Heavy discounting and slow traffic weighed on retailers' December sales results, but Costco Wholesale Corp. (COST) was among the few that bucked the trend.

The wholesale club reported sales at stores open at least a year rose 5% for the month, topping expectations for a 2.6% increase. Among the stronger performing categories were garden, automotive, apparel, small appliances and home furnishings. The consumer electronics category posted improvement from recent months, but the metric still declined slightly.

A number of retailers have offered disappointing holiday updates in recent days, suggesting the critical holiday period was marked by heavy promotions, especially for apparel and consumer electronics.

Although sales and store traffic appeared to pick up at the beginning of the Thanksgiving holiday weekend, shoppers took a break and didn't start buying in earnest again until the week before Christmas.

At the same time, online sales were stronger than expected, but Ken Perkins of Retail Metrics said shopping on the web likely didn't expand the overall spending pie so much as shift how and where that money was spent.

Driven largely by Costco, the eight retailers tracked by Thomson Reuters that have reported so far recorded a 2.7% increase in December same-store sales, or sales at stores open at least a year. Gap Inc. (GPS) is scheduled to report after the market closes. Thomson Reuters projects the nine companies to post 1.9% growth, compared with a 7.2% increase a year earlier.

Many retailers, including big-box retailers Wal-Mart Stores Inc. (WMT) and Target Corp. (TGT), no longer report monthly sales data, making it difficult to gauge the health of the entire industry from the few that still report.

Among the retailers tracked by Thomson Reuters that missed sales estimates for the month were L Brands Inc. (LB), Zumiez Inc. (ZUMZ) and Buckle Inc. (BKE).

The highly promotional retail environment led a number of other retailers, including home-furnishings retailers Bed Bath & Beyond Inc. (BBBY) and Pier 1 Imports Inc. (PIR), and apparel retailers American Eagle Outfitters Inc. (AEO), L Brands, Zumiez and Cato Corp. (CATO), to lower earnings outlooks.

"One thing that is going to be consistent across all retailers is that margins will be deeply under pressure when they report earnings for the holiday period," said Joel Bines, managing director and co-head of AlixPartners's retail practice.

Among consumer electronics and appliance retailers, HHGregg Inc. (HGG) said same-store sales for the holiday season are expected to fall in the double-digits. It pointed to significant weakness in electronics sales, which might not bode well for larger peers like Best Buy Co. (BBY).

Even the rest of the discount sector didn't see the same strength as Costco.

Regional discounter Fred's Inc. (FRED) posted a 1.4% increase in same-store sales, but Chief Executive Bruce Efird said that rise was driven mainly by the pharmacy department, while discretionary categories in general merchandising fell short of plan. Mr. Efird also said Fred's promotional strategy, which was centered on Black Friday, didn't produce the gains it expected.

Discount retailer Family Dollar Stores Inc. (FDO) wasn't spared either. The company lowered its earnings expectations for the fiscal year, pointing to weaker sales in its first quarter.

The disappointing sales weren't limited to the U.S. Three of the biggest names in U.K. grocery and fashion--Tesco PLC, Marks & Spencer Group PLC and Wm. Morrison Supermarkets PLC--reported sales declines over the holiday period, blaming the weak market or extensive promotions for squeezed margins and low profit forecasts.

One relatively bright spot was Macy's Inc. (M), which reported same-store sales increased 4.3% for the holiday season as Chief Executive Terry J. Lundgren said the company's merchandise generated a positive response from customers. Struggling peer J.C. Penney Co. (JCP) said it was "pleased" with its holiday sales performance but didn't disclose any specific figures, which rattled investors and sent its shares sharply lower.

"Holiday sales across the industry were a mixed bag, but on the earnings line, it's going to be a very challenging season," Mr. Bines from AlixPartners said.

Write to Anna Prior at anna.prior@wsj.com

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