Here are some of the people who will shaping events in 2015.

Jeb Bush

The former Florida governor and son and brother of presidents, a favorite of the GOP establishment, was the first Republican to move openly toward a 2016 White House run. The Spanish-speaker has strong ties to Florida's Hispanic community and could expand the party's reach into an increasingly diverse U.S. electorate. His access to donors, meanwhile, could shake up financing for Republicans as the race takes form.

Hillary Clinton

The former secretary of state, U.S. senator and first lady is the overwhelming favorite to capture the Democratic presidential nomination should she enter the race. All signs point to her announcing a bid in the next few months. Long seen as a business-friendly centrist, Mrs. Clinton is already facing pressure from the party's liberal wing to make income inequality a central campaign issue--something she and her husband have proved reluctant to do in the past.

Abu Bakr Al Baghdadi

Now that the mysterious, self-declared caliph of Islamic State has built the Sunni militant group into the world's most feared terrorist organization, the coming months will test his leadership and survival skills under a continued airstrike campaign and a potential ground offensive in Iraq.

Rand Paul

The first-term Kentucky senator is perhaps the most intriguing in the field of potential GOP presidential contenders. He challenges his party's orthodoxy on many fronts, particularly on foreign policy--an outsider's approach that could make him an attractive antiestablishment candidate at a time of voter discontent with Washington.

Travis Kalanick

The chief executive of Uber Technologies Inc. is often characterized as Silicon Valley's bad boy for his unapologetic quest to topple the taxi industry. That defiance helped him raise more than $2 billion in capital and push his car-hailing app into more than 250 cities globally. But he must justify his company's $46 billion valuation while managing congressional inquiries over data-privacy lapses and cities trying to ban Uber.

Joni Ernst

Before becoming the first woman Iowa has ever elected to a statewide office, she created a sensation with a campaign ad about how growing up on the farm "castrating hogs" would help her cut pork in Congress and "make 'em squeal" in Washington. She first won as an underdog in a crowded GOP primary, then beat Democratic Rep. Bruce Braley in the general election for the U.S. Senate. A veteran of the Iraq war, she can be expected to advocate for military spending and support veterans.

Xi Jinping

Two years into the job, China's president is pressing ahead with a popular crackdown on corruption while grappling with a slowing economy and unrest in the nation's Muslim far west. Abroad, he will look to capitalize on promises of big spending on infrastructure to knit Asian neighbors more tightly to China.

Jeh Johnson

The U.S. Homeland Security chief has been building ties with Muslim groups in the hopes they will report signs of radicalization among members that could lead to "lone wolf" terrorists. He also will be key to implementing the Obama administration's efforts to protect millions of illegal immigrants from deportation.

Elizabeth Warren

In just two years in the Senate, the Massachusetts Democrat gained prominence through assertions that Washington is out of touch with the middle class and that big banks need more oversight. Her populist rhetoric makes her a favorite of liberals who want her to run for the White House in 2016--challenging presumed Democratic candidate Hillary Clinton--though so far she has demurred.

Mark Emmert

From federal lawsuits to a vote by athletes at Northwestern University to unionize, college sports are under pressure to give athletes a cut of the hundreds of millions of dollars they generate each year. Mr. Emmert, who as NCAA president heads collegiate sports' governing body, has made it his mission to fend off such actions, calling the move to pay players an "existential threat" to college programs.

Shinzo Abe

The Japanese prime minister won a decisive election victory at year's end by persuading voters to give him more time to carry out his economic mission, though many voters say they have yet to benefit. In 2015, it is time to deliver. A turning point could come this spring, when big companies decide whether to give workers raises, as Mr. Abe is urging them to do.

Alexis Tsipras

The 40-year-old leader of Greece's main opposition party, the leftist Syriza, is in a tight race with the conservative New Democracy party ahead of Jan. 25's snap elections. His threat to tear up Greece's bailout agreement and end austerity demanded by international creditors is spooking investors, but winning over crisis-weary Greeks.

Recep Tayyip Erdogan

As Turkey's leader seeks to transform his country into a world power, he faces threats from Islamic State across the border, tough negotiations to end a Kurdish insurgency and tepid economic growth. Parliamentary elections in June will determine whether the president can single-handedly rewrite the constitution, amid criticism of his autocratic style.

Don Thompson

The McDonald's Corp. chief executive enters 2015 on the hot seat, with the world's largest-grossing restaurant chain in a rut. Will his plan to simplify the menu, enable more localization and customization, and upgrade ingredients restore the Golden Arches' shine?

Mario Draghi

At the European Central Bank's last 2014 meeting, Mr. Draghi, its president, signaled the bank was open to new stimulus measures, such as buying government bonds, as one option in the fight against both slowing economic growth and low inflation. Rate cuts in 2014 and expectations for more easing have sent European stock markets rallying and eurozone bond yields to record lows.

Ed Miliband

The leader of Britain's main opposition Labour Party faces David Cameron in a general election in May, but while his party has a narrow lead in opinion polls, some question whether he has the personal popularity to oust the prime minister. Mr. Miliband wants to raise the top income-tax rate to 50% and force banks to sell branches, policies that appeal to core Labour voters.

Joko Widodo

Indonesia's president hopes to use the popular appeal that helped him win office last year to propel an agenda that includes developing much-needed infrastructure and social programs. He also needs to attract foreign investment to a country long marked by economic nationalism and a murky legal system.

Marissa Mayer

Yahoo Inc. investors are growing impatient with the CEO, who has failed to grow its core ad business in her more than two years at the top. If things don't improve soon, she could feel the need to make a bold move, such as using some of the billions of dollars Yahoo made from Alibaba's IPO to acquire a hot Internet startup.

Goodluck Jonathan

A raging Islamic insurgency in Nigeria's north and falling oil prices have racked the African nation's government, but not necessarily dimmed President Jonathan's re-election prospects in February. He remains in control of his ruling party and its vast fundraising machine.

Justin Trudeau

The head of Canada's Liberal Party and son of former Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau is poised to give the ruling party a run for its money in 2015's federal election. Mr. Trudeau, 43, is an untested government leader. But his party, now Canada's third-biggest, has doubled in popularity under his leadership, ahead of Prime Minister Stephen Harper's Conservatives.

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