BRUSSELS--The European Union on Wednesday accused Russian energy giant OAO Gazprom of raising barriers to competition in the gas markets of central and Eastern Europe, in a move that risks deepening a rift with Moscow.

The charges come a week after the EU issued formal antitrust charges against another giant company, U.S. search giant Google Inc., over its alleged abuse of dominance of online search in Europe.

"All companies that operate in the European market--no matter if they are European or not--have to play by our EU rules," the bloc's antitrust chief Margrethe Vestager said in a statement.

The Gazprom investigation, which began 2 1/2 years ago, had been moving toward a settlement early last year, but stalled after Russia's annexation of Crimea in March last year. EU officials had worried that filing charges against the Russian company would be interpreted by the Kremlin as a political act.

Write to Tom Fairless at tom.fairless@wsj.com and Gabriele Steinhauser at gabriele.steinhauser@wsj.com

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