oversight and discretion over the conduct of our business or may exert more control over offerings conducted overseas by, and/or foreign investment in, China-based issuers, which could result in a material change in our operations and/or the value of our common stock. Furthermore, rules and regulations in China may change quickly with short advance notice, If the PRC imposes limitations on the ownership structure of the Company or disallows our current ownership structure all together in the future, or if the PRC government takes other future actions resulting in a material change in our operations, the value of our shares may depreciate significantly or become worthless.

There are significant legal and operational risks associated with being based in or having the substantial all of its operations in China, including those changes in the legal, political and economic policies of the Chinese government, the relations between China and the United States, or Chinese or U.S. regulations, all of which may materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. Any such changes could cause the value of our securities to significantly decline or become worthless. The PRC government has significant authority to exert influence on the ability of a company with substantive operations in China, such as us, to conduct its business, accept foreign investments or list on a U.S. or other foreign exchanges. For example, we face risks associated with regulatory approvals of offshore offerings, anti-monopoly regulatory actions, oversight on cybersecurity and data privacy. As of the date of this report, we do not believe that we are subject to (a) the cybersecurity review with the Cyberspace Administration of China, or CAC, as we do not qualify as a critical information infrastructure operator or possess a large amount of personal information in our business operations, and our business does not involve data possessing that affects or may affect national security, implicates cybersecurity, or involves any type of restricted industry; or (b) merger control review by China’s anti-monopoly enforcement agency due to the fact that we do not engage in monopolistic behaviors that are subject to these statements or regulatory actions. However, since these statements and regulatory actions are new, it is highly uncertain how soon legislative or administrative regulation making bodies will respond and what existing or new laws or regulations or detailed implementations and interpretations will be modified or promulgated, and, if any, the potential impact such modified or new laws and regulations will have on our daily business operation, ability to accept foreign investments and listing of our securities. In particular, as we are a holding company with substantive business operations in China, you should pay special attention to disclosures included in this annual report and risk factors included herein, including but not limited to risk factor such as “Risk Factors — Risks Relating to Our Corporate Structure” and “Risk Factors — Risks Related to Doing Business in China”.

The PRC government has significant oversight and discretion over the conduct of our business and may intervene with or influence our operations as the government deems appropriate to further regulatory, political and societal goals. The PRC government has recently published new policies that significantly affected certain industries, and we cannot rule out the possibility that it will in the future release regulations or policies regarding the industry where we operate, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. These risks could result in a material change in our operations and the value of our ordinary shares, or could significantly limit or completely hinder our ability to offer or continue to offer securities to investors and cause the value of such securities to significantly decline or become worthless. For more information on various risks related to doing business in China, see “Risk Factors — Risks Related to Doing Business in China”.

Pursuant to the Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act, or the HFCAA, if the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board, or the PCAOB, is unable to inspect an issuer’s auditors for three consecutive years, the issuer’s securities are prohibited to trade on a U.S. stock exchange. The PCAOB issued a Determination Report on December 16, 2021 which found that the PCAOB is unable to inspect or investigate completely registered public accounting firms headquartered in: (1) mainland China of the People’s Republic of China because of a position taken by one or more authorities in mainland China; and (2) Hong Kong, a Special Administrative Region and dependency of the PRC, because of a position taken by one or more authorities in Hong Kong. Furthermore, the PCAOB’s report identified the specific registered public accounting firms which are subject to these determinations. On June 22, 2021, the U.S. Senate passed the Accelerating Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act, and on December 29, 2022, legislation entitled “Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023” (the “Consolidated Appropriations Act”) was signed into law by President Biden, which contained, among other things, an identical provision to the Accelerating Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act and amended the HFCAA by requiring the SEC to prohibit an issuer’s securities from trading on any U.S stock exchanges if its auditor is not subject to PCAOB inspections for two consecutive years instead of three, thus reducing the time period for triggering the prohibition on trading. On August 26, 2022, the PCAOB announced that it had signed a Statement of Protocol (the “SOP”) with the China Securities Regulatory Commission, or the CSRC, and the Ministry of Finance of China. The SOP, together with two protocol agreements governing inspections and investigations (together, the “SOP Agreement”), establishes a specific, accountable framework to make possible complete inspections and investigations by the PCAOB of audit firms based in mainland China and Hong Kong, as required under U.S. law. On December 15, 2022, the PCAOB announced that it was able to secure complete access to inspect and investigate PCAOB-registered public accounting firms headquartered in mainland China and Hong Kong completely in 2022. The PCAOB Board vacated its previous 2021 determinations that the PCAOB was unable to inspect or investigate completely registered public accounting firms headquartered in mainland China and Hong Kong. However, whether the PCAOB will continue to be able to satisfactorily conduct inspections of PCAOB-registered public accounting firms headquartered in mainland China and Hong Kong is subject to uncertainties and depends on a number of factors out of our and our auditor’s control. The PCAOB continues to demand complete access in mainland China and Hong Kong moving forward and is making plans to resume regular inspections in early 2023 and beyond, as well as to continue pursuing ongoing investigations and initiate new investigations as needed. The PCAOB has also indicated that it will act immediately to consider the need to issue new determinations with the HFCAA if needed.

As of the date of this annual report, neither Audit Alliance LLP, our previous auditor, nor Enrome LLP, our current auditor, is not subject to the determinations as to inability to inspect or investigate completely as announced by the PCAOB on December 16, 2021. Each of Audit Alliance LLP and Enrome LLP is based in Singapore and is registered with PCAOB and subject to PCAOB inspection.

We are not an operating company based in the PRC, rather, we are a holding company incorporated in Delaware. Investors are purchasing securities of a Delaware holding company rather than securities of our subsidiaries that have substantive business operations in China. The Company is a Delaware holding company that conducts its operations and operates its business in China through (i) its subsidiaries incorporated in mainland China, and (ii) contractual agreements with a variable interest entity, namely, Shenzhen Tongdow Internet Technology Co., Ltd. (the “VIE” or “Tongdow Internet Technology”) based in mainland China. The VIE structure was established through a series of contractual agreements (collectively, the “Tongdow VIE Agreements”), comprising (i) that certain exclusive business cooperation agreement, entered into by and between the VIE and Shenzhen Baiyu Jucheng Data Technology Co., Ltd. (“Shenzhen Baiyu Jucheng”) dated as of October 17, 2022, (ii) that certain share pledge agreement, entered into by and among Shenzhen Baiyu Jucheng, Shanghai Zhuotaitong Industry Co., Ltd (“VIE Sole Original Shareholder”), and the VIE, dated as of October 17, 2022, (iii) that certain Exclusive Option Agreement entered into by and among Shenzhen Baiyu Jucheng, VIE Sole Original Shareholder, and the VIE, dated as of October 17, 2022, (iv) that certain Power of Attorney entered in to by VIE Sole Original Shareholder, dated as of October 17, 2022, and (v) that certain Timely Reporting Agreement entered into by and between the VIE and Shenzhen Baiyu Jucheng, dated as of October 17, 2022. The VIE structure is used to provide investors with exposure to foreign investment in China-based companies where the PRC law restricts direct foreign investment in certain operating companies. BAIYU does not own any equity interest in the VIE. Our contractual arrangements with the VIE are not equivalent of an investment in the equity interest of the VIE, and investors of BAIYU may never hold equity interests in the Chinese operating companies, including the VIE. Instead, we are regarded as the primary beneficiary of the VIE, for accounting purposes, based upon the Tongdow VIE Agreements.. Accordingly, under U.S. GAAP, the results of the VIE will be consolidated in our financial statements. Investors are purchasing the equity securities of BAIYU, the Delaware holding company, rather than the equity securities of the VIE. However, neither the investors in BAIYU nor BAIYU itself have an equity ownership in, direct foreign investment in, or control of, through such ownership or investment, the VIE.

The VIE structure involves unique risks to our investors. It may not provide effective operational control over the VIE and also faces risks and uncertainties associated with, among others, the interpretation and the application of the current and future PRC laws, regulations and rules to such contractual arrangements. As of the date of this annual report, the agreements under the contractual arrangements with respect to the VIE have not been tested in a court of law. If the PRC regulatory authorities find these contractual arrangements non-compliant with the restrictions on direct foreign investment in the relevant industries, or if the relevant PRC laws, regulations and rules or their interpretation change in the future, we could be subject to severe penalties or be forced to relinquish our interests in the VIE or forfeit our rights under the contractual arrangements. The PRC regulatory authorities could disallow the VIE structure at any time in the future, which would cause a material adverse change in our operations and cause the value of our securities you invested in this offering to significantly decline or become worthless.

The Chinese government may disallow the Company’s current holding structure, which could result in a material change in our operations and materially and adversely affect the value of shares of our common stock or our other securities and could cause the value of our shares or other securities to significantly decline or become worthless. Furthermore, the Chinese regulatory authorities may intervene in or influence the operation of PRC subsidiaries and exercise significant oversight and discretion over the conduct of their business or may exert more control over offerings conducted overseas by, and/or foreign investment in, China-based issuers, which could result in a material change in our operations and/or the value of our common stock. Further, rules and regulations in China may be changed from time to time, and any actions by the Chinese government to exert more oversight and supervision over offerings that are conducted overseas by, and/or foreign investment in, China-based issuers could significantly limit or completely hinder our ability to offer or continue to offer securities to investors and cause the value of such securities to significantly decline or be worthless.

Our Current Business

Commodities Trading Business

The Commodities Trading Business primarily involves purchasing non-ferrous metal products, such as aluminum ingots, copper, silver, and gold, from upstream metal and mineral suppliers and then selling to downstream customers. In connection with the Company’s commodity sales, in order to help customers to obtain sufficient funds to purchase various metal products and also help upstream metal and mineral suppliers to sell their metal products, the Company launched its Supply Chain Service Business in December 2019. The Company primarily generates revenues from bulk non-ferrous commodity products, and from providing related supply chain management services in the PRC.

In order to diversify the Company’s business, the Company has operated the Commodities Trading Business through Shenzhen Huamucheng Trading Co., Ltd. since November 2019, which was renamed as Shenzhen Baiyu Jucheng Data Technology Co., Ltd. (“Shenzhen Baiyu Jucheng”) in 2021. On November 22, 2019, Hao Limo Technology (Beijing) Co., Ltd. (“Hao Limo”), our indirectly wholly-owned subsidiary, entered into a series of agreements with Shenzhen Baiyu Jucheng and the shareholders of Shenzhen Baiyu Jucheng pursuant to which we obtained control of Shenzhen Baiyu Jucheng (the “Baiyu VIE Agreements”). We initially entered into certain agreements with the previous shareholders Shenzhen Baiyu Jucheng. On June 25, 2020, the Baiyu VIE Agreements were terminated and Shanghai Jianchi Supply Chain Co., Ltd., our wholly-owned subsidiary incorporated in China, acquired 100% equity interest of Shenzhen Baiyu Jucheng from the shareholders of Shenzhen Baiyu Jucheng for nominal consideration.

Through Shenzhen Baiyu Jucheng’s business, we source bulk commodity products from non-ferrous metals and mines or its designated distributors and then sell to manufacturers who need these metals in large quantities. We also work with upstream suppliers in the sourcing of commodities.

Through Shenzhen Qianhai Baiyu Supply Chain Co., Ltd. (“Qianhai Baiyu”), our wholly-owned subsidiary incorporated in China, we provide supply chain management services to our customers. On October 26, 2020, Shenzhen Baiyu Jucheng entered into certain share purchase agreements to acquire 100% shares of Qianhai Baiyu. Qianhai Baiyu is engaged in the supply chain service business and covers a full range of commodities, including non-ferrous metals, ferrous metals, coal, metallurgical raw materials, soybean oils, oils, rubber, wood and various other types of commodities. It also has a supply chain infrastructure, which includes processing, logistics, warehousing and terminals. Utilizing its customer base, industry experience, and expertise in the commodity trading industry, Qianhai Baiyu serves as a one-stop commodity supply chain service and digital intelligence supply chain platform integrating upstream and downstream enterprises, warehouses, logistics, information, and futures trading.

The acquisition of Qianhai Baiyu has laid a solid foundation for the Company to further expand its operations in the commodity supply chain field. The Company plans to strengthen and upgrade its supply chain services platform by introducing a systematic quantitative risk control system, which will be based on the Qianhai Baiyu’s massive historical market data and complex data analysis models. The platform is expected to establish a quantitative risk management system utilizing ETL data integration (Extract, Transform, Load) as its core, and then optimize trading portfolios by incorporating various factors and strategies in order to effectively control risks and sustain business development.

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023, the Company generated revenue of $134,558,086 from its commodities trading business and $67,981 from its supply chain management services.

VIE Agreements

We have operated the Commodities Trading Business through Shenzhen Huamucheng Trading Co., Ltd. since November 2019, which was renamed as Shenzhen Baiyu Jucheng Data Technology Co., Ltd. (“Shenzhen Baiyu Jucheng”) in 2021. On November 22, 2019, Hao Limo Technology (Beijing) Co., Ltd. (“Hao Limo”), our previously indirectly wholly-owned subsidiary, entered into the Baiyu VIE Agreements. On June 25, 2020, Hao Limo and Shenzhen Baiyu Jucheng entered into certain VIE termination agreements to terminate the Baiyu VIE Agreements. As a result of the termination of the Baiyu VIE Agreements, Hao Limo no longer has the control rights and rights to the assets, property and revenue of Shenzhen Baiyu Jucheng. At the same time, Shanghai Jianchi Supply Chain Co., Ltd., our wholly-owned subsidiary incorporated in China, acquired 100% equity interest of Shenzhen Baiyu Jucheng from the shareholders of Shenzhen Baiyu Jucheng for nominal consideration.

On October 17, 2022, Shenzhen Baiyu Jucheng entered into the Tongdow VIE Agreements, comprising (i) that certain exclusive business cooperation agreement, entered into by and between the VIE and Shenzhen Baiyu Jucheng dated as of October 17, 2022 (the “Exclusive Business Cooperation Agreement”), (ii) that certain share pledge agreement, entered into by and among Shenzhen Baiyu Jucheng, Shanghai Zhuotaitong Industry Co., Ltd (“VIE Sole Original Shareholder”), and the VIE, dated as of October 17, 2022 (the “Share Pledge Agreement”), (iii) that certain Exclusive Option Agreement entered into by and among Shenzhen Baiyu Jucheng, VIE Sole Original Shareholder, and the VIE, dated as of October 17, 2022 (the “Exclusive Option Agreement”), (iv) that certain Power of Attorney entered in to by VIE Sole Original Shareholder, dated as of October 17, 2022 (the “POA”), and (v) that certain Timely Reporting Agreement entered into by and between the VIE and Shenzhen Baiyu Jucheng, dated as of October 17, 2022 (the “Reporting Agreement”).

The Tongdow VIE Agreements allow us to (1) be considered as the primary beneficiary of the VIE for accounting purposes and consolidate the financial results of the VIE, (2) receive substantially all of the economic benefits of the VIE, (3) have the pledge right over the equity interests in the VIE as the pledgee, and (4) have an exclusive option to purchase all or part of the equity interests in the VIE when and to the extent permitted by PRC law.

As a result of our direct ownership in Shenzhen Baiyu Jucheng and the contractual arrangements with the VIE, we have become the primary beneficiary of the VIE for accounting purposes, and, therefore, have consolidated the financial results of the VIE in our consolidated financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP.

The following is a summary of the Tongdow VIE Agreements:

Exclusive Business Cooperation Agreement. Pursuant to the terms thereof, Shenzhen Baiyu Jucheng agrees to provide the VIE with customer support, business support and related supply chain management services during the term of the agreement and the VIE agrees not to engage any other party for the same or similar consultation and/or management services without Shenzhen Baiyu Jucheng’s prior consent. The VIE agrees to pay Shenzhen Baiyu Jucheng service fees substantially equal to all of its net income, subject to any requirement by PRC law and its articles of association.

Share Pledge Agreement. Pursuant to the terms thereof, VIE Sole Original Shareholder pledged all of its equity interest in the VIE to Shenzhen Baiyu Jucheng in order to guarantee the performance of the VIE’s obligations under the Exclusive Business Cooperation Agreement. The agreement will be terminated upon full payment of consulting and service fees and termination of the VIE’s contractual obligations under the Exclusive Business Cooperation Agreement.

Exclusive Option Agreement. Pursuant to the terms thereof, VIE Sole Original Shareholder has irrevocably granted Shenzhen Baiyu Jucheng an exclusive option to purchase at any time, in part or in whole, its equity interests in the VIE for a purchase price equal to the capital paid by VIE Sole Original Shareholder, adjusted pro rata for purchase of less than all of the equity interests.

Powers of Attorney. Pursuant to the terms thereof, VIE Sole Original Shareholder has irrevocably authorized Shenzhen Baiyu Jucheng to act on its behalf as the exclusive agent and attorney with respect to all rights as a shareholder, including but not limited to, (1) convening, attending and presiding over shareholders’ meetings, (2) exercising all the shareholder’s rights, including voting, that shareholders are entitled to under PRC law and the Articles of Association of the VIE, including but not limited to the sale, transfer, pledge or disposition of the equity interests of the VIE owned by such shareholder in part or in whole, (3) designating and appointing on behalf of the shareholders the legal representative, executive director, supervisor, chief executive officer and other senior management members of the VIE, (4) signing and executing all legal documents related to the shareholder’s rights, and (5) receiving the dividends paid by the VIE to its shareholder.

Reporting Agreement. Pursuant to the terms thereof, the VIE agrees to promptly provide all information required by Shenzhen Baiyu Jucheng so that it can make necessary SEC and other regulatory reports in a timely fashion.

In the opinion of our PRC counsel, Tahota (Beijing) Law Firm, (i) the ownership structures of the VIE and Shenzhen Baiyu Jucheng are not in any violation of applicable PRC laws and regulations currently in effect; and (ii) the contractual arrangements between Shenzhen Baiyu Jucheng, the VIE and its shareholder governed by PRC laws and regulations are currently valid, binding and enforceable and will not result in any violation of applicable PRC laws and regulations currently in effect.

However, we have been advised by our PRC counsel, Tahota (Beijing) Law Firm, that there are substantial uncertainties regarding the interpretation and application of current PRC laws and regulations. The PRC government may ultimately take a view contrary to or otherwise different from the opinion of our PRC counsel. As of the date of this report, the agreements under the contractual arrangements among Shenzhen Baiyu Jucheng, the VIE, and its shareholder have not been tested in a court of law. Investors in our securities are not purchasing equity interest in the VIE in China but, instead, are purchasing equity interest in a holding company incorporated in the laws of State of Delaware. The contractual arrangements may be less effective from direct ownership in providing us with control over the VIE and we may incur substantial costs to enforce the terms of the arrangements. Our corporate structure is subject to risks associated with our contractual arrangements with the VIE. It is uncertain whether any new PRC laws or regulations relating to variable interest entity structures will be adopted or if adopted, what they would provide. If we or the VIE is found to be in violation of any existing or future PRC laws or regulations, or fail to obtain or maintain any of the required permits or approvals, the relevant PRC regulatory authorities would have broad discretion to take action in dealing with such violations or failures. We could be subject to severe penalties or be forced to relinquish our interests in those operations. Our Delaware holding company, Shenzhen Baiyu Jucheng, and the VIE, and investors in securities in BAIYU face uncertainty with respect to potential future actions by the PRC government that could affect the enforceability of the contractual arrangements with the VIE and, consequently, significantly affect the financial performance of our company as a whole and the VIE. See “Risk Factors — Risks Related to Doing Business in China — The contractual arrangements with the VIE and its shareholder may be less effective than direct ownership in providing operational control” and “— We face uncertainty with respect to the enforceability of the contractual arrangements with the VIE and its shareholder, and any failure by the VIE or its shareholder to perform their obligations under our contractual arrangements with them would have a material adverse effect on our business.”

Convertible Promissory Notes Issuance and Settlement

On May 6, 2022, the Company entered into a securities purchase agreement with Streeterville Capital, LLC, pursuant to which the Company issued the investor a convertible promissory note in the original principal amount of $3,320,000, convertible into shares of the Company’s common stock, for $3,000,000 in gross proceeds. By written consent dated May 10, 2022, as permitted by Section 228 of the Delaware General Corporation Law and Section 8 of Article II of our bylaws, the stockholders who have the authority to vote a majority of the outstanding shares of Common Stock approved the following corporate actions: (i) the entry into a purchase agreement dated of May 6, 2022 by and between the Company and the investor, pursuant to which the Company issued the note dated of May 6, 2022 to the investor; and (ii) the issuance of shares of common stock in excess of 19.99% of the currently issued and outstanding shares of common stock of the Company upon the conversion of the note. The Company settled a convertible promissory note of $375,000 on November 16, 2022, $200,000 on January 18, 2023, $200,000 on February 3, 2023, $175,000 on February 8, 2023, $250,000 on February 15, 2023, $250,000 on March 8, 2023, $125,000 on March 24, 2023, $150,000 on September 14, 2023, $200,000 on November 7, 2023, and $175,000 on November 8, 2023, respectively, and issued 445,749, 235,960, 234,389, 205,090, 292,987, 279,567, 145,660, 1,153,846, 131,585 and 115,137 shares of the Company’s Common Stock on November 17, 2022, January 19, 2023, February 6, 2023, February 8, 2023, February 15, 2023, March 15, 2023, March 29, 2023, September 15, 2023, November 7, 2023, and November 8, 2023, respectively.

The above unsettled convertible promissory note, issued on May 6, 2022, has a maturity date of 12 months with an interest rate of 10% per annum. The Company retains the right to prepay the note at any time prior to conversion with an amount in cash equal to 125% of the principal that the Company elects to prepay at any time six months after the issue date, subject to maximum monthly redemption amount of $250,000 and $375,000, respectively. On or before the close of business on the third trading day of redemption, the Company should deliver conversion shares via “DWAC” (DTC’s Deposit/Withdrawal at Custodian system). The Company will be required to pay the redemption amount in cash, or chooses to satisfy a redemption in registered stock or unregistered stock, such stock shall be issued at 80% of the average of the lowest “VWAP” (the volume-weighted average price of the Common Stock on the principal market for a particular trading day or set of trading days) during the fifteen trading days immediately preceding the redemption notice is delivered.

On March 13, 2023, the Company entered into a securities purchase agreement with Streeterville and issued a convertible note due 2024 (the “Note”) to Streeterville. The Note has a principal amount of $3,320,000 (the “Principal”) and bears an interest rate that equals to ten percent (10%) per annum. The purchase price for the Note is $3,000,000 (the “Purchase Price”), and the date on which the Purchase Price is delivered by Streeterville Capital to the Company, (the “Purchase Price Date”). The Principal and the interest payable under the Note will become due and payable twelve (12) months from the Purchase Price Date (the “Maturity Date”), unless earlier converted or prepaid by us. The Note has a conversion price (the “Redemption Conversion Price”) equal to eighty percent (80%) multiplied by the lowest VWAP (the dollar volume-weighted average price for shares of our common stock on the Nasdaq Capital Market) during the fifteen (15) trading days immediately preceding the date a redemption notice is delivered (the “Redemption Date”). In this report, the company refers to all shares issued by us pursuant to conversion of the Note as “Conversion Shares.” The Investor has the right to redeem the Note at any time beginning on the date that is ninety (90) days from the Purchase Price Date until the outstanding balance has been paid in full, subject to the maximum monthly redemption amount of $375,000 (the “Maximum Monthly Redemption Amount”). Redemptions may be satisfied in cash, common stock at the Redemption Conversion Price, or any combination of the foregoing. We have the right, but not the obligation, to prepay all or any portion of the outstanding balance under this Note prior to the Maturity Date at a cash prepayment price equal to 125% of the outstanding balance to be prepaid. The Company settled the Note of $300,000 on September 7, 2023, $2000,000 on October 10, 2023, $175,000 on October 13, 2023, $150,000 on November 16, 2023, $150,000 on December 5, 2023, and $150,000 on December 29, 2023, respectively, and issued 2,091,466, 2,086,811, 1,845,991, 109,075, 109,075 and 137,644 shares of the Company’s common stock on September 7, 2023, October 10, 2023, October 13, 2023, November 16, 2023, December 5, 2023, December 29, 2023, respectively.

Reverse Stock Split of Common Stock, Change of Company Name, Ticker Change, and Amendment to Certificate of Incorporation

On May 15, 2023, the Company received a letter from NASDAQ Stock Market LLC (“Nasdaq”) stating that the Company was not in compliance with the Nasdaq Listing Rule 5550(a)(2) (the “Minimum Bid Price Requirement”) because the closing bid price for the Company’s common stock had remained below $1.00 per share for the previous 30 consecutive business days. An initial grace period to regain compliance was provided, which ended on November 11, 2023.

To achieve compliance with the Minimum Bid Price Requirements, the Company proposed a stock reverse split.

On September 15, 2023, our board of directors unanimously approved the amendments to the Company’s Certificate of Incorporation (as amended) to effect (i) a reverse stock split of our issued and outstanding common stock to comply with Nasdaq’s Minimum Bid Price Requirements, at a ratio of one-for-twenty to one-for-fifty immediately following the reverse split, with the exact ratio to be set at a whole number within this range, and (ii) change the Company’s name to BAIYU Holdings, Inc (the “Name Change”). On September 18, 2023, by written consent of stockholders in lieu of special meeting, the company’s stockholders who have the authority to vote a majority of the outstanding shares have approved and adopted the filing of certificate of amendment of certificate of incorporation to effect, among other things, (i) a reverse stock split of our common stock at a reverse stock split ratio of no less than one-for-twenty to no more than one-for-fifty, with the final decision of whether to proceed with the reverse stock split and the exact ratio and timing of the reverse split to be determined by our board of directors (“Board of Directors”), in its discretion, and (ii) the Name Change, with the final decision of whether to proceed with the Name Change and the timing for implementing the Name Change to be determined by our Board of Directors. On October 16, 2023, our Board of Directors unanimously approved, among other things, (x) the filing of the certificate of amendment of certificate of incorporation to effect the reverse stock split at the ratio of one-for-fifty(the “Reverse Stock Split”) and the Name Change, and (y) the change of our ticker on the Nasdaq to “BYU”. Subsequently, on October 19, 2023, we filed a Certificate of Amendment of Certificate of Incorporation with the Delaware Secretary of State to effect the Reverse Stock Split and the Name Change. The Company’s common stock began trading on Nasdaq on a Reverse Stock Split-adjusted basis under the new name “BAIYU Holdings, Inc” and the new ticker symbol “BYU” on October 30, 2023. As a result of the Reverse Stock Split, every fifty shares of the Company’s common stock issued and outstanding were automatically reclassified into one new share of common stock, without modifying any rights or preferences of the shares of the Company’s common stock.

On November 13, 2023, the Company received a notification letter from Nasdaq informing it that compliance with the Minimum Bid Price Requirement had been regained, and the matter was closed.

November 2023 Private Placement

On November 16, 2023, the Company entered into that certain securities purchase agreement with certain purchasers who are “non-U.S. Persons” as defined in Regulation S as promulgated under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, pursuant to which the Company agreed to sell an aggregate of 15,000,000 shares of Common Stock, par value $0.001 per share at a per share purchase price of $2.09 (representing the number equal to (i) the average Nasdaq Official Closing Price of the Company’s Common Stock (as reflected on Nasdaq.com) for the five trading days immediately preceding the date of the securities purchase agreement, times (ii) 1.1) (the “Common Stock PIPE”). The transaction was consummated on November 29, 2023 by the issuance of 15,000,000 shares of common stock.

July 2023 Private Placement

On July 31, 2023, the Company entered into a securities purchase agreement with certain purchasers who are “non-U.S. Persons” as defined in Regulation S as promulgated under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, pursuant to which, the Company agreed to sell such Purchasers an aggregate of 28,000,000 shares of its common stock, par value $0.001 per share at a price of $0.35 per share to the purchasers for gross proceeds of approximately $9.8 million. The offering is being made pursuant to the Company’s shelf registration statement on Form S-3 (File No. 333-239757), which was filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on July 8, 2020, and declared effective by on August 4, 2020, as supplemented by the prospectus supplement dated August 3, 2023, relating to the sale of the shares thereof.

January 2023 Private Placement

On January 9, 2023, the Company entered into that certain Securities Purchase Agreement with Ms. Huiwen Hu, an affiliate of the Company, and certain other purchasers who are “non-U.S. Persons” (as defined in Regulation S of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, pursuant to which the Company agreed to sell an aggregate of 35,000,000 shares of its common stock, par value $0.001 per share, at a per share purchase price of $1.21. The gross proceeds to the Company were $42.35 million. Since Ms. Huiwen Hu is an affiliate of the Company, the transaction has been approved by the Audit Committee of the Board of Directors of the Company as well as the Board of Directors of the Company.

Corporate Structure

BAIYU Holdings, Inc. is a holding company that was incorporated under the laws of the State of Delaware on December 19, 2011. HC High Summit Holding Limited (“HC High BVI”), a company incorporated under the laws of the British Virgin Islands on May 22, 2018, is wholly owned by the Company. On April 2, 2020, HC High BVI established TD Internet Of Things Technology Company Limited (“TD Internet Of Things Technology”, formerly known as Tongdow Block Chain Information Technology Company Limited), a holding company incorporated in accordance with the laws and regulations of Hong Kong. TD Internet Of Things Technology is wholly owned by HC High BVI. On April 2, 2020 and July 16, 2020, Tongdow Block Chain established Shanghai Jianchi and Tongdow (Hainan) Data Technology Co., Ltd. (“Tondow Hainan”), respectively, as its wholly-owned subsidiaries. Both Shanghai Jianchi and Tongdow Hainan are holding companies incorporated in accordance with the laws and regulations of the People’s Republic of China (“PRC”).

On March 5, 2020, the Company filed a Certificate of Amendment of the Certificate of Incorporation with the Delaware Secretary of State to effect a name change from Bat Group, Inc. to TD Holdings, Inc. (the “March Charter Amendment”). The March Charter Amendment became effective on March 6, 2020.

On June 25, 2020, Hao Limo, the Company’s wholly-owned subsidiary incorporated in the PRC, and Huamucheng, which was renamed Shenzhen Baiyu Jucheng in 2021, a former VIE of the Company, entered into certain VIE termination agreements to terminate the Shenzhen Baiyu Jucheng VIE agreements. On the same date, Shanghai Jianchi, Shenzhen Baiyu Jucheng and Shenzhen Baiyu Jucheng Shareholders entered into certain share acquisition agreements pursuant to which Shanghai Jianchi acquired 100% equity interest of Shenzhen Baiyu Jucheng. As a result, Shenzhen Baiyu Jucheng transitioned from a variable interest entity controlled by the Company into a wholly owned subsidiary of the Company.

On September 11, 2020, the Company acquired Zhong Hui Dao Ming Investment Management Limited (“ZHDM HK”) and its wholly owned subsidiary, Tongdow E-Trading Limited (“Tongdow HK”). Both entities were holding companies incorporated in accordance with the laws and regulations of Hong Kong.

On October 26, 2020, Shenzhen Baiyu Jucheng entered into a certain share purchase agreement to acquire 100% shares of Qianhai Baiyu. The acquisition of Qianhai Baiyu has laid a solid foundation for the Company to further expand its operations in the commodity supply chain field.

On April 20, 2021, the Company effected a Certificate of Amendment of the Certificate of Incorporation (the “April Charter Amendment”) with the Delaware Secretary of State to increase the number of authorized shares of its common stock, par value $0.001 per share, from 100,000,000 shares to 600,000,000 shares and the number of authorized shares of its preferred stock, par value $0.001 per share, from 10,000,000 shares to 50,000,000 shares. The April Charter Amendment was approved by the Company’s Board of Directors on March 9, 2021, and by shareholders holding a majority of the Company’s issued and outstanding capital stock on March 10, 2021. The April Charter Amendment does not affect the rights of the Company’s shareholders. 

On August 11, 2022, the Company has filed a Certificate of Amendment of the Certificate of Incorporation with the Delaware Secretary of State to effect a reverse stock split.

On October 17, 2022, Shenzhen Baiyu Jucheng, entered into a set of variable interest entity agreements with Shenzhen Tongdow Internet Technology and Shanghai Zhuotaitong Industry Co., Ltd., the sole shareholder of Tongdow Internet Technology. On October 25, 2022, the parties completed the transaction. The contractual arrangements allow us to (1) be considered as the primary beneficiary of the VIE for accounting purposes and consolidate the financial results of the VIE, (2) receive substantially all of the economic benefits of the VIE, (3) have the pledge right over the equity interests in the VIE as the pledgee, and (4) have an exclusive option to purchase all or part of the equity interests in the VIE when and to the extent permitted by PRC law.

On October 19, 2023, the Company has filed a Certificate of Amendment of the Certificate of Incorporation with the Delaware Secretary of State to effect, among other things, the Reverse Stock Split and the Name Change. See section entitled “Reverse Stock Split of Common Stock, Change of Company Name, Ticker Change, and Amendment to Certificate of Incorporation” above.

BAIYU Holdings, Inc. is not an operating company based in the PRC, but a holding company incorporated in Delaware. Our operations are primarily conducted through (i) our subsidiaries incorporated in mainland China, and (ii) contractual agreements with a variable interest entity, namely, Tongdow Internet Technology based in mainland China. The VIE structure was established through a series of contractual agreements, comprising (i) that certain exclusive business cooperation agreement, entered into by and between the VIE and Shenzhen Baiyu Jucheng Data Technology Co., Ltd. (“Shenzhen Baiyu Jucheng”) dated as of October 17, 2022, (ii) that certain share pledge agreement, entered into by and among Shenzhen Baiyu Jucheng, Shanghai Zhuotaitong Industry Co., Ltd (“VIE Sole Original Shareholder”), and the VIE, dated as of October 17, 2022, (iii) that certain Exclusive Option Agreement entered into by and among Shenzhen Baiyu Jucheng, VIE Sole Original Shareholder, and the VIE, dated as of October 17, 2022, (iv) that certain Power of Attorney entered in to by VIE Sole Original Shareholder, dated as of October 17, 2022, and (v) that certain Timely Reporting Agreement entered into by and between the VIE and Shenzhen Baiyu Jucheng, dated as of October 17, 2022. See “Our Current Business — VIE Agreements” for details.

The contractual arrangements allow us to (1) be considered as the primary beneficiary of the VIE for accounting purposes and consolidate the financial results of the VIE, (2) receive substantially all of the economic benefits of the VIE, (3) have the pledge right over the equity interests in the VIE as the pledgee, and (4) have an exclusive option to purchase all or part of the equity interests in the VIE when and to the extent permitted by PRC law.

However, these contractual agreements may be less effective than direct ownership in providing us with control over the VIE, and we may incur significant costs to enforce the terms of these agreements.  For instance, the VIE and its shareholder could breach their contractual arrangements with us by, among other things, failing to conduct the operations of the VIE in an acceptable manner or taking other actions that are detrimental to our interests. If we had direct ownership of the VIE in China, we would be able to exercise our rights as a shareholder to effect changes in the board of directors of the VIE, which in turn could implement changes, subject to any applicable fiduciary obligations, at the management and operational level. However, under the current contractual arrangements, we rely on the performance by the VIE and its shareholder of their obligations under the contracts to direct the VIE’s activities. The shareholder of the VIE may not act in the best interests of our company or may not perform its obligations under these contracts. If any dispute relating to these contracts remains unresolved, we will have to enforce our rights under these contracts through the operations of PRC law and arbitration, litigation and other legal proceedings and therefore will be subject to uncertainties in the PRC legal system. See “Risk Factors — Risks Related to Doing Business in China — The contractual arrangements with the VIE and its shareholder may be less effective than direct ownership in providing operational control.”

The VIE structure is not equivalent to an investment in the equity interest of such entities. BAIYU does not own any equity interests in the VIE. Our contractual arrangements with the VIE and its nominee shareholder are not equivalent to an investment in the equity interest of the VIE. Investors are purchasing securities in BAIYU, the Delaware holding company, and are not purchasing, and may never hold, equity interest in the VIE. Such corporate structure involves unique risks associated with our contractual arrangements with the VIE. As of the date of this report, the agreements under the contractual arrangements with respect to the VIE have not been tested in a court of law. It is uncertain whether any new PRC laws or regulations relating to variable interest entity structures will be adopted or if adopted, what they would provide. Our Delaware holding company, our subsidiaries incorporated in mainland China and the VIE, and investors in securities of BAIYU face uncertainty with respect to potential future actions by the PRC government that could affect the enforceability of the contractual arrangements with the VIE and, consequently, significantly affect the financial performance of our company as a whole and the VIE. In addition, all the agreements under our contractual arrangements with the VIE are governed by PRC law and provide for the resolution of disputes through arbitration in China. However, uncertainties in the PRC legal system could limit our ability to enforce these contractual arrangements. Meanwhile, there are very few precedents and little formal guidance as to how contractual arrangements in the context of a consolidated variable interest entity should be interpreted or enforced under PRC law. There remain significant uncertainties regarding the ultimate outcome of such arbitration should legal action become necessary. In the event we are unable to enforce these contractual arrangements, or if we suffer significant delay or other obstacles in the process of enforcing these contractual arrangements, we may not be able to exert effective contractual control over the VIE, and our ability to conduct our business may be negatively affected. See “Risk Factors — Risks Related to Doing Business in China — We face uncertainty with respect to the enforceability of the contractual arrangements with the VIE and its shareholder, and any failure by the VIE or its shareholder to perform their obligations under our contractual arrangements with them would have a material adverse effect on our business.”

The following diagram illustrates our corporate structure as of the date of this annual report:

Summary Consolidated Financial Data

The following are historical statements of operations and statements of cash flows for the fiscal years ended December 31, 2022, and December 31, 2023, and balance sheet data as of December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2023, which have been derived from our audited financial statements for those periods. Our historical results are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected in the future. You should read this data together with our consolidated financial statements and related notes appearing elsewhere in this report. Solely for the purposes of this summary, (i) “Parent” refers to BAIYU Holdings, Inc.; (ii) “WFOE and its subsidiary” refers to Shenzhen Baiyu Jucheng Data Technology Co., Ltd. and its subsidiary Shenzhen Qianhai Baiyu Supply Chain Co., Ltd.; (iii) “VIE” refers to Shenzhen Tongdow Internet Technology Co., Ltd.; and (iv) “Other Subsidiaries” refers to all subsidiaries of BAIYU (other than WFOE and its subsidiary and VIE).

Selected Condensed Consolidation Balance Sheets

Selected Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations Data

Selected Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

Cash Transfer and Dividend Payment

BAIYU Holdings, Inc., our holding company, or the Parent, may transfer cash to our offshore intermediary holding entities in the British Virgin Islands and Hong Kong and their respective subsidiaries, through capital injections and intra-group loans. Our offshore intermediary holding entities, in turn, may transfer cash to our PRC subsidiaries through capital injections and intra-group loans. Similarly, our PRC subsidiaries may in turn transfer cash to their respective subsidiaries in the PRC through capital injections and intra-group loans. Cash may also be transferred through our organization by way of intra-group transactions. If our wholly owned subsidiaries in the PRC realize accumulated after-tax profits, they may, upon satisfaction of relevant statutory conditions and procedures, pay dividends or distribute earnings to our offshore intermediary holding entities, which, in turn, may transfer cash to the Parent through dividends or other distributions. With necessary funds, the Parent may pay dividends or make other distributions to U.S. investors and service any debt it may have incurred outside of the PRC. No assets other than cash were transferred between the Parent and a subsidiary, no subsidiaries paid dividends or made other distributions to the Parent, and no dividends or distributions were paid or made to U.S. investors. The Company and its subsidiaries currently do not have a cash management policy in place. In 2022 and 2023, the Parent transferred cash in the amount of US$2.3 million and nil to our PRC subsidiaries through our offshore intermediary holding entities by way of capital contribution to the PRC subsidiaries. In 2022, the Company owed TD E-Commerce an unpaid amount of $38 million, which remained outstanding in 2023.

To the extent cash in the business is in the mainland PRC or Hong Kong or a PRC or Hong Kong entity, the funds may not be available to fund operations or for other use outside of the PRC or Hong Kong due to restrictions under the PRC laws and regulations to transfer cash. Under PRC laws and regulations, we are subject to restrictions on foreign exchange and cross-border cash transfers, including to U.S. investors. Our ability to distribute earnings to the holding company and U.S. investors is also limited. We are a Delaware holding company and we may rely on dividends and other distributions on equity paid by our PRC subsidiaries for our cash and financing requirements, including the funds necessary to pay dividends and other cash distributions to our shareholders and service any debt we may incur. When any of our PRC subsidiaries incurs debt on its own behalf, the instruments governing the debt may restrict its ability to pay dividends or make other distributions to us. Under PRC laws and regulations, each of our PRC subsidiaries may pay dividends only out of its respective accumulated profits as determined in accordance with PRC accounting standards and regulations. In addition, a PRC enterprise is required to set aside at least 10% of its after-tax profits each year, if any, to fund a certain statutory reserve fund, until the aggregate amount of such fund reaches 50% of its registered capital. At its discretion, a PRC enterprise may allocate a portion of its after-tax profits based on PRC accounting standards to a staff welfare and bonus fund. These reserve fund and staff welfare and bonus fund cannot be distributed to us as dividends. In addition, our PRC subsidiaries generate their revenue primarily in Renminbi, which is not freely convertible into other currencies. As a result, any restriction on currency exchange may limit the ability of our PRC subsidiaries to pay dividends to us. See “Risk Factor — Risks Related to Doing Business in China — Regulations relating to offshore investment activities by PRC residents may limit our ability to acquire PRC companies and could adversely affect our business”, “Risk Factors — Risks Related to Doing Business in China — PRC regulation of loans to and direct investment in PRC entities by offshore holding companies and governmental control of currency conversion may delay or prevent us from using the proceeds of this offering to make loans or additional capital contributions to our PRC subsidiaries in China, which could materially and adversely affect our liquidity and our ability to fund and expand our business”, “Risk Factors — Risks Related to Doing Business in China — To the extent cash in the business is in the mainland PRC or Hong Kong or a PRC or Hong Kong entity, the funds may not be available to fund operations or for other use outside of the PRC or Hong Kong due to interventions in or the imposition of restrictions and limitations under the PRC laws and regulations.”

Recent Developments

Settlement of Convertible Promissory Notes

The Company settled the convertible promissory notes issued on March 13, 2023 in favor of Streeterville Capital, LLC, of $150,000 on February 1, 2024, and $150,000 on February 15, 2024, respectively, and issued 160,174 and 152,650 shares of the Company’s common stock to Streeterville Capital, LLC on February 1, 2024 and February 15, 2024, respectively.

Our Business

As of December 31, 2023, the Company has two business lines, the commodities trading business and supply chain management services set forth below.

Commodities Trading Business

Industry Overview

Bulk commodities trading refers to the trading of materials used in industrial and agricultural production that are continuously purchased in bulk, and are unable to be purchased from the retail sector. Commodities belong at the upstream stage of production processes of various industrial chains, and the supply and demand conditions of commodities can cause price fluctuations and affect the development of these industrial chains.

Commodities can be divided into four categories, metals, energy, livestock and meat, and agricultural. Metal commodities include gold, silver, platinum, and copper. Energy commodities include crude oil, heating oil, natural gas, and gasoline. Livestock and meat include lean hogs, pork bellies, live cattle, and feeder cattle. Agricultural commodities include corn, soybeans, wheat rice, cocoa, coffee, cotton, and sugar.

Operation of Commodities Trading Business

The Company’s commodities trading operations via Shenzhen Baiyu Jucheng are focused on non-ferrous metal commodities such as aluminum, copper, silver, and gold. We strive to become an emerging platform in the non-ferrous metal e-commerce industry by offering all participants in the non-ferrous metal e-commerce industry a seamless, one-stop transaction experience.

Business Model

We source bulk commodities from non-ferrous metal mines or its designated distributors and sell them to manufacturers who need these metals in large quantities. We work with many suppliers in the sourcing of commodities, including various metal and mineral suppliers such as Kunsteel Group, Baosteel Group, Aluminum Corporate of China Limited, Yunnan Benyuan, Yunnan Tin, and Shanghai Copper. Potential customers include large infrastructure companies such as China National Electricity, Datang Power, China Aluminum Foshan International Trade, Tooke Investment (China), CSSC International Trade Co., Ltd., Shenye Group, and Keliyuan.

The Company has entered into a warehousing lease agreement with Shanghai Quansheng Logistics Co., Ltd (“Shanghai Quansheng”) to designate it as the Company’s warehouse in Shanghai. The Company’s criteria for choosing its warehouses are based primarily on the convenience of its location for transportation, which is highly conducive to the transportation of non-ferrous metal commodities, and secondarily based on its storage price.

Our inventory management procedure involves (1) an Application for Storage, (2) Storage of the Commodities, (3) an Application for Shipment, and (4) Shipment of Commodities, which are further described below.

We use a prepaid unified purchase and distribution model (“Prepaid Model”) in our business, which is further detailed below.

Under the Prepaid Model, we make advance prepayments between one to three months in advance when purchasing from the Company’s upstream suppliers. The process involves first obtaining purchase orders from one or more downstream purchasers and entering into sales agreements with such purchasers. After the Company receives the down payment from the downstream purchasers, it aggregates the total amount of commodities required to fulfill the orders and enters into purchase agreements with upstream suppliers to fulfill its purchase orders. Once the upstream suppliers have received the prepayment from the Company, they produce and deliver the commodities to the Company’s designated warehouse on the purchase agreement. Upon receipt of the commodities in the designated warehouse, the Company is notified by the warehouse and obtains the full payment from the downstream purchasers. After the Company pays its remaining balance to the upstream suppliers, it issues delivery instructions to the designated warehouse on the sales agreement and has the commodities delivered to the downstream purchasers.

Through the Prepaid Model, which is further illustrated below, the Company maintains a stable distribution volume and thereby generates profit margins via purchase discounts from upstream suppliers and mark-up pricing to downstream customers.

Warehousing Arrangement

Shenzhen Baiyu Jucheng has entered into a certain warehousing agreement with Shanghai Quansheng pursuant to which Shenzhen Baiyu Jucheng designated Shanghai Quansheng as its warehouse for the storage of its commodities.  

Pursuant to the warehousing agreement with Shanghai Quansheng, Shenzhen Baiyu Jucheng and Shanghai Quansheng agreed to various customary representations, warranties and covenants, including, among other things, (1) details regarding the procedures for the storage and retrieval of the commodities, (2) storage and penalty fees, and (3) negotiation and litigation in the event of any breach of contract.

Suppliers

We source the non-ferrous metal from various sources including but not limited to smelters, non-ferrous metal wholesalers and metal traders. For the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company purchased non-ferrous metal products from ten third party suppliers.

Customers

We sell to various businesses in need of large quantity of non-ferrous metal including home appliance manufacturing enterprises, cable manufacturing enterprises and wire manufacturing enterprises. For the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company sold non-ferrous metals to 23 and 29 customers, respectively.

Supply Chain Management Services

Commodity Distribution Services

We offer a distribution service to bulk suppliers of precious metals by acting as a sales intermediary, procuring small to medium-sized buyers through our own professional sales team and channels and distributing to them the bulk precious metals of the suppliers. Upon the execution of a purchase order from our sourced buyers, we charge the suppliers with a commission fee ranging from 1% to 2% of the distribution order, depending on the size of the order. For the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company earned commodity distribution commission fees of $67,981 from facilitating such sales transactions with nine third party customers. For the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company earned commodity distribution commission fees of $1,391,903 from facilitating such sales transactions with 23 third party customers.

Marketing

Currently we market our commodities trading services through our sales personnel and online promotion. We have registered public accounts on WeChat and Weibo public accounts as well as an account on Tongdao.com to promote our services. We started to introduce our services via major search engines such as Zhida and Baidu. We are actively engaged with followers, viewers and potential customers on social media platforms such as Baidu Tieba, Tik Tok, Weibo, WeChat, and Zhihu. We plan to launch wider and deeper social media marketing in the near future as well as participate in more industry-related forums to increase the market exposure of our businesses and thereby increasing our popularity and establishing brand loyalty.

Seasonality

We do not experience substantial seasonal fluctuations in our revenues and the results of operations.

Business Strategy

Commodities Trading Business

Our current business strategy is to expand the varieties of commodities that we trade in, including ore, crude oil and coal in addition to our current focus on non-ferrous metals. In 2023, the Company plans on further expanding the commodities trading business into Southeast Asia while continuing to maintain and grow its current domestic customers. We also plan on further expanding our trade market consultations for our bulk trading customers. 

Competition

Commodities Trading Business

The Company competes against other large domestic commodity trade service providers such as Xiamen International Trade and Yijian Shares. Currently, the principal competitive factors in the non-ferrous metal commodities trading business are price, product availability, quantity, service, and financing terms for purchases and sales of commodities. In addition, we also believe that our customers will choose among service providers on the basis of leadership in the commodity trading industry and service quality.

Competitive Strengths

Commodities Trading Business

Intellectual Property 

Our intellectual property includes domain names baiyuglobal.com.

Despite our efforts to protect our proprietary rights, unauthorized parties may attempt to copy or otherwise obtain and use our technology. Monitoring unauthorized use of our technology is difficult and costly, and we cannot be certain that the steps we have taken will prevent the misappropriation of our technology. From time to time, we may have to resort to litigation to enforce our intellectual property rights, which could result in substantial costs and diversion of our resources.

In addition, although there were no litigations initiated against us in 2023 by third parties alleging infringement of their proprietary rights or declaring non-infringement of our intellectual property rights, we cannot guarantee that such litigation will not be initiated in the future. In the event of a successful claim of infringement and our failure or inability to develop non-infringing technology or license the infringed or similar technology on a timely basis, our business could be harmed. Moreover, even if we are able to license the infringed or similar technology, license fees could be substantial and may adversely affect our results of operations.

Human Capital

As of the date of this report, we have 51 employees for our commodities trading business, all of whom are full-time. We have employment contracts with all of our employees in China and in the U.S. in accordance with relevant PRC laws and U.S. laws. There are no collective bargaining contracts covering any of our employees. We believe that our relationship with our employees is satisfactory.

We have made employee benefit contributions in accordance with relevant Chinese regulations, including retirement insurance, unemployment insurance, medical insurance, housing fund, work injury insurance and birth insurance. The Company recorded the contribution in the general administration expenses when incurred.

Applicable Government Regulations

Our operations are subject to extensive and complex state, provincial and local laws, rules and regulations including but not limited to:

We are supervised by many provincial and local government authorities, including the Beijing Administration of Industry and Commerce.

Summaries of Certain Key PRC Laws 

PRC Licenses and Permits

The following table lists all of the licenses and permits that the Company and its subsidiaries are required to have in order to operate business and maintain its securities program from Chinese authorities:

There have been no instances where the Company or its subsidiaries have had their applications for such permissions or approvals rejected.

As of the date of this annual report, we have not received any inquiry, notice, warning, or sanctions from Chinese governmental authorities relating to our permissions or approvals for operating our business and maintaining our securities program in China.

If the Company or its subsidiaries fail to obtain or maintain such permissions or approvals, or incorrectly determine that such permissions or approvals are not necessary, our business could suffer. In cases where a company is denied such permissions, such company would either refrain from engaging in that particular business area, or partner with entities that can secure such permissions. The legal system in the PRC is continually evolving, and the applicable laws, regulations, or interpretations are subject to significant uncertainties. If the relevant regulations change abruptly, we may need to secure such permissions or approvals, which could be expensive, and may disrupt our business operations, negatively impacting our revenue and the value of our securities.

Foreign Trade Law of the PRC

The “Foreign Trade Law of the PRC” was revised and adopted at the 24th meeting of the Standing Committee of the Twelfth National People’s Congress of the PRC on November 7, 2016. The revised “Foreign Trade Law of the PRC” became effective on November 7, 2016.

The term “foreign trade” in the Foreign Trade Law of the People’s Republic of China refers to the import and export of goods, technology import and export, and international service trade. The law specifies the principles of foreign trade and the reasons why the country can restrict or prohibit the import and export of related goods and technologies, intellectual property protection, service trade, monopoly in foreign business activities and other relevant provisions.

On December 30, 2022, the Standing Committee further revised the Foreign Trade Law and deleted article 9. Article 9 established record and registration system for foreign trade operators and the deltoid of this article means foreign trade operators are no longer required to record or register themselves.

CAC Review

On December 28, 2021, the Cyberspace Administration of China, CAC, jointly with the relevant authorities formally published Measures for Cybersecurity Review (2021) which took effect on February 15, 2022 and replace the former Measures for Cybersecurity Review (2020). Measures for Cybersecurity Review (2021) stipulates that operators of critical information infrastructure purchasing network products and services, and online platform operator (together with the operators of critical information infrastructure, the “Operators” ) carrying out data processing activities that affect or may affect national security, shall conduct a cybersecurity review, any operator who controls more than one million users’ personal information must go through a cybersecurity review by the cybersecurity review office if it seeks to be listed in a foreign country. Since we are not an Operator, nor do we control more than one million users’ personal information, we would not be required to apply for a cybersecurity review under the Measures for Cybersecurity Review (2021). Our legal adviser, Tahota Law Firm (Beijing) has confirmed that we currently are not subject to the cybersecurity review process.

CSRC Filing Requirements

On December 24, 2021, the China Securities Regulatory Commission, or the CSRC, introduced draft regulations concerning the overseas issuance and listing of securities by domestic companies. These draft regulations were superseded by the Trial Administrative Measures of Overseas Securities Offering and Listing by Domestic Companies (the “Trial Measures”), which came into effect on March 31, 2023. Pursuant to the Trial Measures, domestic companies that seek to offer or list securities overseas, both directly and indirectly, should fulfill the filing procedure and report relevant information to the CSRC. Since these statements and regulatory actions by the PRC government are newly published, their interpretation, application and enforcement of unclear and there also remains significant uncertainty as to the enactment, interpretation and implementation of other regulatory requirements related to overseas securities offerings and other capital markets activities, our ability to offer, or continue to offer, securities to investors would be potentially hindered and the value of our securities might significantly decline or be worthless, by existing or future laws and regulations relating to its business or industry or by intervene or interruption by PRC governmental authorities, if we or our subsidiaries (i) do not receive or maintain such filings, permissions or approvals required by the PRC government, (ii) inadvertently conclude that such filings, permissions or approvals are not required, (iii) applicable laws, regulations, or interpretations change and we are required to obtain such filings, permissions or approvals in the future, or (iv) any intervention or interruption by PRC governmental with little advance notice.

According to the Notice on the Administrative Arrangements for the Filing of the Overseas Securities Offering and Listing by Domestic Companies from the CSRC, or “the CSRC Notice,” the domestic companies that have already been listed overseas before the effective date of the Trial Measures (namely, March 31, 2023) shall be deemed as existing issuers (the “Existing Issuers”). Existing Issuers are not required to complete the filing procedures immediately, and they shall be required to file with the CSRC for any subsequent offerings.

On February 24, 2023, the CSRC, together with the Ministry of Finance, National Administration of State Secrets Protection and National Archives Administration of China, revised the Provisions on Strengthening Confidentiality and Archives Administration for Overseas Securities Offering and Listing, which were issued by the CSRC and National Administration of State Secrets Protection and National Archives Administration of China in 2009, or the “Provisions.” The revised Provisions were issued under the title the “Provisions on Strengthening Confidentiality and Archives Administration of Overseas Securities Offering and Listing by Domestic Companies,” and will come into effect on March 31, 2023 together with the Trial Measures. One of the major revisions to the revised Provisions is expanding their application to cover indirect overseas offering and listing, as is consistent with the Trial Measures. The revised Provisions require that, among other things, (a) a domestic company that plans to, either directly or indirectly through its overseas listed entity, publicly disclose or provide to relevant individuals or entities, including securities companies, securities service providers, and overseas regulators, any documents and materials that contain state secrets or working secrets of government agencies, shall first obtain approval from competent authorities according to law, and file with the secrecy administrative department at the same level; and (b) a domestic company that plans to, either directly or indirectly through its overseas listed entity, publicly disclose or provide to relevant individuals and entities, including securities companies, securities service providers, and overseas regulators, any other documents and materials that, if leaked, will be detrimental to national security or public interest, shall strictly fulfill relevant procedures stipulated by applicable national regulations. On or after March 31, 2023, any failure or perceived failure by our Company and our subsidiaries, to comply with the above confidentiality and archives administration requirements under the revised Provisions and other PRC laws and regulations may result in the relevant entities being held legally liable by competent authorities, and referred to the judicial organ to be investigated for criminal liability if suspected of committing a crime.

The Trial Measures, the revised Provisions and any related implementing rules to be enacted may subject us to additional compliance requirements in the future.

PRC Enterprise Income Tax Law

BAIYU operate its business through our PRC subsidiaries and the VIE which was incorporated in China. Under the PRC Enterprise Income Tax Law (the “EIT Law”), the standard enterprise income tax rate is 25%.

Under the EIT Law and its implementation rules, an enterprise established outside of the PRC with a “de facto management body” within the PRC is considered a resident enterprise and will be subject to the enterprise income tax at the rate of 25% on its global income. The implementation rules define the term “de facto management body” as the body that exercises full and substantial control over and overall management of the business, productions, personnel, accounts and properties of an enterprise. In April 2009, SAT issued SAT Circular 82, which provides certain specific criteria for determining whether the “de facto management body” of a PRC-controlled enterprise that is incorporated offshore is located in China. Although SAT Circular 82 only applies to offshore enterprises controlled by PRC enterprises or PRC enterprise groups, not those controlled by PRC individuals or foreigners, the criteria set forth in SAT Circular 82 may reflect the general position of SAT on how the “de facto management body” test should be applied in determining the tax resident status of all offshore enterprises. According to SAT Circular 82, an offshore incorporated enterprise controlled by a PRC enterprise or a PRC enterprise group will be regarded as a PRC tax resident by virtue of having its “de facto management body” in China only if all of the following conditions are met: (1) the primary location of the day-to-day operational management is in the PRC; (2) decisions relating to the enterprise’s financial and human resource matters are made or are subject to approval by organizations or personnel in the PRC; (3) the enterprise’s primary assets, accounting books and records, company seals, and board and shareholder resolutions, are located or maintained in the PRC; and (4) at least 50% of voting board members or senior executives habitually reside in the PRC. We believe that our Delaware holding company is not a PRC resident enterprise for PRC tax purposes. Our Delaware holding company is not controlled by a PRC enterprise or PRC enterprise group, and we do not believe that it meets all of the conditions above. For the same reasons, we believe our other entities outside of China are not PRC resident enterprises either. However, the tax resident status of an enterprise is subject to determination by the PRC tax authorities and uncertainties remain with respect to the interpretation of the term “de facto management body”. Therefore, there can be no assurance that the PRC government will ultimately take a view that is consistent with ours. 

If the PRC tax authorities determine that our Delaware holding company is a PRC resident enterprise for enterprise income tax purposes, we may be required to withhold a 10% withholding tax from dividends we pay to our shareholders that are non-resident enterprises. In addition, non-resident enterprise shareholders may be subject to a 10% PRC tax on gains realized on the sale or other disposition of common stock, if such income is treated as sourced from within the PRC. It is unclear whether our non-PRC individual shareholders would be subject to any PRC tax on dividends or gains obtained by such non-PRC individual shareholders in the event we are determined to be a PRC resident enterprise. If any PRC tax were to apply to such dividends or gains, it would generally apply at a rate of 20%. Any PRC tax imposed on dividends or gains may be subject to a reduction if a reduced rate is available under an applicable tax treaty. However, it is also unclear whether non-PRC shareholders of our Delaware holding company would be able to claim the benefits of any tax treaties between their country of tax residence and the PRC in the event that our Delaware holding company is treated as a PRC resident enterprise. 

Provided that our Delaware holding company is not deemed to be a PRC resident enterprise, holders of our common stock who are not PRC residents will not be subject to PRC income tax on dividends distributed by us or gains realized from the sale or other disposition of our common stock. However, under SAT Bulletin 7 and SAT Bulletin 37, where a non-resident enterprise conducts an “indirect transfer” by transferring taxable assets, including, in particular, equity interests in a PRC resident enterprise, indirectly by disposing of the equity interests of an overseas holding company, the non-resident enterprise, being the transferor, or the transferee or the PRC entity which directly owned such taxable assets may report to the relevant tax authority such indirect transfer. Using a “substance over form” principle, the PRC tax authority may disregard the existence of the overseas holding company if it lacks a reasonable commercial purpose and was established for the purpose of reducing, avoiding or deferring PRC tax. As a result, gains derived from such indirect transfer may be subject to PRC enterprise income tax, and the transferee or other person who is obligated to pay for the transfer is obligated to withhold the applicable taxes, currently at a rate of 10% for the transfer of equity interests in a PRC resident enterprise. We and our non-PRC resident investors may be at risk of being required to file a return and being taxed under SAT Bulletin 7 and SAT Bulletin 37, and we may be required to expend valuable resources to comply with SAT Bulletin 7 and SAT Bulletin 37, or to establish that we should not be taxed thereunder. See “Risk Factors — Risks Related to Doing Business in China — If we are classified as a PRC resident enterprise for PRC income tax purposes, such classification could result in unfavorable tax consequences to us and our non-PRC shareholders”.

Regulations on Registration of Branch Companies

According to the PRC Company Law amended and took effect on October 26, 2018 and the Regulation on the Administration of the Registration of Market Entities adopted at the 131st executive meeting of the State Council on April 14, 2021 and took effect on March 1, 2022, a company may establish branch companies, which are entities without the status of a legal person and conduct business outside the domicile of the company. Branch companies must be registered at a competent government agency and obtain a business license. The Administrative Regulation of the PRC on the Registration of Market Entities sets forth the detailed formalities on the registration of branch companies.

Our PRC subsidiaries have registered one branch in Shanghai and have obtained a business license for it as of the date of this report.

Regulations on Employment Contracts

The Labor Contract Law of the PRC was promulgated on June 29, 2007, as amended on December 28, 2012 and effective on July 1, 2013. On September 18, 2008, the PRC State Council issued the PRC Labor Contract Law Implementing Rules, which became effective as of the date of issuance. The Labor Contract Law and its Implementing Rules govern the establishment of employment relationships between employers and employees, and the conclusion, performance, termination of, and the amendment to employment contracts. To establish an employment relationship, a written employment contract must be signed. In the event that no written employment contract was signed at the time of establishment of an employment relationship, a written employment contract must be signed within one month after the date on which the employer starts to use the employee’s services. An employer may terminate the labor agreement of an employee under certain specified circumstances and in some cases, such termination can only be done after fulfillment of certain procedural requirements, such as 30 days’ prior notice or upon payment of one month’s salary in lieu of such notice. In certain cases, the terminated employee is entitled to receive a severance payment equal to the average monthly salary during the 12-month period immediately preceding to the termination (inclusive of all monetary income such as base salary, bonus, allowances, etc.), for each year of service up to the date of termination. If an employer terminates a labor contract in any circumstance other than those specified under the Labor Contract Law and its implementing rules, including termination without cause, the employer must either reinstate and continue to perform the employee’s employment contract or pay the employee damages calculated at twice the rate for calculating the severance payment, subject to the employee’s own request. In the case that the employee requests for damages, the employer is not required to pay other severance or the remainder of the amount owed under the employment contract unless the employment contract has otherwise been provided for.

In addition, according to the Labor Contract Law and its implementing rules, in order to enforce the non-compete provision with the employees after the termination or ending of employment relationship, the employer shall compensate the employees on a monthly basis during the non-competition period after such termination or ending of employment.

On January 24, 2014, the Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security promulgated Interim Provisions on Labor Dispatching, or Circular 22, effective from March 1, 2014, which provides that an employer shall strictly control the number of employees under labor dispatching arrangements and dispatched employees can only be used in temporary, ancillary and replaceable positions. The number of dispatched workers used by an employer shall be reduced to no more than 10% of the total number of its employees within two years after March 1, 2014. If the employer fails to reduce the number of dispatched employees as required by Circular 22 and could not correct its practice after receiving warnings from government authority, the employer may be subject to a fine ranging from RMB1,000 to RMB5,000 per dispatched employee.

Regulation on PRC Business Tax and VAT

Prior to January 1, 2012, pursuant to the Provisional Regulation of China on Business Tax and its Implementing Rules, an entity or individual rendering services in China were generally subject to a business tax at the rate of 5% on revenues generated from the provision of such services. Since January 1, 2012, the MOF and the SAT have started to implement the VAT Pilot Program, which imposes VAT in lieu of business tax for certain industries in Shanghai. Since August 1, 2012, the VAT Pilot Program has been expanded to and implemented in other regions, including Beijing, Tianjin, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Anhui, Fujian, Hubei and Guangdong. On May 24, 2013, the MOF and the SAT jointly issued Notice 37, which expanded the VAT Pilot Program nationwide starting on August 1, 2013. On December 12, 2013, the MOF and the SAT jointly issued Notice 106, effective on January 1, 2014, which replaced Notice 37 and improved some tax policies in the VAT Pilot Program. From May 1, 2016, the VAT was expanded to all business tax taxpayers and until November 19, 2017, the State Council promulgated Decision of the State Council on Abolishing the Provisional Regulations on Business Tax of the PRC and Amending the Provisional Regulations on Value-Added Tax of the PRC. As a result of the VAT, an entity or individual rendering services in China is subject to VAT at the rate of 17%, 11% or 6%, as applicable. According to the Notice of the Ministry of Finance and the SAT on Adjusting Value added Tax Rates, issued on April 4, 2018, and became effective on May 1, 2018, the value-add tax rates of 17%, 11% or 6% applicable to the taxpayers who render services are adjusted to 16%, 10% or 6% respectively. According to the Notice of the Ministry of Finance, the SAT and the General Administration of Customs on Relevant Policies for Deepening Value Added Tax Reform, issued on March 20, 2019, and became effective on April 1, 2019, such value added tax rate was reduced to 13%, 9% or 6%, respectively.

Cyber Security and Data Protection Laws in Hong Kong

Hong Kong’s legal framework concerning cyber security is multifaceted and comprehensive, aiming to protect individuals’ data and penalize illicit activities. The primary laws and regulations include the Personal Data (Privacy) Ordinance (“PDPO”), the Unsolicited Electronic Messages Ordinance, the Interception of Communications and Surveillance Ordinance, and the Official Secrets Ordinance. These laws govern the collection, use, and protection of personal data, the sending of unsolicited electronic messages, the interception of communications and use of surveillance devices by public officers, and the unauthorized obtaining or disclosure of official information, respectively. Regulatory actions can have significant implications for businesses, and may result in hefty fines, damage to reputation, and loss of business opportunities.

As holding vehicles, our Hong Kong subsidiaries do not engage in any business operations, nor do they handle any personal data.

Regulations on Foreign Currency Exchange and Dividend Distribution

Foreign Currency Exchange

The principal regulations governing foreign currency exchange in China are the Foreign Exchange Administration Regulations, which was most recently amended in August 2008. Under the PRC Foreign Exchange Administration Regulations, Renminbi is freely convertible for payments of current account items, such as distribution of dividends, interest payments and trade and service-related foreign exchange transactions, can be made in foreign currencies without prior approval from SAFE. In contrast, approval from or registration with appropriate government authorities is required where Renminbi is to convert into foreign currency and remitted out of China to pay capital account items, such as direct investments, repayment of foreign currency-denominated loans, repatriation of investments and investments in securities outside of China.

In November 2012, SAFE promulgated the Circular on Improving and Adjusting Foreign Exchange Administration Policies on Foreign Direct Investment, or Circular on Improving and Adjusting Foreign Exchange Policies, which was latest amended on December 30, 2019. Circular on Improving and Adjusting Foreign Exchange Policies substantially amends and simplifies the foreign exchange procedure. Pursuant to Circular on Improving and Adjusting Foreign Exchange Policies, the opening of various foreign exchange accounts for designated purposes, such as pre-establishment expenses accounts, foreign exchange capital accounts and guarantee accounts, the reinvestment of Renminbi proceeds derived by foreign investors in the PRC, and remittance of foreign exchange profits and dividends by foreign-invested enterprises to their foreign shareholders, no longer require approval or verification from SAFE, and the same entity may open multiple capital accounts in different provinces.

On May 10, 2013, SAFE promulgated the Circular on Printing and Distributing the Provisions on Foreign Exchange Administration Over Domestic Direct Investment by Foreign Investors and the Supporting Documents, which specifies that the administration by SAFE or its local branches over foreign direct investment in the PRC shall be conducted by way of registration. Institutions and individuals shall register with SAFE and/or its branches for their direct investment in China. Banks shall process foreign exchange business relating to the direct investment in China based on the registration information provided by SAFE and its branches.

In February 2015, SAFE promulgated the Circular of Further Simplifying and Improving the Policies of Foreign Exchange Administration Applicable to Direct Investment, or Circular 13, which became effective on June 1, 2015 and was amended on December 30, 2019. Upon the implementation of Circular 13, the current foreign exchange procedures will be further simplified, foreign exchange registrations of direct investment will be handled by designated foreign exchange settlement banks instead of SAFE and its branches.

On March 30, 2015, SAFE issued the Circular on Reform of the Administrative Rules of the Payment and Settlement of Foreign Exchange Capital of Foreign-Invested Enterprises (“SAFE Circular 19”), which became effective on June 1, 2015 and was amended on December 30, 2019. Pursuant to SAFE Circular 19, foreign-invested enterprises may either continue to follow the current payment-based foreign currency settlement system or elect to follow the “conversion-at-will” regime of foreign currency settlement. Where a foreign-invested enterprise follows the conversion-at-will regime of foreign currency settlement, it may convert part or all of the amount of the foreign currency in its capital account into Renminbi at any time. The converted Renminbi will be kept in a designated account labeled as settled but pending payment, and if the foreign-invested enterprise needs to make payment from such designated account, it still needs to go through the review process with its bank and provide necessary supporting documents. SAFE Circular 19, therefore, has substantially lifted the restrictions on the usage by a foreign-invested enterprise of its RMB registered capital converted from foreign currencies. According to SAFE Circular 19, such Renminbi capital may be used at the discretion of the foreign-invested enterprise and SAFE will eliminate the prior approval requirement and only examine the authenticity of the declared usage afterwards. Nevertheless, foreign-invested enterprises are still not allowed to extend intercompany loans to PRC consolidated entities. In addition, as Circular 19 was promulgated recently, there remain substantial uncertainties with respect to the interpretation and implementation of this circular by relevant authorities.

On June 9, 2016, SAFE issued the Circular on Reforming and Regulating Policies on the Control over Foreign Exchange Settlement of Capital Accounts (“Circular 16”), which became effective simultaneously. Pursuant to Circular 16, enterprises registered in the PRC may also convert their foreign debts from foreign currency to RMB on self-discretionary basis. Circular 16 provides an integrated standard for conversion of foreign exchange under capital account items (including but not limited to foreign currency capital and foreign debts) on self-discretionary basis which applies to all enterprises registered in the PRC. Circular 16 reiterates the principle that RMB converted from foreign currency-denominated capital of a company may not be directly or indirectly used for purpose beyond its business scope or prohibited by PRC Laws or regulations, while such converted RMB shall not be provide as loans to its non-affiliated entities.

On January 26, 2017, SAFE issued the Notice of State Administration of Foreign Exchange on Improving the Check of Authenticity and Compliance to further Promote Foreign Exchange Control, or SAFE Circular 3, which stipulates several capital control measures with respect to the outbound remittance of profit from domestic entities to offshore entities, including (i) under the principle of genuine transaction, banks must check board resolutions regarding profit distribution, the original version of tax filing records and audited financial statements; and (ii) domestic entities must hold income to account for previous years’ losses before remitting the profits. Moreover, pursuant to SAFE Circular 3, domestic entities shall make detailed explanations of the sources of capital and utilization arrangements, and provide board resolutions, contracts and other proof when completing the registration procedures in connection with an outbound investment.

Regulations on Dividend Distribution

The principal regulations governing dividend distributions of wholly foreign-owned companies include:

Under these laws and regulations, wholly foreign-owned companies in China may pay dividends only out of their accumulated profits as determined in accordance with PRC accounting standards and regulations. In addition, these wholly foreign-owned companies are required to set aside no less than 10% of the after-tax profits, if any, to fund certain reserve funds, until the accumulative amount of such fund reaches 50% of its registered capital. Although the statutory reserves can be used, among other ways, to increase the registered capital and eliminate future losses in excess of retained earnings of the respective companies, the reserve funds are not distributable as cash dividends except in the event of liquidation. At the discretion of these wholly foreign-owned companies, they may allocate a portion of their after-tax profits based on PRC accounting standards to staff welfare and bonus funds. These reserve funds and staff welfare and bonus funds are not distributable as cash dividends.

Regulations on Employee Share Incentive Plans of Overseas Publicly-listed Company

In February 2012, SAFE promulgated the Circular of the SAFE on Relevant Issues Concerning Foreign Exchange Administration over Involvement of Domestic Individuals in Equity Incentive Plans of Overseas Listed Companies, or the 2012 SAFE Notice. Under such notice and other relevant rules and regulations, PRC residents, including PRC citizens or non-PRC citizens who reside in China for a continuous period of not less than one year, that participate in any share incentive plan of any overseas publicly-listed company are required to register with SAFE or its local branches and complete certain other procedures. Participants of a share incentive plan who are PRC residents must retain a qualified PRC agent, which could be a PRC subsidiary of the overseas publicly-listed company or another qualified institution selected by the PRC subsidiary, to conduct the SAFE registration and other procedures with respect to the share incentive plan on behalf of the participants. We and our executive officers and other employees who are PRC residents that have been granted share incentive awards will be subject to these regulations upon the completion of this offering. Failure by these individuals to complete their SAFE registrations may subject such individuals and us to fines and other legal sanctions.

The SAT has issued certain circulars concerning employee share incentive awards. Under these circulars, our employees working in China who exercise share incentive awards will be subject to PRC individual income tax. Our PRC subsidiary has the obligation to make filings related to employee share incentive awards with relevant tax authorities and to withhold individual income taxes of those employees who exercise their share incentive awards. If our employees fail to pay or we fail to withhold their income taxes according to relevant laws and regulations, we may face sanctions imposed by the tax authorities or other PRC governmental authorities.

Regulations on Offshore Investment by PRC Residents

Pursuant to the SAFE’s Notice on Relevant Issues Concerning Foreign Exchange Administration for PRC Residents to Engage in Financing and Round Trip Investment via Overseas Special Purpose Companies and its subsequent amendments, supplements or implementation rules, or SAFE Circular 75, issued on October 21, 2005, a PRC resident (whether a natural person or legal persons) shall register with the local branch of the SAFE before it establishes or controls an overseas SPV, with assets or equity interests in a PRC company, for the purpose of overseas equity financing. On July 4, 2014, SAFE issued the SAFE’s Notice on Relevant Issues Concerning Foreign Exchange Administration for PRC Residents to Engage in Outbound Investment and Financing and Inbound Investment via Special Purpose Vehicles (“SPV”), or SAFE Circular 37, which has superseded SAFE Circular 75. According to SAFE Circular 37, the PRC domestic resident shall apply for SAFE registration for overseas investment before paying capital to SPV by using his, her or its legal assets whether overseas or domestic. The SPV is defined as “offshore enterprise directly established or indirectly controlled by the domestic residents (including domestic institutions and individuals) with their legally owned assets and equity of the domestic enterprise, or legally owned offshore assets or equity, for the purpose of offshore investment and financing”. In addition, in the event that the SPV undergoes changes of its basic information such as the individual shareholder, name, operation term, etc., or material events including increase or decrease by domestic individual shareholder in investment amount, equity transfer or swap, merge, spinoff, etc., the domestic resident shall timely complete the change of foreign exchange registration formality for offshore investment.

According to SAFE Circular 37, failure to make such registration or truthfully disclose actual controllers of the round-trip enterprises may subject PRC residents to fines up to RMB300,000 in case of domestic institutions or RMB50,000 in case of domestic individuals. If the registered or beneficial shareholders of the offshore holding company who are PRC residents do not complete their registration with the local SAFE branches, the PRC subsidiary may be prohibited from distributing their profits and proceeds from any reduction in capital, share transfer or liquidation to the offshore company, and the offshore company may be restricted in its ability to contribute additional capital to its PRC subsidiary. Moreover, failure to comply with SAFE registration and amendment requirements described above could result in liability under PRC law for violating applicable foreign exchange restrictions.

Regulations on Cross-border Direct Investment in Renminbi

On October 12, 2011, MOFCOM issued the Notice of the Ministry of Commerce on Issues concerning Cross border Direct Investment in Renminbi which was abolished in 2013 and on December 3, 2013 the MOFCOM promulgated the Announcement on Issues relating to Cross-border Direct Investment in RMB, effective from January 1, 2014. Under this announcement, the “cross-border direct investment in RMB” shall refer to the direct investment activities conducted by foreign investors (including the investors from Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan) in China with offshore RMB funds obtained legally, including, among other things, the establishment of new enterprises, increase of capital, shareholding or merger and acquisition of domestic enterprises. The cross-border direct investment in RMB by a foreign investor or reinvestment by its foreign-invested enterprise shall conform to the requirements of laws, regulations and relevant provisions on foreign investment and comply with the foreign investment industry policies of China and the provisions on security review of foreign investment mergers and acquisitions and anti-monopoly review. No foreign-invested enterprise is allowed to use the funds of cross-border direct investment in RMB for investment, directly or indirectly, in negotiable securities and financial derivatives in China (except for strategic investment in listed companies) or for entrusted loans. On October 13, 2011, the PBOC issued the Management Rules on the Settlement of Foreign Direct Invested Renminbi, which provide those foreign invested enterprises with RMB-dominated foreign direct investment must register with the PBOC or its local branch after obtaining the permit from MOFCOM and the business license. The Management Rules on the Settlement of Foreign Direct Invested Renminbi was amended on June 5, 2015.

Regulations on Intellectual Property Rights

China has adopted comprehensive legislation governing intellectual property rights, including copyright, trademark, patents and domain names.

The PRC has adopted comprehensive legislation governing intellectual property rights, including copyrights, patents, trademarks and domain names.

Copyright. Copyright in the PRC, including copyrighted software, is principally protected under the Copyright Law and related rules and regulations, which become effective in 2010 and was last amended on November 11, 2020. Under the Copyright Law, the term of protection for copyrighted software is 50 years.

Patent. The Patent Law, which became effective in 2009 and was amended on October 17, 2020, provides for patentable inventions, utility models and designs. An invention or utility model for which patents may be granted must have novelty, creativity and practical applicability. The State Intellectual Property Office under the State Council is responsible for examining and approving patent applications.

Trademark. The Trademark Law, which became effective in 2014 and was amended on April 23, 2019, and its implementation rules protect registered trademarks. The Trademark Office of the State Administration for Industry & Commerce is responsible for the registration and administration of trademarks throughout the PRC. The Trademark Law has adopted a “first-to-file” principle with respect to trademark registration.

Domain Name. The MIIT is the major regulatory body responsible for the administration of the PRC internet domain names. Domain names are protected under the Administrative Measures on the Internet Domain Names, promulgated by the MIIT on August 16, 2017 and took effect on November 1, 2017. The measure has adopted a “first-to-file” principle with respect to the registration of domain names.

Risk Factors Related to Our Business and Industry (for a more detailed discussion, see “Risk Factors — Risk Factors Related to Our Business and Industry” beginning on page 49 of this report)

Risks and uncertainties related to our business and industry include, but are not limited to, the following:

Risk Factors Related to Our General Operations (for a more detailed discussion, see “Risk Factors —  Risk Factors Related to Our General Operations” beginning on page 50 of this report)

Risks related to our general operations include, but are not limited to, the following: 

Risks Related to Doing Business in China

We are a Delaware holding company that conducts its operations and operates its business in China through its PRC subsidiaries and variable interest entity. The Chinese regulatory authorities may disallow our holding structure or exert further control over our activities.

We are not a Chinese operating company; instead, we are a Delaware holding company that conducts our operations and operates its business in China through our PRC subsidiaries and variable interest entity. Such structure involves unique risks to our investors. The Chinese government may disallow the Company’s current holding structure or determine that the contractual arrangements constituting part of the VIE are not compliant with PRC regulations, or that regulations could be changed or interpreted differently in the future, each of which could result in a material change in our operations and materially and adversely affect the value of shares of our common stock or our other securities and could cause the value of our shares or other securities to significantly decline or become worthless. Should the PRC government determine that the VIE structure is inconsistent with the laws and regulations of China, it may result in our inability to assert contractual control over the assets of our PRC subsidiaries or the VIE that conduct all or substantially all our operations.

Furthermore, the Chinese regulatory authorities may intervene in or influence the operation of PRC subsidiaries and exercise significant oversight and discretion over the conduct of their business or may exert more control over offerings conducted overseas by, and/or foreign investment in, China-based issuers, which could result in a material change in our operations and/or the value of our common stock. Further, rules and regulations in China may be changed from time to time, and any actions by the Chinese government to exert more oversight and supervision over offerings that are conducted overseas by, and/or foreign investment in, China-based issuers could significantly limit or completely hinder our ability to offer or continue to offer securities to investors and cause the value of such securities to significantly decline or be worthless.

If the PRC government deems that the contractual arrangements in relation to the VIE do not comply with PRC regulations on foreign investment, or if these regulations or the interpretation of existing regulations change in the future, we could be subject to penalties, or be forced to relinquish our interests in the operations of the VIE, which would materially and adversely affect our business, financial results, trading prices of our common stock. 

We have entered into certain contractual arrangements with a variable interest entity, Tongdow Internet Technology, which contracts consist of (i) the Exclusive Business Cooperation Agreement, (ii) the Share Pledge Agreement, (iii) the Exclusive Option Agreement, (iv) the POA, and (v) the Reporting Agreement. See “Our Company — Our Business — VIE Agreements.”  

BAIYU and its shareholders do not own any equity interests in Tongdow Internet Technology. The VIE contractual arrangements with Tongdow Internet Technology and its equity holder enable BAIYU to consolidate the financial statements of the VIE and its subsidiaries under U.S. GAAP and to be regarded as the primary beneficiary of the VIEs for accounting purposes, and enable us to obtain substantially all of the economic benefits arising from Tongdow Internet Technology. Although we believe the structure we have adopted is consistent with longstanding industry practice, the PRC government may not agree that these arrangements comply with PRC licensing, registration or other regulatory requirements, with existing policies or with requirements or policies that may be adopted in the future.

If we or Tongdow Internet Technology are found to be in violation of any existing or future PRC laws, rules or regulations, or fail to obtain or maintain any of the required permits or approvals, we could be subject to severe penalties. The relevant PRC regulatory authorities would have broad discretion to take action in dealing with these violations or failures, including revoking the business and operating licenses of our PRC subsidiary or Tongdow Internet Technology, requiring us to discontinue or restrict our operations, restricting our right to collect revenue, blocking one or more of our websites, requiring us to restructure our operations or taking other regulatory or enforcement actions against us. The imposition of any of these measures could result in a material adverse effect on our ability to conduct all or any portion of our business operations. In addition, it is unclear what impact the PRC government actions would have on us and on our ability to consolidate the financial results of Tongdow Internet Technology in our consolidated financial statements, if the PRC government authorities were to find our legal structure and contractual arrangements to be in violation of PRC laws, rules and regulations. If the imposition of any of these government actions causes us to lose our right to direct the activities of Tongdow Internet Technology or otherwise separate from the entity and if we are not able to restructure our ownership structure and operations in a satisfactory manner, we would no longer be able to consolidate the financial results of Tongdow Internet Technology in our consolidated financial statements. Any of these events would have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

In April 2020, the PRC government promulgated the Cybersecurity Review Measures (the “2020 Cybersecurity Review Measures”), which came into effect on June 1, 2020. In July 2021, the CAC and other related authorities released a draft amendment to the 2020 Cybersecurity Review Measures for public comments. On December 28, 2021, the PRC government promulgated amended Cybersecurity Review Measures (the “2022 Cybersecurity Review Measures”), which came into effect and replaced the 2020 Cybersecurity Review Measures on February 15, 2022. Compared with the 2020 Cybersecurity Review Measures, the 2022 Cybersecurity Review Measures contain the following key changes: (i) internet platform operators who are engaged in data processing are also subject to the regulatory scope; (ii) the CSRC is included as one of the regulatory authorities for purposes of jointly establishing the state cybersecurity review mechanism; (iii) internet platform operators holding personal information of more than one million users and seeking to have their securities list on a stock exchange in a foreign country shall file for cybersecurity review with the Cybersecurity Review Office; (iv) the risks of core data, material data or large amounts of personal information being stolen, leaked, destroyed, damaged, illegally used or illegally transmitted to overseas parties and the risks of critical information infrastructure, core data, material data or large amounts of personal information being influenced, controlled or used maliciously by foreign governments and any cybersecurity risk after a company’s listing on a stock exchange shall be collectively taken into consideration during the cybersecurity review process; and (v) critical information infrastructure operators and internet platform operators covered by the 2022 Cybersecurity Review Measures shall take measures to prevent and mitigate cybersecurity risks in accordance with the requirements therein. According to the 2022 Cybersecurity Review Measures, (i) critical information infrastructure operators that purchase network products and services and internet platform operators that conduct data processing activities shall be subject to cybersecurity review in accordance with the 2022 Cybersecurity Review Measures if such activities affect or may affect national security; and (ii) internet platform operators holding personal information of more than one million users and seeking to have their securities list on a stock exchange in a foreign country shall file for cybersecurity review with the Cybersecurity Review Office. Under the Regulation on Protecting the Security of Critical Information Infrastructure promulgated by the State Council on July 30, 2021, effective September 1, 2021, “critical information infrastructure” is defined as important network facilities and information systems in important industries and fields, such as public telecommunication and information services, energy, transportation, water conservancy, finance, public services, e-government and national defense, science, technology and industry, as well as other important network facilities and information systems that, in case of destruction, loss of function or leak of data, may severely damage national security, the national economy and the people’s livelihood and public interests. And the PRC competent authorities shall be responsible for organizing the determination of critical information infrastructure in the industry and field concerned according to the determination rules, and inform the critical information infrastructure operators of the determination results in a timely manner and notify the public security department under the State Council of the same. As of the date of this report, neither we nor any of our PRC subsidiaries has been informed by any PRC governmental authority that we or any of our PRC subsidiaries is a “critical information infrastructure operator.” Based on the opinion of our PRC counsel, Tahota (Beijing) Law Firm, according to its interpretation of the currently in-effect PRC laws and regulations, neither we nor any of our PRC subsidiaries qualify as a critical information infrastructure operator. As of the date of this report, neither we nor any of our PRC subsidiaries have conducted any data processing activities that affected or may affect national security, or hold personal information of more than one million users.

On November 14, 2021, the CAC released the draft Administrative Regulation on Network Data Security for public comments through December 13, 2021 (the “Draft Regulation on Network Data Security”). Under the Draft Regulation on Network Data Security, (i) data processors, i.e., individuals and organizations who can decide on the purpose and method of their data processing activities at their own discretion, that process personal information of more than one million individuals shall apply for cybersecurity review before listing in a foreign country; (ii) foreign-listed data processors shall carry out annual data security evaluation and submit the evaluation report to the municipal cyberspace administration authority; and (iii) where the data processor undergoes merger, reorganization and subdivision that involves important data and personal information of more than one million individuals, the recipient of the data shall report the transaction to the in-charge authority at the municipal level.

As of the date of this report, neither we nor any of our PRC subsidiaries has been required by any PRC governmental authority to apply for cybersecurity review, nor have we or any of our PRC subsidiaries received any inquiry, notice, warning, sanction in such respect or been denied permission from any PRC regulatory authority to list on U.S. exchanges. Based on the opinion of our PRC counsel, Tahota (Beijing) Law Firm, according to its interpretation of the currently in-effect PRC laws and regulations, neither we nor any of our PRC subsidiaries are subject to the cybersecurity review, by the CAC under the 2022 Cybersecurity Review Measures with respect to the offering of our securities or the business operations of our PRC subsidiaries, because neither we nor any of our PRC subsidiaries qualifies as a critical information infrastructure operator or has conducted any data processing activities that affect or may affect national security or holds personal information of more than one million users. However, as PRC governmental authorities have significant discretion in interpreting and implementing statutory provisions and there remains significant uncertainty in the interpretation and enforcement of relevant PRC cybersecurity laws and regulations if the PRC regulatory authorities take a position contrary to ours, we cannot assure you that we or any of our PRC subsidiaries will not be deemed to be subject to PRC cybersecurity review requirements under the 2022 Cybersecurity Review Measures or the Draft Administrative Regulations (if enacted) as a critical information infrastructure operator or an internet platform operator that is engaged in data processing activities that affect or may affect national security or holds personal information of more than one million users, nor can we assure you that we or our PRC subsidiaries would be able to pass such review. If we or any of our PRC subsidiaries fails to receive any requisite permission or approval from the CAC for the business operations of our PRC subsidiaries, or the waiver for such permission or approval, in a timely manner, or at all, or inadvertently concludes that such permission or approval is not required, or if applicable laws, regulations or interpretations change and obligate us to obtain such permission or approvals in the future, we or our PRC subsidiaries may be subject to fines, suspension of business, website closure, revocation of business licenses or other penalties, as well as reputational damage or legal proceedings or actions against us, which may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations. In addition, we could become subject to enhanced cybersecurity review or investigations launched by PRC regulators in the future pursuant to new laws, regulations or policies. Any failure or delay in the completion of the cybersecurity review procedures or any other non-compliance with applicable laws and regulations may result in fines, suspension of business, website closure, revocation of business licenses or other penalties, as well as reputational damage or legal proceedings or actions against us, which may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.

On June 10, 2021, the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress of the PRC, promulgated the PRC Data Security Law, which became effective in September 2021. The PRC Data Security Law imposes data security and privacy obligations on entities and individuals carrying out data activities, and introduces a data classification and hierarchical protection system based on the importance of data in economic and social development and the degree of harm it will cause to national security, public interests or the rights and interests of individuals or organizations when such data is tampered with, destroyed, leaked or illegally acquired or used. The PRC Data Security Law also provides for a national security review procedure for data activities that may affect national security and imposes export restrictions on certain data and information. On August 20, 2021, the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress promulgated the Personal Information Protection Law, effective November 1, 2021. The Personal Information Protection Law clarifies the definition of personal information, which excludes information that has been anonymized, and the required procedures for personal information processing, the obligations of personal information processors, and individuals’ personal information rights and interests. The Personal Information Protection Law provides that, among other things, (i) the processing of personal information is only permissible under certain circumstances, such as prior consent from the subject individual, fulfillment of contractual and legal obligations, furtherance of public interests or other circumstances prescribed by laws and regulations; (ii) the collection of personal information should be conducted in a disciplined manner with as little impact on individuals’ rights and interests as possible; and (iii) excessive collection of personal information is prohibited. In particular, the Personal Information Protection Law provides that personal information processors should ensure the transparency and fairness of automated decision-making based on personal information, refrain from offering unreasonably differentiated transaction terms to different individuals and, when sending commercial promotions or information updates to individuals selected through automated decision-making, simultaneously offer such individuals an option not based on such individuals’ specific characteristics or a more convenient way for such individuals to turn off such promotions.

On July 7, 2022, the CAC promulgated the Measures for the Security Assessment of Outbound Data Transfer, or the Data Transfer Measures, which became effective on September 1, 2022, pursuant to which, to provide data abroad under any of the following circumstances, a data processor shall apply to the national cyberspace administration for the security assessment of the outbound data transfer through the local provincial cyberspace administration: (i) the data processor provides important data abroad; (ii) the critical information infrastructure operator or the data processor that has processed the personal information of over one million people provides personal information abroad; (iii) the data processor that has provided the personal information of over 100,000 people or the sensitive personal information of over 10,000 people cumulatively since January 1 of the previous year provides personal information abroad; and (iv) any other circumstance where an application for the security assessment of outbound data transfer is required by the national cyberspace administration. As of the date of this report, the data collected and generated in our business does not have a bearing on national security, economic operation, social stability, public health and security, among others, and thus may not be classified as important data by the authorities, and, neither we nor any of our PRC subsidiaries have ever provided any personal information collected and generated in the operations within the territory of the PRC to overseas recipients. Given the abovementioned facts and based on the opinion of our PRC legal counsel, Tahota (Beijing) Law Firm, according to its interpretation of the currently in-effect PRC laws and regulations, we or any of our PRC subsidiaries is engaged in any activity that is subject to security assessment as outlined in the Data Transfer Measures. However, as PRC governmental authorities have significant discretion in interpreting and implementing statutory provisions and there remains significant uncertainty in the interpretation and enforcement of relevant PRC data security laws and regulations if the PRC regulatory authorities take a position contrary to ours, we cannot assure you that the activities we or any of our PRC subsidiaries engaging in will not be deemed to be subject to PRC security assessment as stipulated in the Data Transfer Measures in the future, nor can we assure you that we or our PRC subsidiaries would be able to pass such assessment. The promulgation of the above-mentioned laws and regulations indicates heightened regulatory scrutiny from PRC regulatory authorities in areas such as data security and personal information protection.

As uncertainties remain regarding the interpretation and implementation of these laws and regulations, we cannot assure you that we or our PRC subsidiaries will be able to comply with such regulations in all respects, and we or our PRC subsidiaries may be ordered to rectify or terminate any actions that are deemed illegal by regulatory authorities. In addition, while our PRC subsidiaries take various measures to comply with all applicable data privacy and protection laws and regulations, there is no guarantee that our current security measures, operation and those of our third-party service providers may always be adequate for the protection of our users, employee or company data against security breaches, cyberattacks or other unauthorized access, which could result in loss or misuse of such data, interruptions to our service system, diminished user experience, loss of user confidence and trust and impairment of our technology infrastructure and harm our reputation and business, resulting in fines, penalties and potential lawsuits.

Regulatory uncertainties relating to, or failure to comply with, anti-monopoly and competition laws could adversely affect our business, financial condition, or operating results. 

The PRC anti-monopoly enforcement agencies have in recent years strengthened enforcement under the PRC Anti-monopoly Law, including levying significant fines, with respect to concentration of undertakings and cartel activity, mergers and acquisitions, as well as abusive behavior by companies with market dominance. In March 2018, the SAMR was formed as a new governmental agency to take over, among other things, the anti-monopoly enforcement functions from the relevant departments under the Ministry of Commerce of People’s Republic of China (“MOFCOM”), the National Development and Reform Commission of the PRC, and State Administration of Industry and Commerce of the PRC. The SAMR issued a new set of guidelines with respect to merger control review in September 2018, and issued the Notice on Anti-monopoly Enforcement Authorization on December 28, 2018, which grants authorizations to the SAMR’s provincial branches to enforce anti-monopoly laws within their respective jurisdictions. The SAMR has imposed several administrative penalties on various companies for failing to duly make filings as to their transactions subject to merger control review by the SAMR. The scope of the companies that were penalized is broad, and covers a variety of different industries.

Significant regulatory uncertainty existed as to whether prior filing of notification of concentration is required for business concentration involving variable interest entities prior to 2020. In November 2020, the Anti-monopoly Bureau of SAMR released the draft Guidelines on Anti-monopoly Issues in Platform Economy, or the Platform Economy Anti-monopoly Guidelines, for public comment and in February 2021, adopted the Platform Economy Anti-monopoly Guidelines, which for the first time specified that, any concentration made between the variable interest entities shall be regulated by the Anti-monopoly Law. In addition, the Platform Economy Anti-monopoly Guidelines set out detailed standards and rules in respect of the definition of relevant markets, typical types of cartel activities and abusive behaviors by online platform operators with market dominance, which provide further guidelines for enforcement of anti-monopoly laws against online platform operators. For instance, online platform operators that use technological advantages, such as data and algorithms, to eliminate or restrict competition or impose price restrictions or exclusivity requirements on users may be deemed to be abusing dominant market position.

Prior to the effectiveness of the Platform Economy Anti-monopoly Guidelines, the SAMR has already fined certain companies that acquired businesses using variable interest entities without obtaining merger control approval or without prior filing of notification of concentration, indicating its increased scrutiny over historical cases of concentration of undertakings involving companies using variable interest entities and heightened enforcement efforts over past failure to file prior notification of concentration of undertakings for such transactions. Since 2020, the SAMR has fined companies that acquired or merged with or cooperated with onshore or offshore entities, including those operated through variable interest entities, for failure to file prior notification before conducting the mergers or cooperation transactions.

Although we do not believe we were legally required to make a merger control review filing or obtain merger control approval in relation to the historical merger, there can be no assurance that regulators will agree with us, particularly, in light of the enforcement actions since 2020. In addition, as there were few cases where companies using variable interest entities were investigated for failure to make filings in connection with concentration of undertakings prior to 2020, we did not file prior notification of concentration of undertakings for our historical transactions. There can also be no assurance that regulators will not initiate other anti-monopoly enquiry or investigation into, or take enforcement actions against, the historical merger or require us to submit filings in relation to such historical transactions. We may be subject to penalty in connection with any such enquiry or investigation, if we are determined by the SAMR to have failed to make the requisite filings, including fines up to RMB500,000 per case, and in extreme cases where any such transaction is determined by the SAMR to have constituted concentration of undertakings under the applicable PRC anti-monopoly law, we may be ordered to terminate the contemplated concentration, to dispose of our equity or asset within a prescribed period, or to transfer our business within a prescribed time or to take any other necessary measures to return to the pre-concentration status. We may also be subject to claims from our competitors or users, which could adversely affect our business and operations. Furthermore, any new requirements or restrictions, or proposed requirements or restrictions, could result in adverse publicity or fines against us.

On June 24, 2022, the Decision of the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress to Amend the Anti-Monopoly Law of the PRC was adopted and became effective on August 1, 2022, which stipulates that the State Council’s anti-monopoly enforcement agency may order business operators to cease illegal concentration, to dispose of shares, assets or businesses within a defined period of time, or to take other necessary measures to restore to the state before the concentration. The enforcement agency may also impose upon a business operator (i) a fine up to ten percent of the business operator’s sales revenue in the past year, if the concentration of undertakings has or may have an effect of excluding or limiting competition, or (ii) a fine up to RMB5 million if the concentration of undertakings does not have the effect of excluding or limiting competition. Stricter anti-monopoly and anti-unfair competition enforcement by the PRC regulatory authorities, especially enforcement actions focused on platform economy, may, among other things, prohibit us from future acquisitions, divestitures or combinations our plans to make, impose fines or penalties, require divestiture of certain of our assets, or impose other restrictions that limit or require us to modify its operations, including limitations on our contractual relationships or restrictions on our pricing or revenue models, which could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and future prospects.

Furthermore, as we continue to navigate the evolving legislative environment and varied local implementation practices of anti-monopoly and competition laws and regulations in the PRC, we have attended and may continue to be required to attend administrative guidance meetings or other communications with regulators from time to time. We may continue to receive greater scrutiny and attention from regulators and more frequent and stringent investigations or reviews by regulators, which will increase our compliance costs. It could also be time-consuming to comply with the relevant regulations described above to complete future transactions and carry out our business operations. Heightened regulatory inquiries, investigations and other governmental actions and approval requirements from governmental authorities such as the SAMR may be uncertain and could delay or inhibit our ability to complete these transactions and carry out our business operations, which could affect our ability to expand its business, maintain its market share or otherwise achieve the goals of our acquisition strategy, divert significant management time and attention and our financial resources, bring negative publicity, subject us to liabilities or administrative penalties, and/or materially and adversely affect our financial conditions, operations and business prospects. 

As of the date hereof, regulatory actions related to data security or anti-monopoly concerns in Hong Kong do not have a material impact on our ability to conduct business, accept foreign investment in the future, continue to list on a United States stock exchange. However, new regulatory actions related to data security or anti-monopoly concerns in Hong Kong may be taken in the future, and such regulatory actions may have a material impact on our ability to conduct business, accept foreign investment, continue to list on a United States stock exchange.  

Certain judgments obtained against us by our shareholders may not be enforceable. 

BAIYU Holdings, Inc. is a Delaware holding company and substantially all of our assets are located outside of the United States. Substantially all of our current operations are conducted through our subsidiaries incorporated in mainland China and the VIE, Tongdow Internet Technology, incorporated in mainland China. In addition of our current directors and officers are nationals and residents of countries other than the United States. Substantially all of the assets of these persons are located outside the United States. As a result, it may be difficult or impossible for you to enforce in U.S. courts of the judgments obtained in U.S. courts based on the civil liability provisions of the U.S. federal securities laws against us and our officers and directors as none of them currently resides in the United States or has substantial assets located in the United States. In addition, there is uncertainty as to whether the courts of the PRC would recognize or enforce judgments of U.S. courts against us or such persons predicated upon the civil liability provisions of the securities laws of the United States or any state.   

We do have a holding company in Hong Kong. We also have a management member who is Hong Kong residents and reside within Hong Kong for a significant portion of the time. You may incur additional costs and procedural obstacles in effecting service of legal process, enforcing foreign judgments or bringing actions in Hong Kong against us or our management named in the prospectus, as judgments entered in the U.S. can be enforced in Hong Kong only at common law. If you want to enforce a judgment of the U.S. in Hong Kong, it must be a final judgment conclusive upon the merits of the claim, for a liquidated amount in a civil matter and not in respect of taxes, fines, penalties, or similar charges, the proceedings in which the judgment was obtained were not contrary to natural justice, and the enforcement of the judgment is not contrary to public policy of Hong Kong. Such a judgment must be for a fixed sum and must also come from a “competent” court as determined by the private international law rules applied by the Hong Kong courts. 

Furthermore, foreign judgments of the U.S. courts will not be directly enforced in Hong Kong as there are currently no treaties or other arrangements providing for reciprocal enforcement of foreign judgments between Hong Kong and the U.S. However, the common law permits an action to be brought upon a foreign judgment. That is to say, a foreign judgment itself may form the basis of a cause of action since the judgment may be regarded as creating a debt between the parties to it. In a common law action for enforcement of a foreign judgment in Hong Kong, the enforcement is subject to various conditions, including but not limited to, that the foreign judgment is a final judgment conclusive upon the merits of the claim, the judgment is for a liquidated amount in civil matter and not in respect of taxes, fines, penalties, or similar charges, the proceedings in which the judgment was obtained were not contrary to natural justice, and the enforcement of the judgment is not contrary to public policy of Hong Kong. Such a judgment must be for a fixed sum and must also come from a “competent” court as determined by the private international law rules applied by the Hong Kong courts. The defenses that are available to a defendant in a common law action brought on the basis of a foreign judgment include lack of jurisdiction, breach of natural justice, fraud, and contrary to public policy. However, a separate legal action for debt must be commenced in Hong Kong in order to recover such debt from the judgment debtor. As a result, subject to the conditions with regard to enforcement of judgments of United States courts being met, including but not limited to the above, a foreign judgment of United States of civil liabilities predicated solely upon the federal securities laws of the United States or the securities laws of any State or territory within the U.S. could be enforceable in Hong Kong.

Uncertainties with respect to the PRC legal system, including uncertainties regarding the interpretation and enforcement of laws, and sudden or unexpected changes of PRC laws and regulations with little advance notice could adversely affect us and limit the legal protections available to you and us, and the Chinese government may exert more oversight and control over offerings that are conducted overseas, which changes could materially hinder our ability to offer or continue to offer our securities, and cause the value of our securities to significantly decline or become worthless.

Our operating subsidiaries are incorporated under and governed by the laws of the PRC. The PRC legal system is a civil law system based on written statutes. Unlike the common law system, prior court decisions may be cited for reference but have limited precedential value.

In 1979, the PRC government began to promulgate a comprehensive system of laws and regulations governing economic matters in general, such as foreign investment, corporate organization and governance, commerce, taxation and trade. As a significant part of our business is conducted in China, our operations are principally governed by PRC laws and regulations. However, since the PRC legal system continues to evolve rapidly, rules and regulations in China can change quickly with little advance notice. The interpretations of many laws, regulations and rules are not always uniform and enforcement of these laws and regulations involve uncertainties, which may limit legal protections available to us. Uncertainties due to evolving laws and regulations could also impede the ability of a China-based company like us, to obtain or maintain permits or licenses required to conduct business in China. In the absence of required permits or licenses, governmental authorities could impose material sanctions or penalties on us. In addition, some regulatory requirements issued by certain PRC government authorities may not be consistently applied by other PRC government authorities (including local government authorities), thus making strict compliance with all regulatory requirements impractical, or in some circumstances impossible. For example, we may have to resort to administrative and court proceedings to enforce the legal protection that we enjoy either by law or contract. Since PRC administrative and court authorities have significant discretion in interpreting and implementing statutory and contractual terms, it may be more difficult to evaluate or predict the outcome of administrative and court proceedings and the level of legal protection available to you and us than in more developed legal systems. 

Furthermore, the PRC legal system is based in part on government policies and internal rules, some of which are not published on a timely basis or at all, and which may have a retroactive effect. As a result, we may not be aware of our violation of any of these policies and rules until sometime after the violation. Such uncertainties, including uncertainty over the scope and effect of our contractual, property (including intellectual property) and procedural rights, and any failure to respond to changes in the regulatory environment in China could materially and adversely affect our business and impede our ability to continue our operations.

On July 6, 2021, the General Office of the Communist Party of China Central Committee and the General Office of the State Council jointly issued an announcement to crack down on illegal activities in the securities market and promote the high-quality development of the capital market, which, among other things, requires the relevant governmental authorities to strengthen cross-border oversight of law-enforcement and judicial cooperation, to enhance supervision over China-based companies listed overseas, and to establish and improve the system of extraterritorial application of the PRC securities laws.

Given recent statements by the Chinese government indicating an intent to exert more oversight and control over securities offerings and other capital markets activities that are conducted overseas and foreign investment in China-based companies like us. Although we are currently not required to obtain permission from any of the PRC central or local government and has not received any notice of denial to list on the U.S. exchange, it is uncertain whether or when we might be required to obtain permission from the PRC government to list on U.S. exchanges in the future, and even if such permission is obtained, whether it will be later denied or rescinded, which could significantly limit or completely hinder our ability to offer or continue to offer our securities to investors and cause the value of our shares to significantly decline or be worthless. Any actions by the Chinese government to exert more oversight and control over offerings that are conducted overseas could materially and adversely hinder our ability to offer or continue to offer our securities, and cause the value of our securities to significantly decline or become worthless.

The Chinese government has substantial oversight and influence over the manner in which we must conduct our business and may intervene or influence our operations at any time, which actions could impact our operations materially and adversely, and significantly limit or completely hinder our ability to offer or continue to offer securities to investors and cause the value of our securities to significantly decline or be worthless. The Chinese government has significant oversight and discretion over the conduct of our business and may intervene or influence our operations at any time as the government deems appropriate to further regulatory, political and societal goals. For instance, the Chinese government has recently published new policies that significantly affected certain industries such as the education and internet industries. The Chinese government has exercised, and continues to exercise, substantial control over virtually every sector of the Chinese economy through regulation and state ownership, which could materially and adversely impact the results of our operations and future prospects. 

Our ability to operate in the PRC may be further harmed by changes in its laws and regulations. The central or local governments of the PRC may impose new, stricter regulations or interpretations of existing regulations that would require additional expenditures and efforts on our part to ensure our compliance with such regulations or interpretations. Accordingly, government actions in the future, including any decision not to continue to support recent economic reforms and to return to a more centrally planned economy or regional or local variations in the implementation of economic policies, could have a significant effect on economic conditions in the PRC or particular regions thereof. We cannot rule out the possibility that it will in the future release regulations or policies regarding our industry that could adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and the value of our shares. 

Our business is also subject to various government and regulatory interference. We could be subject to regulation by various political and regulatory entities, including various local and municipal agencies and government sub-divisions. The Company may incur increased costs necessary to comply with existing and newly adopted laws and regulations or penalties for any failure to comply. Our operations could be adversely affected, directly or indirectly, by existing or future laws and regulations relating to our business or industry, which could result in further material changes in our operations and adversely impact the value of our securities. 

Accordingly, government actions in the future, including any decision to intervene or influence the operations of our PRC subsidiaries at any time or to exert control over an offering of securities conducted overseas and/or foreign investment in China-based issuers, may cause us to make material changes to the operations of our PRC subsidiaries, may limit or completely hinder our ability to offer or continue to offer securities to investors, and/or may cause the value of such securities to significantly decline or be worthless.

The failure to comply with PRC regulations relating to mergers and acquisitions of domestic enterprises by offshore Special Purpose Vehicle (SPV) may subject us to severe fines or penalties and create other regulatory uncertainties regarding our corporate structure.

On August 8, 2006, MOFCOM, joined by the CSRC, the State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission of the State Council, the State Taxation Administration, the State Administration for Industry and Commerce, and the State Administration of Foreign Exchange of China (“SAFE”), jointly promulgated regulations entitled the Provisions Regarding Mergers and Acquisitions of Domestic Enterprises by Foreign Investors (the “M&A Rules”), which took effect on September 8, 2006, and as amended on June 22, 2009. This regulation, among other things, has certain provisions that require offshore SPV formed for the purpose of acquiring PRC domestic companies and controlled directly or indirectly by PRC individuals and companies, to obtain the approval of MOFCOM prior to engaging in such acquisitions and to obtain the approval of the CSRC prior to publicly listing their securities on an overseas stock market. On September 21, 2006, the CSRC published on its official website a notice specifying the documents and materials that are required to be submitted for obtaining CSRC approval. 

In addition, the Provisions of Ministry of Commerce on Implementation of Security Review System for Mergers and Acquisitions of Domestic Enterprises by Foreign Investors, issued by MOFCOM in August 2011, specify that mergers and acquisitions by foreign investors involved in “an industry related to national security” are subject to strict review by MOFCOM, and prohibit any activities attempting to bypass such security review, including by structuring the transaction through a proxy or contractual control arrangement.

On March 15, 2019, the PRC National People’s Congress enacted the Foreign Investment Law of the PRC (the “Foreign Investment Law”), which became effective on January 1, 2020. The Foreign Investment Law has replaced the previous major laws and regulations governing foreign investment in the PRC, including the Sino-foreign Equity Joint Ventures Enterprises Law of the PRC, the Sino-foreign Co-operative Enterprises Law of the PRC and the Wholly Foreign-invested Enterprise Law of the PRC. According to the Foreign Investment Law, “foreign-invested enterprises” refers to enterprises that are wholly or partly invested by foreign investors and registered under the PRC laws within China, and “foreign investment” refers to any foreign investor’s direct or indirect investment activities in China, including: (i) establishing foreign-invested enterprises in China either individually or jointly with other investors; (ii) obtaining stock shares, equity shares, shares in properties or other similar interests of Chinese domestic enterprises; (iii) investing in new projects in China either individually or jointly with other investors; and (iv) investing through other methods provided by laws, administrative regulations or provisions prescribed by the State Council.

On December 26, 2019, the State Council issued Implementation Regulations for the Foreign Investment Law of the PRC (the “Implementation Rules”) which came into effect on January 1, 2020, and replaced the Implementing Rules of the Sino-foreign Equity Joint Ventures Enterprises Law of the PRC, the Implementing Rules of the Sino-foreign Co-operative Enterprises Law of the PRC and the Implementing Rules of the Wholly Foreign-invested Enterprise Law of the PRC. According to the Implementation Rules, in the event of any discrepancy between the Foreign Investment Law, the Implementation Rules and the relevant provisions on foreign investment promulgated prior to January 1, 2020, the Foreign Investment Law and the Implementation Rules will prevail. The Implementation Rules also set forth that foreign investors that invest in sectors on the “Negative List” in which foreign investment is restricted shall comply with special management measures with respect to, among others, shareholding and senior management personnel qualification in the Negative List. Pursuant to the Foreign Investment Law and the Implementation Rules, the existing foreign-invested enterprises established prior to the effective date of the Foreign Investment Law are allowed to keep their corporate organization forms for five years from the effectiveness of the Foreign Investment Law before such existing foreign-invested enterprises must change their organization forms and organization structures in accordance with the PRC Company Law, the Partnership Enterprise Law of the PRC and other applicable laws. 

After the Foreign Investment Law and the Implementation Rules became effective on January 1, 2020, the provisions of the M&A Rules remained effective to the extent they are not inconsistent with the Foreign Investment Law and the Implementation Rules. We believe that our business is not in an industry related to national security, but we cannot preclude the possibility that the competent PRC government authorities may publish explanations contrary to our understanding or broaden the scope of such security reviews in the future, in which case our future acquisitions and investment in the PRC, including those by way of entering into contractual control arrangements with target entities, may be closely scrutinized or prohibited. Moreover, according to the Anti-Monopoly Law of the PRC, the SAMR shall be notified in advance of any concentration of undertaking if certain filing thresholds are triggered. We may grow our business in part by directly acquiring complementary businesses in China. Complying with the requirements of the laws and regulations mentioned above and other PRC regulations necessary to complete such transactions could be time-consuming, and any required approval processes, including obtaining approval from the SAMR, may delay or inhibit our ability to complete such transactions, which could materially and adversely affect our ability to expand our business or maintain our market share.

Regulations relating to offshore investment activities by PRC residents may limit our ability to acquire PRC companies and could adversely affect our business. 

In July 2014, SAFE promulgated the Circular on Issues Concerning Foreign Exchange Administration over the Overseas Investment and Financing and Roundtrip Investment by Domestic Residents via SPV, or Circular 37, which replaced Relevant Issues Concerning Foreign Exchange Control on Domestic Residents’ Corporate Financing and Roundtrip Investment through Offshore SPV, or Circular 75. Circular 37 requires PRC residents to register with local branches of SAFE in connection with their direct establishment or indirect control of an offshore entity, referred to in Circular 37 as a SPV for the purpose of holding domestic or offshore assets or interests. Circular 37 further requires amendment to a PRC resident’s registration in the event of any significant changes with respect to the SPV, such as an increase or decrease in the capital contributed by PRC individuals, share transfer or exchange, merger, division or other material event. Under these regulations, PRC residents’ failure to comply with specified registration procedures may result in restrictions being imposed on the foreign exchange activities of the relevant PRC entity, including the payment of dividends and other distributions to its offshore parent, as well as restrictions on capital inflows from the offshore entity to the PRC entity, including restrictions on its ability to contribute additional capital to its PRC subsidiaries. Further, failure to comply with the SAFE registration requirements could result in penalties under PRC law for evasion of foreign exchange regulations.

In addition, different local SAFE branches may have different views and procedures as to the interpretation and implementation of the SAFE regulations, and it may be difficult for our ultimate shareholders or beneficial owners who are PRC residents to provide sufficient supporting documents required by SAFE or to complete the required registration with SAFE in a timely manner, or at all. Any failure by any of our shareholders who is a PRC resident, or is controlled by a PRC resident, to comply with relevant requirements under these regulations could subject us to fines or sanctions imposed by the PRC government. 

PRC regulation of loans to and direct investment in PRC entities by offshore holding companies and governmental control of currency conversion may delay or prevent us from using the proceeds from our subsequent offerings to make loans or additional capital contributions to our PRC subsidiaries in China, which could materially and adversely affect our liquidity and our ability to fund and expand our business. 

We are a Delaware holding company conducting our operations in China through (i) our subsidiaries incorporated in mainland China and (ii) the VIE incorporated in mainland China. We may make loans to our PRC subsidiaries, or we may make additional capital contributions to our PRC subsidiaries, or we may establish new PRC subsidiaries and make capital contributions to these new PRC subsidiaries, or we may acquire offshore entities with business operations in China in an offshore transaction. Most of these ways are subject to PRC regulations and approvals or registration. For example, loans by us to our wholly owned PRC subsidiary to finance its activities cannot exceed statutory limits and must be registered with the local counterpart of SAFE. If we decide to finance our wholly owned PRC subsidiary by means of capital contributions, these capital contributions are subject to registration with the State Administration for Market Regulation or its local branch, reporting of foreign investment information with the PRC Ministry of Commerce, or registration with other governmental authorities in China.

SAFE promulgated the Notice of the State Administration of Foreign Exchange on Reforming the Administration of Foreign Exchange Settlement of Capital of Foreign-invested Enterprises, or the SAFE Circular 19, effective June 2015, in replacement of the Circular on the Relevant Operating Issues Concerning the Improvement of the Administration of the Payment and Settlement of Foreign Currency Capital of Foreign-Invested Enterprises, the Notice from the State Administration of Foreign Exchange on Relevant Issues Concerning Strengthening the Administration of Foreign Exchange Businesses, and the Circular on Further Clarification and Regulation of the Issues Concerning the Administration of Certain Capital Account Foreign Exchange Businesses. According to SAFE Circular 19, the flow and use of the RMB capital converted from foreign currency-denominated registered capital of a foreign-invested company is regulated such that RMB capital may not be used for the issuance of RMB entrusted loans, the repayment of inter-enterprise loans or the repayment of banks loans that have been transferred to a third party. Although SAFE Circular 19 allows RMB capital converted from foreign currency-denominated registered capital of a foreign-invested enterprise to be used for equity investments within China, it also reiterates the principle that RMB converted from the foreign currency-denominated capital of a foreign-invested company may not be directly or indirectly used for purposes beyond its business scope. Thus, it is unclear whether SAFE will permit such capital to be used for equity investments in China in actual practice. SAFE promulgated the Notice of the State Administration of Foreign Exchange on Reforming and Standardizing the Foreign Exchange Settlement Management Policy of Capital Account, or SAFE Circular 16, effective on June 9, 2016, which reiterates some of the rules set forth in the SAFE Circular 19, but changes the prohibition against using RMB capital converted from foreign currency-denominated registered capital of a foreign-invested company to issue RMB entrusted loans to a prohibition against using such capital to issue loans to non-associated enterprises. Violations of the SAFE Circular 19 and the SAFE Circular 16 could result in administrative penalties. The SAFE Circular 19 and SAFE Circular 16 may significantly limit our ability to transfer any foreign currency we hold, including the net proceeds from our subsequent offering, to our PRC subsidiary, which may adversely affect our liquidity and our ability to fund and expand our business in China. On October 23, 2019, SAFE promulgated the Notice for Further Advancing the Facilitation of Cross-border Trade and Investment, or the SAFE Circular 28, which, among other things, allows all foreign-invested companies to use Renminbi converted from foreign currency-denominated capital for equity investments in China, as long as the equity investment is genuine, does not violate applicable laws, and complies with the negative list on foreign investment. However, since the SAFE Circular 28 is newly promulgated, it is unclear how SAFE and competent banks will carry this out in practice.

In light of the various requirements imposed by PRC regulations on loans to and direct investment in PRC entities by offshore holding companies, we cannot assure you that we will be able to complete the necessary government registrations or obtain the necessary government approvals on a timely basis, or at all, with respect to future loans to our PRC subsidiary or future capital contributions by us to our PRC subsidiary. As a result, uncertainties exist as to our ability to provide prompt financial support to our PRC subsidiary when needed. If we fail to complete such registrations or obtain such approvals, our ability to use the proceeds we expect to receive from our subsequent offerings and to capitalize or otherwise fund our PRC operations may be negatively affected, which could materially and adversely affect our liquidity and our ability to fund and expand our business.

To the extent cash in the business is in the mainland PRC or Hong Kong or a PRC or Hong Kong entity, the funds may not be available to fund operations or for other use outside of the PRC or Hong Kong due to interventions in or the imposition of restrictions and limitations under the PRC laws and regulations. 

The PRC government imposes controls on the convertibility of Renminbi into foreign currencies and, in certain cases, the remittance of currency out of China. To the extent that our income is received in RMB, shortages in foreign currencies may restrict our ability to pay dividends or other payments, or otherwise satisfy our foreign currency denominated obligations, if any. Under existing PRC foreign exchange regulations, payments of current account items, including profit distributions, interest payments and expenditures from trade-related transactions, can be made in foreign currencies without prior approval from SAFE, as long as certain procedural requirements are met. Approval from appropriate government authorities is required if Renminbi is converted into foreign currency and remitted out of China to pay capital expenses such as the repayment of loans denominated in foreign currencies. The PRC government may, at its discretion, impose restrictions on access to foreign currencies for current account transactions. 

To address persistent capital outflows and the RMB’s depreciation against the U.S. dollar in the fourth quarter of 2016, the People’s Bank of China and SAFE implemented a series of capital control measures in the subsequent months, including stricter vetting procedures for China-based companies to remit foreign currency for overseas acquisitions, dividend payments and shareholder loan repayments. The PRC government may continue to strengthen its capital controls and our PRC subsidiaries’ dividends and other distributions may be subject to tightened scrutiny in the future. The PRC government also imposes controls on the conversion of RMB into foreign currencies and the remittance of currencies out of the PRC. Therefore, we may experience difficulties in completing the administrative procedures necessary to obtain and remit foreign currency for the payment of dividends from our profits, if any. Furthermore, there can be no assurance that the PRC government will not intervene or impose restrictions on our ability to transfer or distribute cash within our organization or to foreign investors, which could result in an inability or prohibition on making transfers or distributions outside of China and adversely affect our business as well as your investment. To the extent cash in the business is in the mainland PRC or Hong Kong or a PRC or Hong Kong entity, the funds may not be available to fund operations or for other use outside of the PRC or Hong Kong due to interventions in or the imposition of such restrictions and limitations. 

If we are classified as a PRC resident enterprise for PRC income tax purposes, such classification could result in unfavorable tax consequences to us and our non-PRC shareholders.  

Under the PRC Enterprise Income Tax Law and its implementation rules, an enterprise established outside of the PRC with a “de facto management body” within China is considered a “resident enterprise” and will be subject to the enterprise income tax on its global income at the rate of 25%. The implementation rules define the term “de facto management body” as the body that exercises full and substantial control and overall management over the business, productions, personnel, accounts and properties of an enterprise. In 2009, the SAT issued the Circular Regarding the Determination of Chinese-Controlled Offshore Incorporated Enterprises as PRC Tax Resident Enterprises on the Basis of De Facto Management Bodies (the “SAT Circular 82”), which provides certain specific criteria for determining whether the “de facto management body” of a PRC-controlled enterprise that is incorporated offshore is located in China. Although this circular only applies to offshore enterprises controlled by PRC enterprises or PRC enterprise groups, not those controlled by PRC individuals or foreigners like us, the criteria set forth in the circular may reflect SAT’s general position on how the “de facto management body” test should be applied in determining the tax resident status of all offshore enterprises. According to SAT Circular 82, an offshore incorporated enterprise controlled by a PRC enterprise or a PRC enterprise group will be regarded as a PRC tax resident by virtue of having its “de facto management body” in China and will be subject to PRC enterprise income tax on its global income only if all of the following conditions are met: (1) the primary location of the day-to-day operational management is in China; (2) decisions relating to the enterprise’s financial and human resource matters are made or are subject to approval by organizations or personnel in China; (3) the enterprise’s primary assets, accounting books and records, company seals, and board and shareholder resolutions, are located or maintained in China; and (4) at least 50% of voting board members or senior executives habitually reside in China.

We believe none of our entities outside of China is a PRC resident enterprise for PRC tax purposes. However, the tax resident status of an enterprise is subject to determination by the PRC tax authorities and uncertainties remain with respect to the interpretation of the term “de facto management body.” If the PRC tax authorities determine that our company or any of our subsidiaries outside of China is a PRC resident enterprise for enterprise income tax purposes, we could be subject to PRC tax at a rate of 25% on our worldwide income, which could materially reduce our net income, and we will be required to comply with PRC enterprise income tax reporting obligations. In addition, non-resident enterprise shareholders (including the common stockholders) may be subject to PRC tax at a rate of 10% on gains realized on the sale or other disposition of our common stock, if such income is treated as sourced from within China. Furthermore, if we are deemed a PRC resident enterprise, dividends payable to our non- PRC individual shareholders and any gain realized on the transfer of our common stock by such shareholders may be subject to PRC tax at a rate of 10% in the case of non-PRC enterprises or a rate of 20% in the case of non-PRC individuals unless a reduced rate is available under an applicable tax treaty. It is unclear whether non-PRC shareholders of our company would be able to claim the benefits of any tax treaties between their country of tax residence and the PRC in the event that we are treated as a PRC resident enterprise. Any such tax may reduce the returns on your investment in our common stock.

In addition to the uncertainty as to the application of the “resident enterprise” classification, we cannot assure you that the PRC government will not amend or revise the taxation laws, rules and regulations to impose stricter tax requirements or higher tax rates. Any of such changes could materially and adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.

Risk Factors Related to the Our Business and Industry

There is no assurance that we will be able to manage the commodities trading business effectively.

Operating the commodities trading business is a significant challenge and there is no assurance that we will be able to manage the integration successfully. If we are unable to efficiently integrate these businesses, the attention of our management could be diverted from our existing operations and the ability of the management teams at these business units to meet operational and financial expectations could be adversely impacted, which could impair our ability to execute our business plans. Failure to successfully integrate the new commodities trading business or to realize the expected benefits of entry into the business may have an adverse impact on our results of operations and financial condition.

Investment in our new line of business could disrupt the Company’s ongoing business and present risks not originally contemplated.

Our business depends on adequate supply and availability of nonferrous metal commodities.

Our planned business requires nonferrous metal commodities that are sourced from third party suppliers. We are affected by industry supply conditions, which generally involve risks beyond our control, including costs of these materials, transportation costs and market demand. As a result, we may not be able to obtain an adequate supply of quality nonferrous metal commodities in a timely or cost-effective manner, which would have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

A decline in our key business sectors or a reduction in consumer demand generally could have a material adverse effect on our business.

A large portion of our supply chain management services revenue comes from clients in the energy, material and industrial sectors, which is intensely competitive, very volatile, and subject to rapid changes and fluctuations in the overall economic conditions. Declines in the overall performance of the energy, material and industrial sectors have in the past and could in the future, adversely affect the demand for our supply chain management services and reduce our revenue and profitability from these clients. In addition, industry changes, such as the transition of more collateral materials from physical form to digital form and changes in marketing channels, could lessen the demand for certain of our services we currently handle. To the extent recent uncertainty in the economy or other factors result in decreased demand for our clients’ products, we may experience a reduction in volumes of client products that we handle which could have a material adverse effect on our supply chain management services business, financial position and operating results.

We operate in a business that is cyclical and where demand can be volatile, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.

We operate in a business that is cyclical and where demand can be volatile, which could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition. The timing and magnitude of the cycles in the business in which we operate are difficult to predict. Purchase prices for the raw materials we purchase, and selling prices for our products are volatile and beyond our control. While we attempt to respond to changing raw material costs through adjustments to the sales price of our products, our ability to do so is limited by competitive and other market factors. A significant reduction in selling prices for our products may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations, and adversely impact our ability to recover purchase costs from end customers. A decline in market prices for our products between the date of the sales order and shipment of the product may impact the customer’s ability to obtain letters of credit to cover the full sales amount. A decline in selling prices for our products coupled with customers failing to meet their contractual obligations may also result in a net realizable value adjustment to the average cost of inventory to reflect the lower of cost or fair market value. Additionally, changing prices could potentially impact the volume of raw materials available to us, the volume of ore and processed metal sold by us and inventory levels. The cyclical nature of our businesses tends to reflect and be amplified by changes in general economic conditions, both domestically and internationally.

Risk Factors Related to Our General Operations

The current geographic concentration where we provide services creates an exposure to local economies, regional downturns or severe weather or catastrophic occurrences that may materially adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.

We currently conduct our commodities trading business in Shanghai and Shenzhen. We currently hold all our commodities inventory at the warehouses we rent in Shanghai and Shenzhen. While we have insurance to cover certain losses on those commodities, events such as theft, fire, flood, or hail could adversely impact our business.

In addition, our business is currently more susceptible to regional conditions than the operations of more geographically diversified competitors, and we are vulnerable to economic downturns in those regions. Any unforeseen events or circumstances that negatively affect these areas could materially adversely affect our revenues and profitability. These factors include, among other things, changes in demographics and population. In addition, severe weather conditions, acts of God and other catastrophic occurrences in the area in which we operate or from which we obtain inventory may materially adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations. Such conditions may result in physical damage to our properties and loss of inventory. Any of these factors may disrupt our business and materially adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations. Furthermore, there can be no assurance that we will be able to successfully replicate our business model and achieve levels of success as we enter new geographic markets.

Our failure to maintain a reputation of integrity and to otherwise maintain and enhance our brand could adversely affect our business and results of operations.

Our business model is based on our ability to provide customers with commodities trading that we believe will save them time and money. If we fail to build and maintain a positive reputation, or if an event occurs that damages this reputation, it could adversely affect consumer demand and have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations. Even the perception of a decrease in the quality of our brand could negatively impact results.

Complaints or negative publicity about our business practices, marketing and advertising campaigns, compliance with applicable laws and regulations, the integrity of the data that we provide to users, and other aspects of our business, especially on industry-specific blogs and social media websites, and irrespective of their validity, could diminish consumer confidence in our services and adversely affect our brand. The growing use of social media increases the speed with which information and opinions can be shared and, thus, the speed with which reputation can be affected. If we fail to correct or mitigate misinformation or negative information, including information spread through social media or traditional media channels, about us, the vehicles we offer, our customer experience, or any aspect of our brand, it could have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations.

Failure to adequately protect our intellectual property, technology and confidential information could harm our business and operating results.

Our business depends on our intellectual property, technology and confidential information, the protection of which is crucial to the success of our business. We attempt to protect our intellectual property, technology and confidential information by requiring certain of our employees and consultants to enter into confidentiality agreements and certain third parties to enter into nondisclosure agreements. In addition, these agreements may not effectively prevent unauthorized use or disclosure of our confidential information, intellectual property or technology and may not provide an adequate remedy in the event of unauthorized use or disclosure of our confidential information, intellectual property, or technology. Despite our efforts to protect our intellectual property, unauthorized parties may attempt to copy aspects of our website features, software and functionality or obtain and use information that we consider proprietary. Changes in the law or adverse court rulings may also negatively affect our ability to prevent others from using our technology.

We may be subject to claims asserting that our employees, consultants or advisors have wrongfully used or disclosed alleged trade secrets of their current or former employees or claims asserting ownership of what we regard as our own intellectual property.

Although we try to ensure that our employees, consultants and advisors do not use the proprietary information or know-how of others in their work for us, we may be subject to claims that these individuals or we have used or disclosed intellectual property, including trade secrets or other proprietary information, of any such individual’s current or former employer. Litigation may be necessary to defend against these claims. If we fail in defending any such claims, in addition to paying monetary damages, we may lose valuable intellectual property rights or personnel. Even if we are successful in defending against such claims, litigation could result in substantial costs and be a distraction to management.

In addition, while we intend to require our employees and contractors who may be involved in the conception or development of intellectual property to execute agreements assigning such intellectual property to us, we may be unsuccessful in executing such an agreement with each party who, in fact, conceives or develops intellectual property that we regard as our own. The assignment of intellectual property may not be self-executing or the assignment agreement may be breached, and we may be forced to bring claims against third parties, or defend claims that they may bring against us, to determine the ownership of what we regard as our intellectual property.

We may in the future be subject to intellectual property disputes, which are costly to defend and could harm our business and operating results.

We may, from time to time, face allegations that we have infringed the trademarks, copyrights, patents and other intellectual property rights of third parties. We may be unaware of the intellectual property rights that others may claim cover some or all of our technology or services. Patent and other intellectual property litigation may be protracted and expensive, the results are difficult to predict and may require us to stop offering some features, purchase licenses or modify our products and features while we develop non-infringing substitutes or may result in significant settlement costs.

Even if these matters do not result in litigation, are resolved in our favor or without significant cash settlements, these matters, and the time and resources necessary to litigate or resolve them, could harm our business, our operating results and our reputation.

We may be subject to legal proceedings in the ordinary course of our business. If the outcomes of these proceedings are adverse to us, they could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

We may be subject to various litigation matters from time to time, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition. Claims arising out of actual or alleged violations of law could be asserted against us by individuals, either individually or through class actions, by governmental entities in civil or criminal investigations, and proceedings or by other entities. These claims could be asserted under a variety of laws, including but not limited to consumer finance laws, consumer protection laws, intellectual property laws, privacy laws, labor and employment laws, securities laws and employee benefit laws. These actions could expose us to adverse publicity and to substantial monetary damages and legal defense costs, injunctive relief and criminal and civil fines and penalties, including but not limited to suspension or revocation of licenses to conduct business.

Failure to comply with the United States Foreign Corrupt Practices Act could subject us to penalties and other adverse consequences.

We are subject to the United States Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, or FCPA, which generally prohibits United States companies from engaging in bribery or other prohibited payments to foreign officials for the purpose of obtaining or retaining business. We have implemented these policies through our Code of Conduct. Corruption, extortion, bribery, pay-offs, theft and other fraudulent practices occur from time-to-time in China. While we make every effort to comply with FCPA and our company Code of Conduct, we can make no assurance that our employees or other agents will not engage in such conduct for which we might be held responsible. If our employees or other agents are found to have engaged in such practices, we could suffer severe penalties and other consequences that will likely have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Risks Related to Ownership of our Common Stock

We may not meet certain of Nasdaq Capital Market’s continued listing requirements and other Nasdaq rules. If we are unable to regain compliance, we are likely to be delisted. Delisting could negatively affect the price of our common stock, which could make it more difficult for us to sell securities in a future financing or for you to sell our common stock.  

We are required to meet the continued listing requirements of the Nasdaq Capital Market, or Nasdaq, and other Nasdaq rules, including those regarding director independence and independent committee requirements, minimum stockholders’ equity, minimum share price and certain other corporate governance requirements. If we do not meet these continued listing requirements, our common stock could be delisted. 

On May 15, 2023, we received a notification letter from Nasdaq, referred to herein as the Nasdaq Staff Deficiency Letter, indicating that our minimum bid price per share for our common shares has been below $1.00 for a period of 30 consecutive business days and we did not satisfy the minimum bid price requirement set forth in Nasdaq Listing Rule 5550(a)(2). The Nasdaq Staff Deficiency Letter had no immediate effect on the listing of the Company’s common stock. According to the Nasdaq Listing Rules, the Company has a compliance period of 180 calendar days from the date of the Nasdaq Staff Deficiency Letter, or until November 13, 2023, to regain compliance with Nasdaq’s minimum bid price requirement. If, at any time during this 180-day period, the closing bid price of the Company’s common shares remains at or above $1 for a minimum of 10 consecutive business days, Nasdaq will provide written confirmation of compliance. However, if the Company fails to regain compliance within the 180-day period, it may be granted an additional 180 calendar days, subject to meeting the continued listing requirement for the market value of publicly held shares and all other initial listing standards for Nasdaq, except for Nasdaq Listing Rule 5550(a)(2). In such a case, the Company must also provide a written notice of its intention to cure this deficiency during the second compliance period. 

To regain compliance with the minimum bid price requirement of $1.00 per share of common stock for continued listing on the Nasdaq market, the Company has implemented a reverse stock split with a Nasdaq market effective date as of October 30, 2023. As a result of the reverse stock split, every fifty (50) shares of the Company’s pre-split common stock have been combined into one (1) share of the Company’s post-split common stock, without any change in par value per share. There is no fractional share issued in connection with the reverse stock split and all such fractional shares have been rounded up to the nearest whole number of shares of common stock.

Delisting from the Nasdaq Capital Market would cause us to pursue eligibility for trading of these securities on other markets or exchanges, or on the “pink sheets.” In such case, our stockholders’ ability to trade, or obtain quotations of the market value of our common stock would be severely limited because of lower trading volumes and transaction delays. These factors could contribute to lower prices and larger spreads in the bid and ask prices of these securities. There can be no assurance that our securities, if delisted from the Nasdaq Capital Market in the future, would be listed on a national securities exchange, a national quotation service, the over-the-counter markets or the pink sheets. Delisting from the Nasdaq Capital Market, or even the issuance of a notice of potential delisting, would also result in negative publicity, make it more difficult for us to raise additional capital, adversely affect the market liquidity of our securities, decrease securities analysts’ coverage of us or diminish investor, supplier and employee confidence. 

We do not expect to declare or pay dividends in the foreseeable future.

We do not expect to declare or pay dividends in the foreseeable future, as we anticipate that we will invest future earnings in the development and growth of our business. Therefore, holders of our Common Stock will not receive any return on their investment unless they sell their securities, and holders may be unable to sell their securities on favorable terms or at all.

Future issuances of our Common Stock or securities convertible into, or exercisable or exchangeable for, our common stock (“Securities”), or the expiration of lock-up agreements that restrict the issuance of new Common Stock or the trading of outstanding Common Stock, could cause the market price of our Common Stock to decline and would result in the dilution of your holdings.

Future issuances of our Securities, or the expiration of lock-up agreements that restrict the issuance of new Common Stock or the trading of outstanding Common Stock, could cause the market price of our Common Stock to decline. We cannot predict the effect, if any, of future issuances of our Securities, or the future expirations of lock-up agreements, on the price of our Common Stock. In all events, future issuances of our Common Stock would result in the dilution of your holdings. In addition, the perception that new issuances of our Securities could occur, or the perception that locked-up parties will sell their securities when the lock-ups expire, could adversely affect the market price of our Common Stock. In addition to any adverse effects that may arise upon the expiration of these lock-up agreements, the lock-up provisions in these agreements may be waived, at any time and without notice. If the restrictions under the lock-up agreements are waived, our Common Stock may become available for resale, subject to applicable law, including without notice, which could reduce the market price for our Common Stock.

Our common stock may be thinly traded and our stockholders may be unable to sell at or near ask prices or at all if they need to sell their shares to raise money or otherwise desire to liquidate their shares.

Our Common Stock may be “thinly-traded”, meaning that the number of persons interested in purchasing our Common Stock at or near bid prices at any given time may be relatively small or non-existent. This situation may be attributable to a number of factors, including the fact that we are a small company which is relatively unknown to stock analysts, stock brokers, institutional investors and others in the investment community that generate or influence sales volume, and that even if we came to the attention of such persons, they tend to be risk-averse and might be reluctant to follow an unproven company such as ours or purchase or recommend the purchase of our shares until such time as we became more seasoned. As a consequence, there may be periods of several days or more when trading activity in our shares is minimal or non-existent, as compared to a seasoned issuer which has a large and steady volume of trading activity that will generally support continuous sales without an adverse effect on share price. Broad or active public trading market for our Common Stock may not develop or be sustained.

The market price for our common stock may be volatile and subject to wide fluctuations due to factors such as:

In addition, the securities market has from time to time experienced significant price and volume fluctuations that are not related to the operating performance of particular companies. These market fluctuations may also materially and adversely affect the market price of our common stock.

Volatility in our common stock price may subject us to securities litigation.

The market for our common stock may have, when compared to seasoned issuers, significant price volatility and we expect that our share price may continue to be more volatile than that of a seasoned issuer for the indefinite future. In the past, plaintiffs have often initiated securities class action litigation against a company following periods of volatility in the market price of its securities. We may, in the future, be the target of similar litigation. Securities litigation could result in substantial costs and liabilities and could divert management’s attention and resources.

Provisions in our by-laws and Delaware laws might discourage, delay or prevent a change of control of our company or changes in our management and, therefore, depress the trading price of our common stock.

Provisions of our by-laws and Delaware laws may discourage, delay or prevent a merger, acquisition or other change in control that stockholders may consider favorable, including transactions in which you might otherwise receive a premium for your shares of our common stock. These provisions may also prevent or frustrate attempts by our stockholders to replace or remove our management. These provisions include:

In addition, we are subject to Section 203 of the Delaware General Corporation Law, which generally prohibits a Delaware corporation from engaging in any of a broad range of business combinations with an interested stockholder for a period of three years following the date on which the stockholder became an interested stockholder, unless such transactions are approved by our board of directors. The existence of the foregoing provisions and anti-takeover measures could limit the price that investors might be willing to pay in the future for shares of our common stock. They could also deter potential acquirers of our company, thereby reducing the likelihood that you could receive a premium for your common stock in an acquisition.

We have identified material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting, and we cannot provide assurances that these weaknesses will be effectively remediated or that additional material weaknesses will not occur in the future. If our internal control over financial reporting or our disclosure controls and procedures are not effective, we may not be able to accurately report our financial results, prevent fraud or file our periodic reports in a timely manner, which may cause investors to lose confidence in our reported financial information and which may lead to a decline in our stock price.

Our management has identified material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting, which were not remediated as of the date of this report. A material weakness is a deficiency, or a combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of the registrant’s annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis. While we are implementing remediation procedures, there can be no assurance that we will be able to fully remediate our existing material weaknesses or that our internal control over financial reporting will not suffer in the future from other material weaknesses, thus making us unable to prevent or detect on a timely basis material misstatement in our periodic reports with the SEC. If we fail to remediate these material weaknesses or otherwise maintain effective internal control over financial reporting in the future, the existence of one or more internal control deficiencies could result in errors in our financial statements, and substantial costs and resources may be required to rectify internal control deficiencies. If we cannot produce reliable financial reports, we may have difficulty in filing timely periodic reports with the SEC, investors could lose confidence in our reported financial information, the market price of our stock could decline significantly, we may be unable to obtain additional financing to operate and expand our business, and our business and financial condition could be materially harmed. In addition, any failure to remediate the existing material weaknesses or a failure to maintain effective internal control over financial reporting could negatively impact our results of operations, cash flows and financial condition, subject us to potential litigation and regulatory inquiry and cause us to incur additional costs in future periods relating to the implementation of remedial measures.

Matters relating to or arising from the restatements, Audit Committee investigation and the associated material weaknesses identified in our internal control over financial reporting, including adverse publicity, have caused us to incur significant legal, accounting and other professional fees and other costs, have exposed us to greater risks associated with other civil litigation, regulatory proceedings and government enforcement actions, have diverted resources and attention that would otherwise be directed toward our operations and implementation of our business strategy and may impact our ability to attract and retain customers, employees and vendors, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. 

General Risk Factors

Our business, results of operations and financial condition may be adversely affected by global public health epidemics, including the strain of coronavirus known as COVID-19.

Our business could be adversely affected by the effects of health pandemics or epidemics, including the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, the evolution of which continues to be uncertain. We have taken temporary precautionary measures intended to help minimize the risk of the virus to our employees, our customers, which could negatively impact our business. As a result of COVID-19, we incurred increased costs for our operations, performed our operations remotely and experienced difficulty in recruiting personnel.

In addition, with the extended Chinese business shutdowns that resulted from the outbreak of COVID-19, we may experience delays or the inability to service our customers on a timely basis in our commodities trading business. The disruptions to our supply chain and business operations, or to our suppliers’ or customers’ supply chains and business operations, could include disruptions from the closure of our interruptions in the supply of commodities, personnel absences, and delivery and storage of commodities, any of which could have adverse ripple effects on our commodities trading business. If we need to close any of our facilities or a critical number of our employees become too ill to work, our ability to provide our products and services to our customers could be materially adversely affected in a rapid manner. Similarly, if our customers experience adverse business consequences due to COVID-19, or any other pandemic, demand for our products and services could also be materially adversely affected in a rapid manner. Global health concerns, such as COVID-19, could also result in social, economic, and labor instability in the localities in which we or our suppliers and customers operate within China. 

The elimination of monetary liability against our directors, officers and employees under our certificate of incorporation and the existence of indemnification of our directors, officers and employees under Delaware law may result in substantial expenditures by us and may discourage lawsuits against our directors, officers and employees.

Our certificate of incorporation contains provisions which eliminate the liability of our directors for monetary damages to us and our stockholders to the maximum extent permitted under the corporate laws of Delaware. We may also provide contractual indemnification obligations under agreements with our directors, officers and employees. These indemnification obligations could result in our incurring substantial expenditures to cover the cost of settlement or damage awards against directors, officers and employees, which we may be unable to recoup. These provisions and resultant costs may also discourage us from bringing a lawsuit against directors, officers and employees for breach of their fiduciary duties, and may similarly discourage the filing of derivative litigation by our shareholders against our directors, officers and employees even though such actions, if successful, might otherwise benefit the Company and our shareholders.

We expect that we will require additional debt and equity capital to pursue our business objectives and respond to business opportunities, challenges and/or unforeseen circumstances. If such capital is not available to us, or is not available on favorable terms, our business, operating results and financial condition may be harmed.

We expect that we will require additional capital to pursue our business objectives and respond to business opportunities, challenges and/or unforeseen circumstances, including to increase our marketing expenditures in order to improve our brand awareness, build our non-ferrous metal inventory, develop new customers, enhance our operating infrastructure and acquire complementary technologies. Accordingly, we may need to engage in equity, debt or other types of financings to secure additional funds. Additional funds may not be available when we need them on terms that are acceptable to us, or at all. In addition, any debt financing that we secure in the future could involve restrictive covenants which may make it more difficult for us to obtain additional capital and to pursue business opportunities.

Volatility in the credit markets may also have an adverse effect on our ability to obtain debt financing. If we raise additional funds through further issuances of equity or convertible debt securities, our existing stockholders could suffer significant dilution, and any new equity securities we issue could have rights, preferences and privileges superior to those of our Common Stock. If we are unable to obtain adequate financing or financing on terms satisfactory to us when we require it, our ability to continue to pursue our business objectives and to respond to business opportunities, challenges or unforeseen circumstances could be significantly limited, and our business, operating results, financial condition and prospects could be adversely affected.

Increasing scrutiny and changing expectations from investors, lenders, customers, and other market participants with respect to our Environmental, Social and Governance (“ESG”) policies and activities may impose additional costs on us or expose us to additional risks.

Companies across all industries and around the globe are facing increasing scrutiny relating to their ESG policies, initiatives and activities by investors, lenders, customers, and other market participants. In the U.S., amongst other regulatory efforts, in March 2021, the SEC announced the creation of a Climate and ESG Task Force in the Division of Enforcement and in March 2022, the SEC proposed rules that would require public companies to disclose certain climate-related information in periodic filings with the SEC. Our disclosures on these matters or a failure to satisfy evolving stakeholder expectations for ESG practices and reporting may potentially harm our reputation and impact employee retention and access to capital. In addition, our failure, or perceived failure, to pursue or fulfill our goals, targets, and objectives or to satisfy various reporting standards within the timelines we announce, or at all, could expose us to government enforcement actions and private litigation.

We expect regulatory requirements related to ESG matters to continue to expand globally and increase our costs of compliance. Our ability to achieve any goal or objective, including with respect to environmental and diversity initiatives and compliance with ESG reporting standards, is subject to numerous risks, many of which are outside of our control. Examples of such risks include the availability and cost of technologies and products that meet sustainability, evolving regulatory requirements affecting ESG standards or disclosures, our ability to recruit, develop, and retain diverse talent in our labor markets, and our ability to develop reporting processes and controls that comply with evolving standards for identifying, measuring and reporting ESG metrics. As ESG best-practices, reporting standards, and disclosure requirements continue to develop, we may incur increasing costs related to maintaining or achieving our ESG goals in addition to ESG monitoring and reporting. We risk damage to our brand and reputation, impacts to our ability to secure government contracts, or limited access to capital markets and loans if we fail to adapt to, or comply with, investor, lender, customer or other stakeholder expectations and standards and potential government regulation with respect to ESG matters, including in areas such as diversity and inclusion, environmental stewardship, support for local communities and corporate governance and transparency.

Our business could be negatively impacted by the inflationary pressures which may decrease our operating margins and increase working capital investments required to operate our business.

The U.S. economy has experienced rising inflation in 2022. A sustained increase in inflation may continue to increase our costs for labor, services, and materials. Further our customers face inflationary pressures and resulting impacts, such as the tight labor market and supply chain disruptions. The rate and scope of these various inflationary factors may increase our operating costs and capital expenditures materially, which may not be readily recoverable in the prices of our services and may have an adverse effect on our costs, operating margins, results of operations and financial condition. Additionally, Federal Reserve policies to combat inflationary pressures, including the significant increases in prevailing interest rates that occurred during 2022 as a result of the 425 aggregate basis point increase in the federal funds rate, and the associated macroeconomic impact on slowdown in economic growth, could negatively impact our business.

Our information systems or data, or those of our service providers or customers or users could be subject to cyber-attacks or other security incidents, which could result in data breaches, intellectual property theft, claims, litigation, regulatory investigations, significant liability, reputational damage and other adverse consequences.

We have continued to expand our information technology systems as our operations grow. While we maintain information technology measures designed to protect us against intellectual property theft, data breaches, sabotage and other external or internal cyber-attacks or misappropriation, our systems and those of our service providers are potentially vulnerable to malware, ransomware, viruses, denial-of-service attacks, phishing attacks, social engineering, computer hacking, unauthorized access, exploitation of bugs, defects and vulnerabilities, breakdowns, damage, interruptions, system malfunctions, power outages, terrorism, acts of vandalism, security breaches, security incidents, inadvertent or intentional actions by employees or other third parties, and other cyber-attacks. To the extent any security incident results in unauthorized access or damage to or acquisition, use, corruption, loss, destruction, alteration or dissemination of our data, it could disrupt our business, harm our reputation, compel us to comply with applicable data breach notification laws, subject us to time consuming, distracting and expensive litigation, regulatory investigation and oversight, mandatory corrective action, require us to verify the correctness of database contents, or otherwise subject us to liability under laws, regulations and contractual obligations, including those that protect the privacy and security of personal information. This could result in increased costs to us and result in significant legal and financial exposure and/or reputational harm.

We also rely on service providers, and similar incidents relating to their information technology systems could also have a material adverse effect on our business. Our service providers, including our workforce management software provider, may be subject to ransomware and other security incidents, and we cannot guarantee that our or our service providers’ systems have not been breached or that they do not contain exploitable defects, bugs, or vulnerabilities that could result in a security incident, or other disruption to, our or our service providers’ systems. Our ability to monitor our service providers’ security measures is limited, and, in any event, malicious third parties may be able to circumvent those security measures.

Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments.

None.

Item 1C. Cybersecurity

Information technology systems, including our website, email system, and various other online processes and functions, are critical to our business and operations. The Company faces risks associated with cybersecurity, including operational interruptions, financial losses, personal information leakage and non-compliance risks. For additional details on risks from cybersecurity threats, please refer to “Item 1A. Risk Factors — We are subject to a variety of laws and regulations regarding cybersecurity and data protection, and any failure to comply with applicable laws and regulations, including improper use or appropriation of personal information provided directly or indirectly by our customers or end users, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.”

We employed email correspondence anti-leakage software and firewall system to our website. We have not identified any cybersecurity incidents or threats that have materially affected us or are reasonably likely to materially affect us, including our business strategy, results of operations or financial condition. Nevertheless, the changes in our business and operations may impact our cybersecurity program in the future.

We will leverage internal and external resources to support our cyber risk management efforts, such as vulnerability assessments, and employee cybersecurity awareness training. We will engage the services of external information security service providers to help support our information technology environment, assist with security monitoring, and help us draft and implement information security policies when necessary and/or appropriate. Further, we will utilize third parties to help us monitor issues that are internally discovered or externally reported that may materially affect our website and email systems, and we have processes to assess the potential cybersecurity impact or risk of these issues.

The Audit Committee of our Board of Directors (the “Audit Committee”) oversees risks pertaining to cybersecurity. The Chief Operating Officer regularly reports to the Audit Committee, and directly to the Board of Directors, as appropriate, on the state of our cybersecurity program and provides updates on cybersecurity matters.

Item 2. Description of Property.

Our principal executive offices are located at 139, Xinzhou 11th Street, Futian District, Shenzhen, Guangdong, PRC 518000, where we leased approximately 476.04 square feet of office space pursuant to a lease agreement, which lasts from December 1, 2022 to November 30, 2024 with an annual rent in the amount of RMB1.37 million (approximately US0.2 million).

We do not own any real property or have any land use rights.

Item 3. Legal Proceedings.

None.

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures.

Not applicable.

PART II

Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities.

Market Information

Our common stock is currently listed on the NASDAQ Capital Market under the symbol “BYU.”

Recent Sales of Unregistered Securities

During the period covered by this annual report, there were no sales by us of unregistered securities that were not previously reported by us in a Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q or Current Report on Form 8-K.

Holders

We had 298 holders of record of our common stock as of the date of this annual report.

Dividends

We did not declare or pay any dividend in 2023 and do not plan to do so in the foreseeable future. Although we intend to retain our earnings, if any, to finance the growth of our business, our board of directors will have the discretion to declare and pay dividends in the future, subject to applicable PRC regulations and restrictions as described below. Future payment of dividends will depend upon our earnings, capital requirements, and other factors, which our board of directors may deem relevant.

In addition, due to various restrictions under PRC laws on the distribution of dividends by WFOE, we may not be able to pay dividends to our stockholders. The Foreign Investment Law of the PRC, as amended, its Implementing Rules and the Company Law of the PRC, as amended, contain the principal regulations governing dividend distributions of wholly foreign-owned enterprises. Under these regulations, wholly foreign-owned enterprises may pay dividends only out of their accumulated profits, if any, determined in accordance with PRC accounting standards and regulations. Additionally, such companies are required to set aside a certain amount of their accumulated profits each year, if any, for certain reserve funds. Our accumulated reserve funds now reach and remain above 50% of the registered capital amount. These reserves are not distributable as cash dividends except in the event of liquidation and cannot be used for working capital purposes. Furthermore, if our subsidiaries and affiliates in China incur debt on their own in the future, the instruments governing the debt may restrict its ability to pay dividends or make other payments. If we or our subsidiaries and affiliates are unable to receive all of the revenues from our operations through the current contractual arrangements, we may be unable to pay dividends on our common stock.

Item 6. [Reserved].

Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

Overview

As of December 31, 2023, the Company had two business lines, which are the commodities trading business and supply chain management services.  

Commodities Trading Business

The commodity trading business primarily involves purchasing non-ferrous metal products, such as aluminum ingots, copper, silver, and gold, from metal and mineral suppliers and then selling to customers. In connection with the Company’s commodity sales, in order to help customers to obtain sufficient funds to purchase various metal products and also help metal and mineral suppliers to sell their metal products, the Company launched its supply chain management service in December 2019. The Company primarily generates revenues from bulk non-ferrous commodity products, and from providing related supply chain management services in the PRC.

The Company sources bulk commodity products from non-ferrous metal and mines or its designated distributors and then sells to manufacturers who need these metals in large quantities. The Company works with suppliers in the sourcing of commodities. Major suppliers include various metal and mineral suppliers such as Kunsteel Group, Baosteel Group, Aluminum Corporate of China Limited, Yunnan Benyuan, Yunnan Tin, and Shanghai Copper. The Company’s target customers include large infrastructure companies such as China National Electricity, Datang Power, China Aluminum Foshan International Trade, Tooke Investment (China), CSSC International Trade Co., Ltd., Shenye Group, and Keliyuan. 

Supply Chain Management Services

We offer a distribution service to bulk suppliers of precious metals by acting as a sales intermediary, procuring small to medium-sized buyers through our own professional sales team and channels and distributing to them the bulk precious metals of the suppliers. Upon the execution of a purchase order from our sourced buyers, we charge the suppliers with a commission fee ranging from 1% to 2% of the distribution order, depending on the size of the order. For the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company earned commodity distribution commission fees of $67,981 from facilitating such sales transactions with nine third party customers. For the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company earned commodity distribution commission fees of $1,391,903 from facilitating such sales transactions with twenty third party customers. 

Competition

The Company mainly competes against other large domestic commodity metal product trading service providers such as Xiamen International Trade and Yijian Shares. Currently, the principal competitive factors in the non-ferrous metal commodities trading business are price, product availability, quantity, service, and financing terms for purchases and sales of commodities. 

Applicable Government Regulations

Shenzhen Baiyu Jucheng has obtained all material approvals, permits, licenses and certificates required for our metal product trading operations, including registrations from the local business and administrative department authorizing the purchase of raw materials.

Recent developments

The Company settled the convertible promissory notes issued on March 13, 2023 in favor of Streeterville Capital, LLC, of $150,000 on February 1, 2024, and $150,000 on February 15, 2024, respectively, and issued 160,174 and 152,650 shares of the Company’s common stock to Streeterville Capital, LLC on February 1, 2024 and February 15, 2024, respectively.

Key Factors Affecting Our Results of Operation

The commodities trading industry is also experiencing decreasing demand as a result of China’s overall economic slowdown. We expect competition in commodities trading business to persist and intensify.

We have a limited operating history having just started our commodities trading business in late December 2019. We believe our future success depends on our ability to significantly increase sales as well as maintain profitability from our operations. Our limited operating history makes it difficult to evaluate our business and future prospects. You should consider our future prospects in light of the risks and challenges encountered by a company with a limited operating history in an emerging and rapidly evolving industry. These risks and challenges include, among other things,

Our business requires a significant amount of capital in large part due to needing to purchase a bulk volume of commodities, and expand our business in existing markets and to additional markets where we currently do not have operations.

Results of Operations

Year Ended December 31, 2023 as Compared to Year Ended December 31, 2022

Revenue

For the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 we generated revenue from the following two sources, including (1) revenue from sales of commodity products and (2) revenue from supply chain management services. Total revenue decreased by $22,209,234 or 14% from $156,835,301 for the year ended December 31, 2022 to $134,626,067 for the year ended December 31, 2023 among which revenue from commodity trading, supply chain management services for 99.9% and 0.1%, respectively, of our total revenue for the year ended December 31, 2023. The decrease of revenue from sales of commodity products is mainly due to the decrease in the average unit sales price of zinc ingots from $3.58 per kilogram for the year ended December 31, 2022 to $3.07 per kilogram for the year ended December 31, 2023, and the annual consumption of zinc plating in China for the year ended December 31,2023 was about 4,930,000 tons, down from 4,980,000 tons for the year ended December 31, 2022.

(1) Revenue from sales of commodity products

For the year ended December 31, 2023 the Company sold non-ferrous metals to twenty-three third party customers at fixed prices, and earned revenues of $134,558,086 when the product ownership was transferred to its customers.

For the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company sold non-ferrous metals to twenty-nine third party customers at fixed prices, and earned revenues of $155,443,398 when the product ownership was transferred to its customers.

(2) Revenue from supply chain management services

In connection with the Company’s commodity sales, in order to help customers to obtain sufficient funds to purchase various metal products and also help metal and mineral suppliers sell their metal products, the Company launched its supply chain management service business in December 2019, which primarily consisted of commodity distribution services.

Commodity distribution service fees

The Company utilizes its strong sales and marketing expertise and customer network to introduce customers to large metal and mineral suppliers, and facilitate the metal product sales between the suppliers and the customers. The Company merely acts as an agent in this type of transaction and earns a commission fee based on the percentage of volume of metal products that customers purchase.

Commodity distribution service fees are recognized as revenue when the Company successfully facilitates the sales transactions between the suppliers and the customers. For the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company earned commodity distribution commission fees of $67,981 from third party vendors compared with $1,391,903 for the year ended December 31, 2022. The decrease was primarily due to a contraction in market demand which has been reflected across the industry. It’s important to note that while the revenue from these commissions has seen a reduction, this part of our business contributes a minor share to our overall financial portfolio and is subject to normal market fluctuations.

Cost of revenue

Our cost of revenue primarily includes cost of revenue associated with commodity product sales and cost of revenue associated with management services of supply chain. Total cost of revenue decreased by $20,981,503 or 13% from $155,797,044 for the year ended December 31, 2022 to $134,815,541 for the year ended December 31, 2023, primarily due to an decrease of $21,033,096 in cost of revenue associated with commodity product sales. The cost of revenue increased is in accordance to the decrease in sales.

Cost of revenue associated with commodity trading 

Cost of revenue primarily consists of purchase costs of non-ferrous metal products.

For the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company purchased non-ferrous metal products of $134,756,423 from twenty-three third party vendors.

For the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company purchased non-ferrous metal products of $155,789,519 from twenty-nine third party vendors.

Selling, general, and administrative expenses

Selling, general and administrative expenses increased from $8,844,739 for the year ended December 31, 2022 to $16,591,688 for the year ended December 31, 2023, representing an increase of $7,746,949, or 88%. Selling, general and administrative expenses primarily consisted of salary and employee benefits, office rental expense, amortizations of intangible assets and convertible promissory notes, professional service fees and finance offering related fees. The increase was mainly attributable to (1) amortization of intangible assets of $7,967,272 for the year ended December 31, 2023 as compared to $4,630,169 for the year ended December 31, 2022 and (2) In June 2023, the Company issued under its 2023 Stock Incentive Plan a total of 220,000 shares of common stock to employees, and recorded $5,688,000 in stock-based compensation expenses for the year ended December 31, 2023. 

Share-based payment for service

On December 16, 2022, the Company issued 300,000 shares of the Company’s common stock as compensation to a settlement and mutual release agreement with White Lion Capital, LLC, a Nevada limited liability company, and recognized $324,000 share-based payment for service to profit. and charged back $280,000 share-based payment for service to profit to a PR service provider.

Interest income

Interest income was primarily generated from loans made to third parties and related parties. For the year ended December 31, 2023, interest income was $20,103,265 representing an increase of $3,068,065, or 18% from $17,035,200 for the year ended December 31, 2022. The increase was due to the growth of loans made to third party vendors for the year ended December 31, 2023. The balance of loan receivables was $240.43 million as of December 2023 which was $97.26 million higher than that at December 31,2022.

Amortization of beneficial conversion feature and relative fair value of warrants relating to the issuance of convertible promissory notes

For the year ended December 31, 2023, the item represented the amortization of beneficial conversion feature of $982,961 of the three convertible promissory notes issued on May 6, 2022 and March 13, 2023. 

For the year ended December 31, 2022, the item represented the amortization of beneficial conversion feature of $1,212,617 of the three convertible promissory notes issued on March 4, 2021, October 4, 2021 and May 6, 2022.

Cash Flows and Capital Resources

We have financed our operations primarily through shareholder contributions, cash flow from operations, borrowings from third parties and related parties, and equity financing through private placement and public offerings of our securities.

As reflected in the accompanying audited consolidated financial statements, for the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company reported cash inflows of $9,547,516 from operating activities. As of December 31, 2023, the Company positive working capital of $220,579,894.  

During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company entered into additional private placement agreements with certain private investors and issued 700,000 shares of common stock for $42,350,000, 560,000 shares of common stock for $9,800,000, and 15,000,000 shares of common stock for $31,350,000, respectively, and sold unsecured senior convertible promissory notes in the aggregate principal amount of $3,000,000. In June 2023, the Company issued under its 2023 Stock Incentive Plan a total of 220,000 shares of common stock to employees for $5,688,000. 

The total gross proceeds from these transactions were $92.82 million. The Company expects to use the proceeds from the equity financing as working capital to expand its commodity trading business. 

Based on the foregoing capital market activities, the management believes that the Company will continue as a going concern in the following 12 months.

Statement of Cash Flows

The following table sets forth a summary of our cash flows. For the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively:

Net Cash Provided by Operating Activities

During the year ended December 31, 2023, we had a cash inflow from operating activities of $9,547,516, an increase of $5,212,157 from a cash inflow of $4,335,359 for the year ended December 31, 2022. We incurred a net loss for the year ended December 31, 2023 of $2,266,325, a decrease of $6,519,862 from the year ended December 31, 2022, during which we recorded a net loss of $4,253,537.

In addition to the change in profitability, the increase in net cash provided by operating activities was the result of several factors, including: (1) non cash effects adjustments, including amortization of intangible assets of $7,967,272 due to the larger cost of intangible assets of the subsidiary acquired in October 2022, amortization of beneficial conversion feature of convertible promissory notes of $1,059,198, amortization of discount on convertible promissory notes of $350,000, and interest expenses for convertible promissory notes of $517,498; (2) an increase of $2,673,934 of advances from customers due to account into revenue; (3) an increase of $2,669,689 due to Prepayments to suppliers increased; (4) an increase of $1,971,249 of other current assets due to the interest receivables increased and (5) an increase of $1,295,505 of other current liabilities.

Net Cash Used in Investing Activities 

Net cash used in investing activities for the year ended December 31, 2023 was $100,086,699 as compared to net cash used in investing activities of $125,537,746 for the year ended December 31, 2022. 

The cash used in investing activities for the year ended December 31, 2023 was mainly for the loans disbursed to third parties of $136,181,479, collected loans from third partis of $36,028,836. 

Net Cash Provided by Financing Activities

During the year ended December 31, 2023, the cash provided by financing activities was mainly attributable to cash raised from certain private placement, specifically, the Company entered into certain private placement agreements with certain private investors and issued 700,000 shares of common stock for $42,350,000, 560,000 shares of common stock for $9,800,000, and 15,000,000 shares of common stock for $31,350,000, respectively, and sold unsecured senior convertible promissory notes in the aggregate principal amount of $3,000,000. In June 2023, the Company issued under its 2023 Stock Incentive Plan a total of 220,000 shares of common stock to employees for $5,688,000. 

Contractual Obligations

As of December 31, 2023, the Company had one lease arrangement with an unrelated third party. The lease term was within 23 months, which will be due in November 2024. As of the date of this report, the Company cannot reasonably assess whether it will renew the lease term. The lease commitment was as following table: 

We do not have any off-balance sheet arrangements as of December 31, 2023.

Critical Accounting Policies

Please refer to Note 2 of the Consolidated Financial Statements included in this Form 10-K for details of our critical accounting policies.

Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.

Not applicable.

Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.

Our consolidated financial statements and notes thereto and the report of Enrome LLP, our independent registered public accounting firm for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023, and the report of Audit Alliance LLP, our independent registered public accounting firm for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022, respectively, are set forth on pages F-1 through F-38 of this report.

Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure.

None.

Item 9A. Controls and Procedures.

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

Based on an evaluation under the supervision and with the participation of the Company’s management, the Company’s principal executive officer and principal financial officer have concluded that the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act were not effective as of December 31, 2023 to provide reasonable assurance that information required to be disclosed by the Company in reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is (i) recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) rules and forms, and (ii) accumulated and communicated to the Company’s management, including its principal executive officer and principal financial officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.  

Inherent Limitations over Internal Controls

The Company’s internal control over financial reporting is designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with U.S. GAAP. The Company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that:

Management, including the Company’s principal executive officer and principal financial officer, does not expect that the Company’s internal controls will prevent or detect all errors and all fraud. A control system, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the control system are met. Further, the design of a control system must reflect the fact that there are resource constraints, and the benefits of controls must be considered relative to their costs. Because of the inherent limitations in all control systems, no evaluation of internal controls can provide absolute assurance that all control issues and instances of fraud, if any, have been detected. Also, any evaluation of the effectiveness of controls in future periods are subject to the risk that those internal controls may become inadequate because of changes in business conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting

Our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and our Chief Financial Officer, has assessed the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) of the Exchange Act as of December 31, 2023. Our internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of our financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with U.S. GAAP and includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of our company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of consolidated financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP, and that receipts and expenditures of our company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of our management and directors; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of the unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of our company’s assets that could have a material effect on the consolidated financial statements. Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting to future periods are subject to the risks that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

In making this assessment, management used the criteria set forth by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO 2013) in Internal Control-Integrated Framework. Our Management believes that, as of December 31, 2023, our internal control over financial reporting was not effective based on those criteria.

A “material weakness” is defined under the SEC rules as a deficiency, or a combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of a company’s annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis by our internal controls. A significant deficiency is a deficiency, or a combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting that is less severe than a material weakness; yet important enough to merit attention by those responsible for oversight of the Company’s financial reporting.

As a result of its review, management concluded that we had material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting process consisting of the following:

Certain personnel primarily responsible for the preparation of our financial statements require additional requisite levels of knowledge, experience and training in the application of U.S. GAAP commensurate with our financial reporting requirements. The management thought that in light of the inexperience of our accounting staff with respect to the requirements of U.S. GAAP-based reporting and SEC rules and regulations, we did not maintain effective controls and did not implement adequate and proper supervisory review to ensure that significant internal control deficiencies can be detected or prevented.

Management’s assessment of the control deficiency over accounting and finance personnel as of December 31, 2023 including:

Based on the above factors, management concluded that the control deficiency over accounting and finance personnel was the material weaknesses as of December 31, 2023, as our accounting staff continues to lack sufficient U.S. GAAP experience and requires further substantial training.

Management Plan to Remediate Material Weaknesses

We expect to implement the following measures in 2024 to continue to remediate the material weaknesses identified:

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

The Company tried to make some changes (excluding corrective actions with regard to significant deficiencies or material weaknesses) in our internal control over financial reporting during the fourth quarter of 2023 that have materially affected or are reasonably likely to materially affect our internal control over financial reporting.

Item 9B. Other Information.

During the quarter ended December 31, 2023, none of the Company’s officers (as defined in Rule 16a-1(f) under the Exchange Act, as amended) or directors adopted, modified, or terminated a “Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement” or a “non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement”, as each term is defined in Item 408(a) of Regulation S-K under the Exchange Act.

Item 9C. Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections.

Not Applicable.

PART III

Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance.

Executive Officers, Key Employees and Directors

The following table sets forth certain information concerning our executive officers, key employees, and directors:

The biographies of our current directors and officers are set forth below.

Ms. Renmei Ouyang has served as the Chief Executive Officer (“CEO”) of the Company since January 9, 2020. From October 17, 2019 to January 9, 2020, Ms. Ouyang has served as the chief operating officer of the Company. Ms. Ouyang has served as the chairwoman of Tongdaw Group from 2011 to September 2019. She was the founder of Tongdaw E-Commerce in 2011. Ms. Ouyang was the founder of Zhonghui Daoming Group in 2006. She has served as the foreign exchange trading manager of CITIC Group, the deputy general manager in investment banking department of Beijing Securities, and the managing director of the international department of First Venture Securities. She holds a bachelor’s degree in statistics from Renmin University of China and a master’s degree in international finance from Peking University.

Mr. Wenhao Cui, served as the finance director of Tongdao E-commerce Group Limited (hereinafter referred to as “Tongdao Group”) from August 2018 until September 9, 2023. From March 2016 to July 2018, Mr. Cui served as Supervisor of the Finance Department Shenzhen Color Life Services Group Co., LTD. (HKEX: 01778). From March 2015 to February 2016, Mr. Cui worked as a financial assistant in Dongguan Yinji Group Co., LTD. Mr. Cui graduated from Jinan University in Guangdong, China. Mr. Cui entered into an employment agreement with the Company, which sets his annual compensation at $30,000 and establishes other terms and conditions governing his service to the Company.

Mr. Xiangjun Wang has served as a member of the Board since December 14, 2020 and as a partner and practicing lawyer of Beijing Junzejun (Shenzhen) Law Firm since 2010. From 2008 to 2010, he practiced as a lawyer of Guangdong Shenpeng Law Firm. Mr. Wang served as the managing director of Shenzhen investment banking department of Pacific Securities Co., Ltd. from 2006 to 2008. He served as the deputy general manager of Ruigu Technology (Shenzhen) Co., Ltd. from 2003 to 2006. From 1999 to 2003, Mr. Wang worked in the supply chain management department and legal department of Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. He is a licensed attorney and also a certified public accountant in China. Mr. Wang obtained his bachelor’s degree in theory of mechanical system and applied mechanics from Lanzhou University and his master’s degree in solid mechanics from Lanzhou University in 1999.

Mr. Heung Ming (Henry) Wong was the independent non-executive director of Shifang Holding Limited (SEHK: 1831) and Raffles Interiors Limited (SEHK: 1376) since November 8, 2010 and March 30, 2020 respectively. Both companies are listed on the Main Board of the Hong Kong Stock Exchange. Mr. Wong has more than 27 years of experience in finance, accounting, internal controls and corporate governance in the United States, Singapore, China and Hong Kong. Prior to that, Mr. Wong was the chief financial officer of a Nasdaq listed Company, Meten EdtechX Education Group Ltd (NASDAQ: METX) from June 2020 to March 2021. Mr. Wong was also the chief financial officer and senior finance executive of various companies including being the chief financial officer of the Frontier Services Group Limited, a company listed on the Main Board of the Stock Exchange (stock code: 0500) and the chief financial officer of Beijing Oriental Yuhong Waterproof Technology Co., Ltd., the leading waterproof materials manufacturer in China and a company listed on the Shenzhen Stock Exchange (SZSE: 2271). Mr. Wong began his career in an international accounting firm and moved along in audit fields by taking some senior positions both in internal and external audits including being a senior manager and a manager in PricewaterhouseCoopers, Beijing office and Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu, Hong Kong, respectively. Mr. Wong graduated from City University of Hong Kong in 1993 with a bachelor’s degree in accountancy and also obtained a master’s degree in electronic commerce from The Open University of Hong Kong in 2003. He is a fellow member of the Association of Chartered Certified Accountants and the Hong Kong Institute of Certified Public Accountants.

Mr. Donghong Xiong has served as the managing director of Synergetic Innovation Fund Management Co., LTD. since 2014. He served as the M&A general manager at Shanghai Search Media Group from 2007 to 2013. Mr. Xiong holds a bachelor’s degree in philosophy from Sun Yat-Sen University and also received his MBA and PhD in scientific philosophy from Sun Yat-Sen University.

Director Independence

Our Board reviewed the materiality of any relationship that each of our directors has with us, either directly or indirectly. Based on this review, it is determined that Heung Ming (Henry) Wong, Xiangjun Wang and Donghong Xiong are “independent directors” as defined by NASDAQ.

Committees of the Board of Directors