Ecomike
7 days ago
$BIXT News analyst paper
https://www.nasdaq.com/press-release/6-stocks-positioned-to-soar-as-investors-focus-on-mash-2024-04-22
For those in a rush, slow readers, skip down the bottom for $BIXT connect the dots, connection.
Investing requires leading with an edge and some forethought. This article highlights pure-play drug developers in MASH likely to be the focus of investors looking for the next big thing in biotech.
Looking Beyond GLP-1 Inhibitors Toward the MASH Epidemic
Drug makers like Eli Lilly (NYSE: LLY) with their drug Mounjaro (tirzepatide) have already repurposed their drug once and are looking beyond diabetes and obesity, with their eyes set on and an even more lucrative market of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH). LLY has promising interim clinical data showing 74% of overweight adults who took the higher dose of tirzepatide cleared MASH versus 12.6% in placebo. The first approval of a MASH drug on March 15, 2024 by Madrigal Pharmaceuticals (NASDAQ: MDGL) has ignited the sector with investors looking for the next big pure play.
Multiple MASH Targets
Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH) is a complicated disease on the regulatory front. Approval criteria are a resolution of MASH symptoms via biopsy without a worsening of fibrosis. The disease formerly known as nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is caused by a buildup of fat in the liver that leads to complications which include fibrosis (scarring of the liver), cirrhosis (severe scarring of the liver), and liver cancer. Once MASH progresses this far, liver transplantation is currently the only viable option. After MDGL’s approval of Rezdiffera®, investors have been flocking to other MASH names looking for a follow-on drug that either works in combination with Rezdiffera or one that is superior in safety and efficacy.
MASH Drug Targets
MASH has several druggable targets. The GLP-1 target is the mainstream approach because it also treats type 2 diabetes. Next in terms of a drug target is the fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) which has a number of players in late-stage development. Galectin-3 is another target for MASH drugs as research has shown it is implicated in fibrotic and inflammatory feedback loops. There are also promising drugs that target the thyroid hormone receptor beta (THRß). Breaking from the mainstream approaches is the A3 adenosine receptor (A3AR) which is highly expressed in inflammatory and cancer cells whereas low expression is found in normal body cells.
FGF21 Agonists
89Bio Inc. (NASDAQ: ETNB) is developing a lead molecule called pegozafermin which is a specifically engineered glycoPEGylated analog of fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21). It is similar in mechanism of action to Bristol Myers Squibb’s (NYSE: BMY) drug pegbelfermin which was discontinued despite positive results which showed more than half the patients having NASH resolution at 16 weeks. FGF21 analogues are taken via subcutaneous injection. The targeting of the FGF21 pathway helps regulate metabolism and cellular process, especially in the liver fat tissue. Balancing out this metabolic pathway helps reduce liver fat, which can result in reduction in liver fibrosis (scarring) over time. The company has strong fibrosis data with favorable tolerability and dosing convenience. The long term data suggests there is a cumulative impact on patients taking background GLP-1 therapy. ETNB’s phase 3 program in MASH could achieve accelerated approval using histology in non-cirrhotic (F2-F3) and cirrhotic (F4) patients although the FDA has acknowledged greater importance in clinical outcomes and not histology. They have clinical trials in both fibrosis and cirrhosis and expect to initiate their cirrhosis trial in Q2 2024. The company has almost $600 million in cash with a market cap of $875 million. The slight premium over cash, solid and consistent trial results, along with short and long-term catalysts make this an attractive setup for investors. This is the first on the top 6 list.
Akero Therapeutics (NASDAQ: AKRO) is also targeting MASH and MASH cirrhosis with an FGF21 agonist. Their drug is called efruxifermin and is commonly referred to as EFX. In their phase 2b MASH trial they showed a 65% reduction in liver fat content vs 11% in placebo which places them close to the front of the pack because it was done in only 12 weeks. Unfortunately, their phase 2b trial in MASH missed the endpoint for improvement in liver fibrosis at the 12-week time frame but showed 60% had MASH resolution after 36 weeks versus 26% in placebo. The company lost a lot of value on that readout but the statistics show a cleanly designed trial is likely to hit the regulatory endpoints. Guidance from an end-of-trial FDA meeting is forthcoming, but the timing is still uncertain and weighing on the stock price. While there is a lot of potential in this name, the uncertain timing of the regulatory pathway makes this ideal for the patient investor looking more for a NASH cirrhosis play. The company is well funded with over $550 million in cash and a $1.5 billion market cap.
Galectin-3 Antagonists
Galectin Therapeutics (NASDAQ: GALT) has an adaptive design phase 2/3 study in NASH cirrhosis with an interim readout before year end 2024. Their intravenously administered galectin antagonist called belapectin showed complete prevention of esophageal varices in a phase 2 trial despite failing to meet their (now defunct) primary endpoints. Their pivotal trial used lessons learned from the phase 2 trial, utilizing a primary endpoint of prevention of esophageal varices. If the interim results confirm a complete or near complete prevention of varices like they did in their phase 2 trial, they would have a compelling argument for conditional approval, likely with another post-market confirmatory phase 3 trial. Almost 50% of patients that develop esophageal varices die within a year, and the varices are extremely costly to treat. So eliminating the significant and imminent threat of death is the compelling benefit.
The company is in solid financial shape with enough cash runway to complete their pivotal trial by 2025. They also have the backing of a billionaire investor who is also their Chairman of the Board. Additionally, their drug demonstrated promising results in cancer, psoriasis, and atopic dermatitis which could lead to a label expansion once they are approved. The market cap of the company is sitting around $225 million despite the near certainty of a positive interim trial readout within the next 8 months, which could translate into billions within that time frame.
The company is not alone in the space and has 2 other competitors with oral galectin-3 antagonists. Galecto Bioscience (NASDAQ: GLTO) announced they were scrapping their cancer drug, which had a 60% response rate after three months, to focus on NASH. GLTO had a failed trial in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis because of their drug’s poor tolerability, which has forced them to seek strategic alternatives with a focus on liver disease. As a result, their development timelines for MASH are in flux. Galecto’s small molecule approach to inhibiting intracellular galectin-3 is the likely culprit for their drug’s poor tolerability and its more likely large molecules which target extracellular galectin-3 will succeed.
Bioxytran Inc. (OTCMKTS: BIXT) has the most technologically advanced oral galectin antagonist that completed phase 2 trials in standard risk COVID-19, but the company is underfunded and therefore moving forward cautiously. Both Bioxytran and Galectin Therapeutics are developing larger molecules compared with Galecto and both their drugs have been found to be safe as opposed to Galecto. Bioxytran’s additional benefit is that their drug doesn’t require intravenous administration. Their clinical trials in NASH or cancer are dependent upon them finding a partner or a couple million dollars to get a shot at a number of multibillion dollar opportunities. Management indicated that the quickest way to approval was a COVID-19 regulatory approval and then proceeding with the label expansion. While the company boasts impressive technology and experienced management, they don’t have the resources to prove their technology for all these indications yet. It's for these reasons that the stock should remain high on peoples watch lists—in case they get funding.
See the article for the rest of the story
Ecomike
2 weeks ago
What if $BIXT 's antiviral is used with Ifus cattle feed to stop bird flu?
https://www.telegraph.co.uk/global-health/science-and-disease/chicken-waste-fed-to-cattle-may-be-behind-bird-flu-outbreak/
The Telegraph
Ground-up chicken waste fed to cattle may be behind bird flu outbre...
Experts warn that lax regulations could also see the virus spread to US pig farms, with serious consequences for human health
[10:36 PM]
Fears are growing that the H5N1 outbreak among cattle in the United States could have been caused by contaminated animal feed.
In contrast to Britain and Europe, American farmers are still allowed to feed cattle and other farm animals ground-up waste from other animals including birds.
Dairy cows across six US states – and at least one farm worker – have become infected with the highly pathogenic virus, which has already killed millions of animals across the globe since 2021.
The farm worker, who is thought to have been exposed via infected cattle in Texas, is only the second recorded human H5N1 case in the US. Since February, the US has investigated and discounted a further 8,000 possible exposures, according to Dr Joshua Mott, WHO senior advisor on influenza.
The development is of concern because it allows the virus, which has killed millions of birds and wild mammals around the world, more opportunities to mutate.
[10:39 PM]
Experts fear that H5N1, which was only first detected in cows a few weeks ago, may have been transmitted through a type of cattle feed called “poultry litter” – a mix of poultry excreta, spilled feed, feathers, and other waste scraped from the floors of industrial chicken and turkey production plants.
In the UK and EU, feeding cows proteins from other animals has been tightly regulated since the outbreak of BSE – or ‘mad cow disease’ – 30 years ago.
Experts are unsure but fear it could be the poultry litter feed used in the US that has passed the virus to cattle.
“In the US, the feeding of poultry litter to beef cows is a known factor in the cause of botulism in cattle, and is a risk in the case of H5N1,” said Dr Steve Van Winden, Associate Professor in Population Medicine at the Royal Veterinary College.
Dr Tom Peacock, a virologist and fellow at the Pirbright Institute agreed: “This latest case wouldn’t be the first time there have been concerns H5N1 could be moving through different mammals via contaminated feed,” citing the outbreak of avian flu in cats in Poland last year, which experts suspected might have been transmitted through mink byproducts used in raw cat food.
The US cattle industry is worth over $100 billion and regulations covering animal standards there have long been controversial in Europe – most famously over the use of hormones in the rearing of cattle for meat.
[10:40 PM]
Although the presence of H5N1 in US cattle herds increases the risk of the virus getting into humans via farm workers, it is the spread of the virus to pig farms that presents the bigger threat.
This is because pigs have receptors on some cells that are similar to humans, making it much more likely that the virus could mutate and jump to humans if pig farms become infected.
So far, the virus hasn’t shown any signs of worrying mutation, however.
“Infection of H5N1 in pigs is of particular concern – they are highly susceptible to human influenza virus strains so could act as mixing vessels for avian and human viruses to mix and generate viruses that can more efficiently infect humans,” said Dr Tom Peacock.
Poultry litter is not only cheaper than other food sources like soy and grains but is also more calorie-dense, meaning farmers can bulk up their herds much more quickly.
righton21
2 months ago
"Does it cure the common cold?" I have some experience in medicine for 30 years but no expert on this. It seems to me that it boils down to whether the virus in question (in this case, the common cold viruses) have a galectin fold. There are about 300 viruses estimated to cause "the common cold." Many are in the rhinovirus class but there are some colds caused by coronaviruses (not the SARS recent Covid virus). Thus you get mild colds and "bad colds" depending upon the type of virus you caught. Read this section of the PR carefully:
"“We used Nuclear Magnetic Resonance imaging to engineer / optimize a carbohydrate structure ideally suited to neutralize the spike protein of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Before this discovery, neutralizing antibodies were only able to target the tip of the spike proteins of viruses which rapidly mutate, but after this discovery we found out that carbohydrates are able to neutralize viruses by binding to the galectin fold. The galectin fold represents a conserved structure on the spike protein virtually incapable of mutation, therefore it opens up a whole new field of research in Glycovirology. We believe a large number of viruses contain this galectin binding region on their spike proteins offering a widely druggable target that could be easily tested in a lab setting."
So the key is, does the common cold have a galectin fold? But the part I like the most about this new drug is the "galectin fold is virtually incapable of mutation" part. That means no chasing a new virus mutation every time you turn around with a different drug. If this ProLectin-M drug does what they say it does, big Pharma is NOT going to be happy. It will neutralize (no pun intended) a lot of drugs out there (Paxlovid, monoclonal antibody treatments, etc.) and big Pharma will lose a lot money if this drug works. A big IF for sure. But also keep in mind as some on here have alluded to, these drug trials take a LONG time to do and if you have no patience or don't have a long investment horizon, you are in the wrong place. The FDA has a way of stringing these things out with requests for this, that and the other thing during the trials. "Oh, this patient got shingles while they were on the trial? Oh, maybe the drug caused that. No? Prove it, etc." I've seen it happen and further I was part of one of those trials collecting data for the approval process...... My thoughts FWIW
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