FRFHF Fairfax Financial Holding Ltd (PK)

RISK FACTORS

        An investment in the Exchange Notes involves risk. You should carefully consider the following risk factors, as well as the information contained in and incorporated by reference into this short form prospectus, including the risks described in our annual information form for the year ended December 31, 2019, which is incorporated by reference in this short form prospectus, before deciding whether to participate in the Exchange Offer. Any of these risks could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations and could materially adversely affect your investment in the Exchange Notes. Additional risks and uncertainties not currently known to us or that we currently deem to be immaterial may also materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations.

Risk Factors Relating to Our Business

We expect to continue to be adversely impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic.

        The rapid spread of the COVID-19 virus, which was declared by the World Health Organization to be a pandemic on March 11, 2020, and actions taken globally in response to COVID-19, have significantly disrupted business activities throughout the world. Our business relies, to a certain extent, on free movement of goods, services, and capital from around the world, which has been significantly restricted as a result of COVID-19. Although we are able to have our insurance businesses remain open during the pandemic, the businesses of many of our insureds have been impacted, resulting in increased counterparty risk. In addition, we have experienced losses related to our equity investment portfolio as well as certain assets impairment losses, as described elsewhere in this short form prospectus. These losses have adversely impacted our financial results for the first six months of 2020, and we anticipate that our future results of operations may also be negatively impacted by the economic effects of the pandemic. In addition, as described elsewhere in this short form prospectus, we have increased our leverage under our $2.0 billion unsecured revolving credit facility entered into by Fairfax and a syndicate of lenders (the "Credit Facility") as a precautionary measure during the pandemic.

        Given the ongoing and dynamic nature of the circumstances surrounding COVID-19, it is difficult to predict how significant the impact of COVID-19, including any responses to it, will be on the global economy and our business in particular, or for how long any disruptions are likely to continue. The extent of such impact will depend on future developments, which are highly uncertain, rapidly evolving and difficult to predict, including new information which may emerge concerning the severity of COVID-19 and additional actions which may be taken to contain COVID-19, as well as the timing of the re-opening of the economy in various parts of the world. Such further developments could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

If our actual claims exceed our claim reserves, our financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected.

        We maintain reserves to cover our estimated ultimate unpaid liability for losses and loss adjustment expenses with respect to reported and unreported claims incurred as of the end of each accounting period. Our success is dependent upon our ability to accurately assess the risks associated with the businesses that we reinsure or insure. If we fail to accurately assess the risks we assume, we may fail to establish appropriate premium rates and our reserves may be inadequate to cover our losses, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and reduce our net earnings.

        At June 30, 2020, we had gross provision for losses and loss adjustment expenses of $29.0 billion. Due to the ongoing and developing COVID-19 pandemic, our gross provision for losses and loss adjustment expenses may be substantially greater for future financial periods.

        Reserves do not represent an exact calculation of liability, but instead represent estimates at a given point in time involving actuarial and statistical projections of our expectations of the ultimate settlement and administration costs of claims incurred. Establishing an appropriate level of claim reserves is an inherently uncertain process. We utilize both proprietary and commercially available actuarial models, as well as historical insurance industry loss development patterns, to assist in the establishment of appropriate claim reserves.

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        In contrast to casualty losses, which frequently can be determined only through lengthy and unpredictable litigation, property losses tend to be reported promptly and usually are settled within a shorter period of time. Nevertheless, for both casualty and property losses, actual claims and claim expenses ultimately paid may deviate, perhaps substantially, from the reserve estimates reflected in our financial statements. Variables in the reserve estimation process can be affected by both internal and external events, such as changes in claims handling procedures, economic and social inflation, legal trends and legislative changes, and our reserve estimates may be impacted materially by the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. Many of these items are not directly quantifiable, particularly on a prospective basis.

        If our claim reserves are determined to be inadequate, we will be required to increase claim reserves with a corresponding reduction in our net earnings in the period in which the deficiency is rectified. It is possible that claims in respect of events that have occurred could exceed our claim reserves and have a material adverse effect on our results of operations in a particular period and/or our financial condition.

        Even though most insurance contracts have policy limits, the nature of property and casualty insurance and reinsurance is such that losses can exceed policy limits for a variety of reasons and could significantly exceed the premiums received on the underlying policies. When this occurs, our financial results are adversely affected.

Unpredictable catastrophic events could reduce our net earnings.

        Our insurance and reinsurance operations expose us to claims arising out of catastrophes. We have experienced, and will in the future experience, catastrophe losses which may materially reduce our profitability or harm our financial condition. Catastrophes can be caused by various events, including natural events such as hurricanes, windstorms, earthquakes, tornadoes, hailstorms, severe winter weather and fires, and unnatural events such as terrorist attacks and riots. The incidence and severity of catastrophes are inherently unpredictable.

        The extent of losses from a catastrophe is a function of both the total amount of insured exposure in the area affected by the event and the severity of the event. Most catastrophes are restricted to small geographic areas; however, hurricanes, windstorms and earthquakes may produce significant damage in large, heavily populated areas. Catastrophes can cause losses in a variety of property and casualty lines, including losses relating to business interruptions occurring in the same geographic area as the catastrophic event or in the other geographic areas. It is possible that a catastrophic event or multiple catastrophic events could have a material adverse effect upon our financial condition, profitability or cash flows.

        Claims resulting from natural or man-made catastrophic events could cause substantial volatility in our financial results for any fiscal quarter or year and could materially reduce our profitability or harm our financial condition. Our ability to write new business could also be affected. We believe that increases in the value and geographic concentration of insured property, higher construction costs due to labor and raw material shortages following a significant catastrophic event, and climate change could increase the severity of claims from catastrophic events in the future.

Our portfolio holdings are subject to fluctuations in the market which could negatively affect their value. If we are unable to realize our investment objectives, our business, financial condition or results of operations may be adversely affected.

        Investment returns are an important part of our overall profitability and our operating results depend in part on the performance of our investment portfolio. We hold bonds and other debt instruments, common stocks, preferred stocks, and derivative instruments in our portfolio.

        Accordingly, fluctuations in the fixed income or equity markets could impair our financial condition, profitability or cash flows. We derive our investment income from interest and dividends, together with net gains or losses on investments. The portion derived from net gains or losses on investments generally fluctuates from year to year. For the six months ended June 30, 2020, net losses on investments were $895.4 million. Net gains on investments are typically a less predictable source of investment income than interest and dividends, particularly in the short term. In addition, we have experienced, and may continue to experience, substantial net losses on investments in the near term as a result of the economic disruption caused by the COVID-19 pandemic.

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        The return on our portfolio and the risks associated with our investments are also affected by our asset mix, which can change materially depending on market conditions. Investments in cash or short-term investments generally produce a lower return than other investments. The market value of bonds, other debt instruments and preferred stocks fluctuates with changes in interest rates and credit quality, and is exposed to liquidity risks. The market value of common stocks and equity-related securities is exposed to fluctuations in the stock market and to liquidity risk. Equities, equity-related securities and derivative securities are volatile or extremely volatile, with the result that their market value and their liquidity may vary dramatically either up or down in short periods, and their ultimate value will therefore only be known upon their disposition or settlement.

        The uncertainty around the ultimate amount and the timing of our claim payments may force us to liquidate securities, which may cause us to incur losses. If we structure our investments improperly relative to our liabilities, we may be forced to liquidate investments prior to maturity at a significant loss to cover such liabilities. Realized and unrealized investment losses resulting from a decline in value could significantly decrease our net earnings.

        The ability to achieve our investment objectives is affected by general economic conditions that are beyond our control, which includes the ongoing and developing COVID-19 pandemic. General economic conditions can adversely affect the markets for interest-rate-sensitive securities, including the extent and timing of investor participation in such markets, the level and volatility of interest rates and, consequently, the value of fixed income securities. Interest rates are highly sensitive to many factors, including governmental monetary policies, domestic and international economic and political conditions and other factors beyond our control. General economic conditions, stock market conditions and many other factors can also adversely affect the equities markets and, consequently, the value of the equity securities we own.

        In addition, defaults by third parties who fail to pay or perform on their obligations could reduce our investment income and net gains on investment or result in investment losses. These defaults may be more substantial as a result of the economic disruption caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. We may not be able to realize our investment objectives, which could reduce our net earnings significantly and adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations.

The cycles of the insurance and reinsurance industries and general economic conditions may cause fluctuations in our operating results.

        Historically, we have experienced fluctuations in operating results due to competition, frequency of occurrence or severity of catastrophic events, levels of capacity, general economic conditions and other factors. Demand for insurance and reinsurance is influenced significantly by underwriting results of primary insurers and prevailing general economic conditions. Factors such as changes in the level of employment, wages, consumer spending, business investment and government spending, the volatility and strength of the global capital markets and inflation or deflation, as well as other global events such as the COVID-19 pandemic, all affect the business and economic environment and, ultimately, the demand for insurance and reinsurance products, and therefore may affect our net earnings, financial position or cash flows.

        The property and casualty insurance business historically has been characterized by periods of intense price competition due to excess underwriting capacity, as well as periods when shortages of underwriting capacity have permitted attractive premium levels. We expect to continue to experience the effects of this cyclicality, which, during down periods, could significantly reduce the amount of premium we write and could harm our financial condition, profitability or cash flows. Further, we expect to experience a reduction in premiums written as a result of the overall slowdown in the economy as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as U.S. insurance regulatory changes in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, which in the aggregate may impact our results of operations in the near term. See "— Actions taken by government officials to protect businesses and individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic may adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations" below for more information.

        In the reinsurance industry, the supply of reinsurance is related to prevailing prices and levels of surplus capacity that, in turn, may fluctuate in response to changes in rates of return being realized. It is possible that premium rates or other terms and conditions of trade could vary in the future, that the present level of demand will not continue because insurers, including the larger insurers created by industry consolidation, may require

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less reinsurance or that the present level of supply of reinsurance could increase as a result of capital provided by recent or future market entrants or by existing reinsurers. If any of these events transpire, the profitability of our reinsurance business could be adversely affected.

Our business could be harmed because of our potential exposure to asbestos, environmental and other latent claims.

        We have established loss reserves for asbestos and environmental and other latent claims. There is a high degree of uncertainty with respect to future exposure from such claims because of: significant issues surrounding the liabilities of the insureds and insurers, including us; risks inherent in major litigation, including more aggressive environmental and asbestos-related litigation against insurers, including us; and diverging legal interpretations and judgments in different jurisdictions. These uncertainties include, among other things:

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the extent of the insured's liabilities;



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the extent of coverage under insurance policies;



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whether or not particular claims are subject to an aggregate limit;



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whether multiple policies issued to the same insured will be triggered by a particular claim;



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the number of occurrences involved in particular claims;



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the potential application of the pollution exclusion;



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whether particular policies are triggered by particular claims;



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new theories of insured and insurer liability; and



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the extent to which courts deter non-meritorious lawsuit filings.

        The majority of claims now being filed and litigated continue to relate to mesothelioma, lung cancer and to a much lesser extent, impaired asbestosis cases. Defense expense is a significant driver of insurers' total cost of asbestos claims, due in large part to the excessive number of defendants named in many of the asbestos suits filed in the United States. Many of the named defendants are ultimately dismissed once plaintiffs conclude after discovery is completed that those defendants have no liability. Most often insurers, including us, incur the costs to defend these defendants and extract them from the litigation.

        Similarly, as a result of various regulatory efforts aimed at environmental remediation, companies in the insurance industry, including us, continue to be involved in litigation involving policy coverage and liability issues with respect to environmental claims. In addition to regulatory pressures, the results of court decisions affecting the industry's coverage positions continue to be inconsistent and have expanded coverage beyond its original intent. Accordingly, the ultimate responsibility and liability for environmental remediation costs remain uncertain.

        In addition to asbestos and environmental pollution, we face exposure to other types of mass tort or health hazard claims, including claims related to head trauma, and exposure to potentially harmful products or substances, such as breast implants, pharmaceutical products, chemical products, lead-based pigments, hepatitis C, talc and in utero exposure to diethylstilbestrol. Although still a risk due to occasional unfavorable court decisions, lead pigment has had some favorable underlying litigation developments resulting in this hazard presenting less of a risk to us. As a result of its historical underwriting profile and its focus on excess liability coverage for Fortune 500-type entities, our runoff business faces the bulk of these potential exposures within Fairfax. Establishing claim and claim adjustment expense reserves for mass tort claims is subject to uncertainties because of many factors, including expanded theories of liability and disputes concerning medical causation with respect to certain diseases.

        Given the factors described above, it is not presently possible to quantify with a high degree of certainty the ultimate exposure or range of exposure represented by asbestos, environmental and other latent claims and related litigation. We have established reserves that represent our best estimate of ultimate claims and claim adjustment expenses based upon known facts and current law. Our gross asbestos reserves were $929.4 million and our asbestos reserves, net of reinsurance but excluding vendor indemnities, were $758.9 million at June 30, 2020. However, these claims and related litigation, particularly if current trends continue, could result in liability

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exceeding these reserves by an amount that could be material to our financial condition, profitability or cash flows in future periods.

We cannot assure you that our reinsurers and certain insureds will pay us on a timely basis or at all.

        Most insurance and reinsurance companies reduce their exposure to any individual claim by reinsuring amounts in excess of their maximum desired retention. Reinsurance is an arrangement in which an insurer, called the cedant, transfers insurance risk to another insurer, called the reinsurer, which accepts the risk in return for a premium payment. Although reinsurance makes the assuming reinsurer liable to us to the extent of the risk ceded, we are not relieved of our primary liability to our insureds. At June 30, 2020, we had a total of $9.9 billion recoverable from reinsurers, and this amount may be materially greater in the future as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. We cannot assure you that our reinsurers will pay our reinsurance claims on a timely basis or at all. As well, we bear credit risk with respect to our reinsurers (including retrocessionaires), both with respect to receivables reflected on our balance sheet as well as to contingent liabilities with respect to reinsurance protection on future claims. If reinsurers are unwilling or unable to pay us amounts due under reinsurance contracts, we will incur unexpected losses and our results of operations, financial position and cash flows will be adversely affected.

We are exposed to credit risk in the event our insureds, insurance producers or reinsurance intermediaries fail to remit premiums that are owed to us or failure by our insureds to reimburse us for deductibles that are paid by us on their behalf.

        We write certain insurance policies, such as large deductible policies (policies where the insured retains a specific amount of any potential loss), in which the insured must reimburse us for certain losses. Accordingly, we bear credit risk on these policies and cannot assure you that our insureds will pay us on a timely basis or at all. Our credit risk to insureds may also be substantially increased as a result of COVID-19. In the ordinary course of business we are sometimes unable to collect all amounts billed to insureds, generally due to disputes on audit of retrospectively rated policies and, in some cases, due to insureds having filed for bankruptcy protection. In addition, if an insured files for bankruptcy, we may be unable to recover on assets such insured may have pledged to us as collateral, and some of our insureds may face bankruptcy as a result of COVID-19. We reserve for uncollectible amounts in the period the collection issues become known. The inability to collect amounts due to us reduces our net earnings and cash flow, and the ability of our insurance and reinsurance subsidiaries to pay dividends or make other distributions to us.

        In accordance with industry practice, our customers often pay the premiums for their policies to brokers for payment over to us. These premiums are considered paid when received by the broker and, thereafter, the customer is no longer liable to us for those amounts, whether or not we have actually received the premiums from the broker. Consequently, we assume a degree of credit risk associated with our reliance on brokers in connection with the settlement of insurance balances.

        Further, as is customary in the reinsurance industry, our reinsurance companies frequently pay amounts owing in respect of claims under their policies to reinsurance brokers, for payment over to the ceding insurers. In the event that a broker fails to make such a payment, depending on the jurisdiction, our reinsurance companies might remain liable to the ceding insurer for the deficiency. Conversely, in certain jurisdictions, when the ceding insurer pays premiums for such policies to reinsurance brokers for payment over to our reinsurance companies, such premiums will be deemed to have been paid and the ceding insurer will no longer be liable for those amounts, whether or not our reinsurance companies have actually received such premiums. Consequently, in connection with the settlement of reinsurance balances, we assume a degree of credit risk associated with brokers around the world.

If our insurance and reinsurance subsidiaries are unable to maintain financial strength ratings, it may be more difficult for them to renew policies, retain business or write new business and a downgrade of our credit rating may affect the cost and availability of financing.

        Third-party rating agencies assess and rate the claims-paying ability of reinsurers and insurers based upon the criteria of such rating agencies. Periodically the rating agencies evaluate our insurance companies to confirm that they continue to meet the criteria of the ratings previously assigned to them. The claims-paying ability

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ratings assigned by rating agencies to reinsurance or insurance companies represent independent opinions of financial strength and ability to meet policyholder obligations, and are not directed toward the protection of investors. These claims-paying ability ratings are not ratings of securities or recommendations to buy, hold or sell any security and are not applicable to the securities offered by this short form prospectus.

        A.M. Best has assigned an "A" rating (the third highest of thirteen ratings) to each of Odyssey Group, Northbridge, Zenith National, Crum & Forster and Allied World. In addition, Brit, through its wholly aligned Lloyd's Syndicate, benefits from the Lloyd's "A" rating from A.M. Best. Financial strength ratings are used by insurers and reinsurance and insurance intermediaries as an important means of assessing the financial strength and quality of insurers and reinsurers. A downgrade in these ratings could lead to a significant reduction in the number of insurance policies our insurance subsidiaries write and could cause early termination of contracts written by our reinsurance subsidiaries or a requirement for them to post collateral at the direction of their counterparties. Although we have not experienced any downgrades resulting from COVID-19 as of the date of this short form prospectus, we can provide no assurance that we will not experience such downgrades in the future. As well, if our current or potential customers were to raise their minimum required financial strength or claims paying ratings above the ratings held by us or our insurance and reinsurance subsidiaries, or if they were to materially increase their collateral requirements, the demand for our products could be reduced, our premiums could decline, and our profitability could be adversely affected.

        The ratings of our insurance and reinsurance subsidiaries by these agencies may be based on a variety of factors, some of which are outside of our control, including, but not limited to, the financial condition of us and our subsidiaries and affiliates, the financial condition or actions of parties from which our insurance subsidiaries have obtained reinsurance, and factors relating to the sectors in which such persons conduct business, and the statutory surplus of our insurance and reinsurance subsidiaries, which is adversely affected by underwriting losses and dividends paid by them. A downgrade of any of the debt or other ratings of Fairfax, or of any of Fairfax's subsidiaries or affiliates, or a deterioration in the financial markets' view of any of these entities, could have a negative impact on the claims-paying ability ratings of our insurance and reinsurance subsidiaries.

        A downgrade in our long-term debt ratings by the major credit rating agencies could require us or our subsidiaries to accelerate our or their cash settlement obligations for certain derivative transactions to which we or they are a party, and could result in the termination of certain other derivative transactions. In addition, a downgrade of our credit rating may affect the cost and availability of financing. Ratings are subject to periodic review at the discretion of each respective rating agency and may be revised downward or revoked at their sole discretion. Rating agencies may also increase their scrutiny of rated companies, revise their rating standards or take other action.

We may not be successful in achieving our strategic objectives.

        We may periodically and opportunistically acquire other insurance and reinsurance companies or execute other strategic initiatives developed by management. Although we undertake due diligence prior to the completion of an acquisition, it is possible that unanticipated factors could arise and there is no assurance that the anticipated financial or strategic objectives following an integration effort or the implementation of a strategic initiative will be achieved, which could adversely affect our financial condition, profitability or cash flows. In addition, our acquisition strategy may be negatively impacted by the adverse economic circumstances arising out of the COVID-19 pandemic.

        We may periodically explore opportunities to make strategic investments in all or part of certain businesses or companies. Acquisitions may involve a number of special risks, including failure to retain key personnel, unanticipated events or circumstances and legal liabilities, some or all of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial position. We cannot be sure that any acquired businesses will achieve the anticipated revenues, income and synergies, and our recently acquired businesses may fail to perform as previously anticipated as a result of the economic disruption caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. Failure on our part to manage our acquisition strategy successfully could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial position. We cannot be sure that we will be able to identify appropriate targets, profitably manage additional businesses or successfully integrate any acquired business into our operations.

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We may hold derivative instruments, which could result in significant losses and volatility of our operating results.

        We may hold significant investments in derivative instruments and the market value and liquidity of these investments are volatile or extremely volatile and may vary dramatically up or down in short periods, and these circumstances may be exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic. The ultimate value of these investments will only be known upon their disposition or settlement, and may be substantially less than we have anticipated. We use derivative instruments primarily for general protection against declines in the fair value of our financial assets. We may use derivative instruments to manage or reduce risks or as a cost-effective way to synthetically replicate the investment characteristics of an otherwise permitted investment. A replication derivative exposes us to the same risks that we would have incurred if we had acquired the otherwise permitted investment directly. Our use of derivative instruments may include, without limitation: interest rate swaps, credit default swaps, total return swaps, warrants, options, forwards, futures and consumer price index-linked contracts.

        Our use of derivative instruments is governed by our investment policies and exposes us to a number of risks, including credit risk, interest rate risk, liquidity risk, inflation risk, market risk, basis risk and counterparty risk, although these risks are diminished because our principal use of derivative instruments is to hedge exposures to various risks. Counterparty risk is the risk that the other party to a derivative instrument will default on its contractual obligations. Counterparty risk may be substantially greater in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. If the counterparties to our derivative instruments fail to honor their obligations under the derivative instrument agreements, we may lose the value of our derivative instruments. This failure could have an adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

        We endeavor to limit counterparty risk through diligent selection of counterparties to our derivative instruments and through the terms of agreements negotiated with our counterparties. Pursuant to these agreements, we and the counterparties are required to deposit eligible collateral in collateral accounts for either the benefit of us or the counterparty depending on the then current fair value or change in the fair value of the derivative contract. Our obligation to collateralize liabilities related to our derivative instruments may adversely affect our liquidity by causing us to sell portfolio investments under potentially unfavorable market conditions to enable us to comply with the terms of the collateral requirements of our derivative instruments and ultimately to fulfill our obligations to our counterparties. In addition, the terms of our derivative instrument agreements typically permit our counterparties to terminate the derivative contracts prior to maturity if our financial strength ratings are downgraded below a pre-determined level. Such a termination could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

        We may not be able to realize our investment objectives with respect to derivative instruments, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial position, profitability or cash flows.

The methods we employ to hedge risks associated with certain of our financial instruments may fail to achieve their desired risk management objectives.

        We may use derivative instruments from time to time to manage or reduce our exposure to credit risk and various market risks, including interest rate risk, equity market risk, inflation/deflation risk and foreign currency risk. Our hedging strategies may be implemented to hedge risks associated with a specific financial instrument, asset or liability or at a macro level to hedge systemic financial risk and the impact of potential future economic crisis and credit related problems on our operations and the value of our financial assets. We do not currently hedge any of our macro-level risks, and accordingly, we may be substantially exposed to these risks to the extent they may increase in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic.

        Our derivative instruments may expose us to basis risk, notwithstanding that our principal use of derivative instruments is to hedge exposures to various risks. Basis risk is the risk that the fair value or cash flows of derivative instruments applied as economic hedges will not experience changes in exactly the opposite directions from those of the underlying hedged exposure. This imperfect correlation between the derivative instrument and underlying hedged exposure creates the potential for excess gains or losses in a hedging strategy, which may adversely affect the net effectiveness of the hedge and may diminish the financial viability of maintaining the hedging strategy and therefore adversely affect our financial condition, profitability or cash flows.

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We operate in a highly competitive environment which could make it more difficult for us to attract and retain business.

        The property and casualty insurance industry and the reinsurance industry are both highly competitive, and we believe that they will remain highly competitive in the foreseeable future. Competition in our industry is based on many factors, including premiums charged and other terms and conditions offered, products and services provided, commission structure, financial ratings assigned by independent rating agencies, speed of claims payment, reputation, selling effort, perceived financial strength and the experience of the insurer or reinsurer in the line of insurance or reinsurance to be written. We compete, and will continue to compete, with a large number of Canadian, U.S. and foreign insurers and reinsurers, as well as certain underwriting syndicates, some of which have greater financial, marketing and management resources than we do, and there is no assurance that we will be able to successfully retain or attract business.

        We also are aware that other financial institutions, such as banks, are now able to offer services similar to those offered by our reinsurance subsidiaries. In addition, in recent years we have seen the creation of alternative products from capital market participants that are intended to compete with reinsurance products. We are unable to predict the extent to which these new, proposed or potential initiatives may affect the demand for our products or the risks that may be available for us to consider underwriting.

        Some insurance industry participants are consolidating to enhance their market power. These entities may try to use their market power to negotiate price reductions for our products and services. If competitive pressures compel us to reduce our prices, our operating margins would decrease. As the insurance industry consolidates, competition for customers will become more intense and the importance of acquiring and properly servicing each customer will become greater. We could incur greater expenses relating to customer acquisition and retention, further reducing our operating margins. In addition, insurance companies that merge may be able to spread their risks across a larger capital base so that they require less reinsurance.

Emerging claim and coverage issues, or the failure of any of the loss limitation methods we employ, could adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations.

        Unlike most businesses, the insurance and reinsurance business can have enormous costs that can significantly exceed the premiums received on the underlying policies. We seek to limit our loss exposure by employing a variety of policy limits and other terms and conditions and through prudent underwriting of each program written. We also seek to limit our loss exposure by geographic diversification. We cannot be sure that any of these loss limitation methods will be effective. There can be no assurance that various provisions of our policies, such as limitations or exclusions from coverage or choice of forum, will be enforceable in the manner we intend, thus substantially increasing the potential exposure we face under such policies.

        The provision for claims is an estimate and may be found to be deficient, perhaps very significantly, in the future as a result of unanticipated frequency or severity of claims or for a variety of other reasons including unpredictable jury verdicts, expansion of insurance coverage to include exposures not contemplated at the time of policy issue (as was the case with asbestos and pollution exposures), extreme weather events, civil unrest and other macro-level events, such as the ongoing and developing COVID-19 pandemic. As industry practices and legal, judicial, social and other environmental conditions change, unexpected and unintended issues related to claims and coverage may emerge. These issues can have a negative effect on our business by either extending coverage beyond our underwriting intent or by increasing the number or size of claims. Recent examples of emerging claims and coverage issues include:

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continuing changes in the litigation climate surrounding asbestos claims, including tort reform efforts in various jurisdictions;



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increases in the number and size of claims relating to construction defects, which often present complex coverage and damage valuation questions;



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changes in interpretation of the named insured provision with respect to the uninsured/underinsured motorist coverage in commercial automobile policies;



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breakthroughs in health care technology, which often lead to increasingly expensive treatments affecting workers compensation exposures; and

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a growing trend in the United States of plaintiffs targeting property and casualty insurers in purported class action litigation relating to claim-handling, premium calculation and billing, and other practices, particularly with respect to the handling of personal lines automobile and homeowners claims.

        The full effects of these and other unforeseen emerging claim and coverage issues are extremely hard to predict and could harm our business. As a result, the full extent of our liability under our coverages, and in particular our casualty insurance policies and reinsurance contracts, may not be known until many years after a policy or contract is issued. Our exposure to this uncertainty will grow as our "long-tail" casualty businesses grow, because in these lines of business claims can typically be made for many years, rendering them more susceptible to these trends than in the property insurance lines of business, which are more typically "short-tail." In addition, we could be adversely affected by the growing trend of plaintiffs targeting participants in the property-liability insurance industry in purported class action litigation relating to claims handling and other practices.

Our inability to obtain additional capital in the future as required could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition.

        Our future capital requirements depend on many factors, including our ability to write new business successfully and to establish premium rates and reserves at levels sufficient to cover losses. Our liquidity needs could increase materially and rapidly for a variety of reasons, many of which are outside of our control. For example, our insurance subsidiaries may require us to make additional investments in the event that their regulatory capital levels decline below desired levels as a result of future impairments of investment securities, catastrophe losses or other conditions, including changes in regulatory capital requirements. We may need to make such additional investments as a result of impairments and losses attributable to COVID-19, and such investments may be substantial. To the extent that the funds generated by our business are insufficient to fund future operations, we may need to raise additional funds through equity or debt financings. Any equity or debt financing, if available at all, may be on terms that are not favorable to us. The cost and availability of debt financing is affected by credit ratings. Our ability to raise additional capital may be adversely affected by our credit ratings. If we cannot obtain adequate capital or if we fail to refinance our existing debt as it comes due, our business, financial condition and profitability could be adversely affected.

        Our ability and/or the ability of our subsidiaries to obtain additional financing for working capital, capital expenditures or acquisitions in the future may also be limited under the terms of our Credit Facility. The Credit Facility contains various covenants that place restrictions on, among other things, our ability or the ability of our subsidiaries to incur additional indebtedness, to create liens or other encumbrances and to sell or otherwise dispose of assets and merge or consolidate with another entity. In addition, the Credit Facility contains certain financial covenants that require us to maintain a ratio of consolidated debt to consolidated capitalization of not more than 0.35:1 and to maintain consolidated shareholders' equity of not less than $9.5 billion, both calculated as defined in the financial covenants. A failure to comply with the obligations and covenants under the Credit Facility could result in an event of default under such agreement which, if not cured or waived, could permit acceleration of indebtedness, including other indebtedness of the Company or our subsidiaries. If such indebtedness were to be accelerated, there can be no assurance that our assets would be sufficient to repay that indebtedness in full.

Our business could be adversely affected by the loss of one or more key employees.

        We are substantially dependent on a small number of key employees, including our Chair and significant shareholder, Mr. Prem Watsa and the senior management of the Company and its operating subsidiaries. We believe that the experiences and reputations in our industry of these individuals are important factors in our ability to attract new business. Our operating subsidiaries have also entered into employment agreements with our key employees. Our success has been, and will continue to be, dependent on our ability to retain the services of our existing key employees and to attract and retain additional qualified personnel in the future. The loss of the services of any of these key employees, or the inability to identify, hire and retain other highly qualified personnel in the future, could adversely affect the quality and profitability of our business operations. We do not maintain key employee insurance with respect to any of our employees.

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We may be unable to obtain reinsurance coverage at reasonable prices or on terms that adequately protect us.

        We use reinsurance arrangements, including reinsurance of our own reinsurance business purchased from other reinsurers, referred to as retrocessionaires, to help manage our exposure to property and casualty risks. The availability and cost of reinsurance are subject to prevailing market conditions, both in terms of price and available capacity, which can affect our business volume and profitability. Reinsurance companies can also add or exclude certain coverages from, or alter terms in, the policies that we purchase from them. Some exclusions are with respect to risks which we cannot exclude in policies we write due to business or regulatory constraints, such as coverage with respect to acts of terrorism, mold and cyber risk, and there can be no assurance that any losses attributable to the COVID-19 pandemic that we are required to pay would be covered by our reinsurance/retrocessions. In addition, reinsurers may impose terms, such as lower per occurrence and aggregate limits, on primary insurers that are inconsistent with corresponding terms in the policies written by these primary insurers. As a result, our insurance subsidiaries, like other primary insurance companies, increasingly are writing insurance policies which to some extent do not have the benefit of reinsurance protection. These gaps in reinsurance protection expose us to greater risk and greater potential losses. If we cannot obtain adequate reinsurance protection for the risks we underwrite, we may be exposed to greater losses from those risks or we may be forced to reduce the amount of business we underwrite, which will reduce our revenues. As a result, our inability to obtain adequate reinsurance protection could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and operations.

        The rates charged by reinsurers and the availability of reinsurance to our subsidiaries will generally reflect the recent loss experience of the Company and of the industry overall. Currently, reinsurance pricing is increasingly firming as a result of catastrophe losses in recent years, the effects of social inflation in the United States, the low interest rate environment and the ongoing impact and uncertainty brought on by the COVID-19 pandemic. The retrocession market continues to experience the most significant rate increases due to the catastrophe activity in recent years and the COVID-19 pandemic. Each of our insurance and reinsurance subsidiaries continue to evaluate the relative costs and benefits of accepting more risk on a net basis, reducing exposure on a direct basis, and paying additional premiums for reinsurance.

Our operations could be adversely affected as a result of regulatory, political, economic or other influences in the insurance and reinsurance industries.

        We are subject to government regulation in each of the jurisdictions in which our operating insurance subsidiaries are licensed or authorized to conduct business. Governmental bodies have broad administrative power to regulate many aspects of the insurance business, which may include accounting methods, governance, premium rates, market practices, policy forms, and capital adequacy. The laws and rules behind this regulation are concerned primarily with the protection of policyholders rather than investors. Governmental bodies may impose fines, additional capital requirements or limitations on our insurance and reinsurance operations, and/or impose criminal sanctions for violation of regulatory requirements. The laws and regulations that are applicable to our insurance and reinsurance operations are complex and may increase the costs of regulatory compliance or subject our business to the possibility of regulatory actions or proceedings.

        In recent years, the insurance industry has been subject to increased scrutiny by legislatures and regulators alike. New laws and rules and a new interpretation of existing laws and rules could adversely affect our financial results by limiting our operating insurance subsidiaries' ability to make investments consistent with our total return strategy or requiring us to maintain capital in specific operating subsidiaries in excess of the amounts we consider to be appropriate, or causing us to make unplanned modifications of products or services, or imposing restrictions on our ability to enter or exit lines of insurance business or to utilize new methods of assessing and pricing risks or selling products and services. We cannot predict the future impact of changing law or regulation on our operations; any changes could have a material adverse effect on us or the insurance industry in general.

        Our insurance and reinsurance operations (including those located in foreign jurisdictions) are subject to the tax laws and regulations, and value added tax and other indirect taxes, in the countries in which they are organized and in which they operate. Foreign governments from time to time consider legislation and regulations that could increase the amount of taxes that we pay or affect the sales of our products. An increase to tax rates in the countries in which we operate could have an adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

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Actions taken by government officials to protect businesses and individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic may adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations.

        Various government officials, including U.S. state insurance commissioners, have taken actions to protect consumers from hardship caused by COVID-19 and related stay-in-place measures that affect the insurance premiums and benefits payable under insurance policies and reinsurance contracts sold by our insurance subsidiaries. Regulators and legislatures may take additional future actions to protect consumers against hardship and some of these actions may have a material effect on our operating results.

        Officials in many U.S. states have issued orders that impose moratoria for a specified time on the cancellation, non-renewal or termination of insurance policies due to non-payment of premiums. These orders apply for designated classes of policyholders and may require insurers to offer plans for deferred payment of such premiums without charging interest. Additional U.S. states have issued guidance requesting insurers to voluntarily exercise forbearance on such cancellations, non-renewals and terminations. Such moratoria and forbearance may disrupt the normal cash flows of our insurance operations and result in an increase in uncollected insurance premiums.

        The state insurance commissioners of California and New Jersey have each issued orders directing insurers to refund a portion of insurance premiums they have charged policyholders in their respective states for specified lines of insurance, including certain commercial lines written by our insurance subsidiaries, commensurate with the reduced levels of activity caused by the state-wide "shelter-in-place" orders issued in California and New Jersey. Other U.S. states may order similar refunds or reductions in premiums due to reduced exposures from reduced economic and physical activity. Other U.S. states have urged insurers to pay refunds or reduce premiums voluntarily. These measures, and the competitive pressures caused by voluntary reductions by other insurers, may affect our pricing and premium revenue.

        In addition, officials in some U.S. states have declared, or proposed rules or legislation that declares, COVID-19 infections sustained by specified classes of workers, such as first responders, healthcare workers and workers who continue to work during the healthcare emergency because they are deemed "essential," to be workplace injuries that are compensable under workers' compensation laws and policies. This may require payment of workers' compensation benefits for COVID-19 infections that were not contemplated in the pricing of our policies.

        Most business owners and commercial property policies do not cover business interruption losses caused by the COVID-19 pandemic and related stay-in-place measures. Lawsuits have been filed by policyholders in different U.S. courts seeking coverage for lost income due to COVID-19 and resulting stay-in-place orders. While the defendant insurers in these cases have expressed that such losses are not covered, policyholders nonetheless may assert novel theories of coverage and insurers nonetheless may incur significant expense due to the pendency of a large number of individual suits. In addition, legislation has been introduced in several U.S. states which, if enacted, would require insurers that sold policies that include business interruption coverage to pay lost business income to small businesses even if such loss is not covered under the terms of their policies. Many of these proposals provide for reimbursement of such payments through surcharges imposed on other insurers. However, the details of such reimbursement schemes have not been fully developed, and there is no assurance if such laws are enacted that insurers would be fully and promptly compensated for such payments and that surcharges would be evenly and fairly distributed across the insurance industry. U.S. Federal legislative proposals are also under consideration that would establish a Federal facility for covering business interruption losses resulting from a public health emergency. The effect of any such legislation, if enacted, on insurers that write commercial insurance policies cannot be assessed at the present time.

Our international business is subject to applicable laws and regulations relating to sanctions and foreign corrupt practices, the violation of which could adversely affect our operations.

        We must comply with all applicable economic sanctions and anti-bribery laws and regulations, including Canada, the United States, the United Kingdom, the European Union and other foreign jurisdictions where we operate. U.S. laws and regulations applicable to us include the economic trade sanctions laws and regulations administered by the U.S. Department of the Treasury's Office of Foreign Assets Control, as well as certain laws administered by the U.S. Department of State. In addition, our business is subject to the Foreign Corrupt

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Practices Act and other anti-bribery laws such as the U.K. Bribery Act that generally bar corrupt payments or unreasonable gifts to foreign governments or officials. Although we have policies and controls in place that are designed to ensure compliance with these laws and regulations, it is possible that an employee or intermediary could fail to comply with applicable laws and regulations and due to the complex nature of the risks, it may not always be possible for us to ascertain compliance with such laws and regulations. In such event, we could be exposed to civil penalties, criminal penalties and other sanctions, including fines or other punitive actions. In addition, such violations could damage our business and/or reputation. Such criminal or civil sanctions, penalties, other sanctions, and damage to our business and/or reputation could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

Certain business practices of the insurance industry have been the subject of negative publicity and investigations by government authorities and the subject of class action litigation.

        From time to time, the insurance industry has been subject to investigations, litigation and regulatory activity by various insurance, governmental and enforcement authorities, concerning certain practices within the industry. We sometimes receive inquiries and informational requests from insurance regulators or other government officials in certain jurisdictions in which our insurance subsidiaries operate. From time to time, consumer advocacy groups or the media also focus attention on certain insurance industry practices. We cannot predict at this time the effect that investigations, litigation and regulatory activity or negative publicity from consumers or the media will have on the insurance or reinsurance industry or our business, or whether activities or practices currently thought to be lawful will be characterized in the future as unlawful or will become subject to negative scrutiny from consumer advocacy groups or the media. Our involvement in any investigations and related lawsuits would cause us to incur legal costs and, if we were found to have violated any laws, we could be required to pay fines and damages, perhaps in material amounts. In addition, we could be materially adversely affected by the negative publicity for the insurance industry related to any such proceedings, and by any new industry-wide regulations or practices that may result from such proceedings or publicity. It is possible that future investigations or related regulatory developments will mandate changes in industry practices in a fashion that increases our costs of doing business or requires us to alter aspects of the manner in which we conduct our business.

Political and other developments in foreign jurisdictions in which we operate could adversely affect our business and assets.

        Our international operations are regulated in various jurisdictions with respect to licensing requirements, currency, amount and type of security deposits, amount and type of reserves, amount and type of local investment and other matters. International operations and assets held abroad may be adversely affected by political and other developments in foreign countries, including possibilities of tax changes, nationalization and changes in regulatory policy, as well as by consequences of hostilities and unrest. The risks of such occurrences and their overall effect upon us vary from country to country and cannot easily be predicted.

We may be subject to regulatory proceedings or significant litigation, which will be expensive and time consuming and, if decided against us, could require us to pay substantial judgments or settlements.

        We may, from time to time, become party to a variety of legal claims and regulatory proceedings, including, but not limited to: disputes over coverage or claims adjudication; disputes regarding sales practices, disclosures, premium refunds, licensing, regulatory compliance and compensation arrangements; disputes with our agents, brokers or network providers over compensation and termination of contracts and related claims; regulatory actions relating to consumer pressure in relation to benefits realized by insurers; disputes with taxing authorities regarding our tax liabilities and tax assets; regulatory proceedings and litigation related to acquisitions or divestitures made or proposed by us or our subsidiaries or in connection with companies in which we hold an investment; and disputes relating to certain businesses acquired or disposed of by us. The existence of such claims against us or our affiliates, directors or officers could have various adverse effects, including negative publicity and the incurrence of significant legal expenses defending claims, even those without merit.

        On July 26, 2006, we filed a lawsuit seeking $6 billion in damages from a number of defendants who, the complaint (as subsequently amended) alleges, participated in a stock market manipulation scheme involving our

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shares. The complaint, filed in Superior Court, Morris County, New Jersey, alleges violations of various state laws, including the New Jersey Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act, pursuant to which treble damages may be available. On September 12, 2012, before trial, and consequently without having heard or made any determination on the facts, the Court dismissed the lawsuit on legal grounds. In October 2012, we filed an appeal of this dismissal, as we believe that the legal basis for the dismissal is incorrect. On July 10, 2017, we filed with the New Jersey Supreme Court a petition for certification of the appeal court's decision. On October 20, 2017, that petition was denied by the Court. The case allowed then moved ahead to a trial, which took place in September and October 2018. Prior to the trial, we agreed, in exchange for the receipt of a payment of $20.0 million, to resolve our claims against Morgan Keegan & Company, Incorporated; that payment was received in September 2018. At the trial, the jury awarded the Company and Crum & Forster damages of $10.9 million against Exis Capital Management and related Exis companies, Adam Sender and Andrew Heller, including punitive damages of $3.0 million against Exis, $2.25 million against Mr. Sender and $250,000 against Mr. Heller, although the court subsequently relieved Messrs. Sender and Heller of any liability for damages. The Company intends to appeal this relief to Messrs. Sender and Heller, and to continue to pursue its remaining claims against other defendants in the lawsuit by way of appeals against previous court decisions. The ultimate outcome of any litigation is uncertain. The financial effects, if any, of this lawsuit cannot be practicably determined at this time, and our consolidated financial statements include no anticipated recovery from the lawsuit, except for the receipt of the $20.0 million payment in 2018 as described above.

Our computer and data processing systems may fail or be perceived to be insecure, which could adversely affect our business and damage our customer relationships.

        Our business is highly dependent upon the successful and uninterrupted functioning of our computer and data processing systems. We rely on these systems to perform actuarial and other modeling functions necessary for writing business, to process and make claim payments and to process and summarize investment transactions. We have a highly trained staff that is committed to the continual development and maintenance of these systems. Third parties provide certain of the key components of our business infrastructure such as voice and data communications and network access. Given the high volume of transactions processed daily, we are reliant on such third party provided services to successfully deliver our products and services. Despite the contingency plans of the Company and those of our third party service providers, the failure of these systems could interrupt our operations or materially impact our ability to rapidly evaluate and commit to new business opportunities. If sustained or repeated, a system failure could result in the loss of existing or potential business relationships, or compromise our ability to pay claims in a timely manner. This could result in a material adverse effect on our business results.

        In addition, a security breach of our computer systems could damage our reputation or result in liability. We retain confidential information regarding our business dealings in our computer systems, including, in some cases, confidential personal information regarding our insureds. We may be required to spend significant capital and other resources to protect against security breaches or to alleviate problems caused by such breaches. Any well-publicized compromise of security could deter people from conducting transactions that involve transmitting confidential information to our systems. Therefore, it is critical that these facilities and infrastructure remain secure and are perceived by the marketplace to be secure. Despite the implementation of security measures, including our implementation of a data security program specific to confidential personal information, this infrastructure may be vulnerable to physical break-ins, computer viruses, programming errors, attacks by third parties or similar disruptive problems. In addition, we could be subject to liability if hackers were able to penetrate our network security or otherwise misappropriate confidential information.

A disruption of our information technology systems could significantly affect our business.

        We rely on information technology in virtually all aspects of our business. A significant disruption or failure of our information technology systems could result in service interruptions, safety failures, security violations, regulatory compliance failures, and inability to protect information and assets against intruders, and other operational difficulties. Attacks perpetrated against our information systems could result in loss of assets and critical information and expose us to remediation costs and reputational damage.

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        Although we have taken steps intended to mitigate these risks, including implementation of cyber security and cyber resilience measures, business continuity planning, disaster recovery planning and business impact analysis, a significant disruption or cyber intrusion could lead to misappropriation of assets or data corruption and could adversely affect our results of operations, financial condition and liquidity. Additionally, if we are unable to acquire or implement new technology, we may suffer a competitive disadvantage, which could also have an adverse effect on our results of operations, financial condition and liquidity.

        Cyber-attacks could further adversely affect our ability to operate facilities, information technology and business systems, or compromise confidential customer and employee information. Political, economic, social or financial market instability or damage to or interference with our operational assets, or our customers or suppliers may result in business interruptions, lost revenue, higher commodity prices, disruption in fuel supplies, lower energy consumption, unstable markets, increased security and repair or other costs, any of which may materially affect our consolidated financial results. Furthermore, instability in the financial markets as a result of terrorism, sustained or significant cyber-attacks, or war could also materially adversely affect our ability to raise capital.

Our significant shareholder may substantially influence our direction and operations.

        At June 30, 2020, Mr. Prem Watsa, our Chair and Chief Executive Officer, owns, directly or indirectly, or exercises control or direction over shares representing approximately 43.6% of the voting power of our outstanding shares. Amendments were made to the terms of the Multiple Voting Shares of the Company, which are controlled by Mr. Watsa, in August 2015 having the effect of preserving the voting power represented by the Multiple Voting Shares of the Company at 41.8% even if additional Subordinate Voting Shares are issued in the future. Mr. Watsa has the ability to substantially influence certain actions requiring shareholder approval, including approving a business combination or consolidation, liquidation or sale of our assets, electing members of our board of directors and adopting amendments to our articles of incorporation and by-laws. As a shareholder, Mr. Watsa may have different interests than you have and therefore may make decisions that are adverse to your interests. The terms of the Multiple Voting Shares may also have the effect of limiting the likelihood of an unsolicited take-over bid or merger proposal or a proxy contest for the removal of directors. As a result, our shareholders may be deprived of an opportunity to sell their shares at a premium over prevailing market prices and it may be difficult for shareholders to replace our directors and management.

We may be adversely affected by foreign currency fluctuations.

        Our reporting currency is the U.S. dollar. A portion of our premiums and our expenses are denominated in foreign currencies and a portion of our assets (including investments) and loss reserves are also denominated in foreign currencies. We may, from time to time, experience losses resulting from fluctuations in the values of foreign currencies (including when our foreign currency assets and liabilities are hedged) which could adversely affect our financial condition, profitability or cash flows.

We rely on independent brokers over whom we exercise little control, which exposes us to certain risks.

        We do business with a large number of independent brokers on a non-exclusive basis and we cannot rely on their commitment to our insurance and reinsurance products. Moreover, in some markets we operate pursuant to "open market" arrangements in which we have no formal relationships with brokers who place our risk in these markets. Our continued profitability depends, in part, on the marketing efforts of independent brokers and our ability to offer insurance products and maintain financial ratings that meet the requirements and preferences of such brokers and their policyholders.

        Because the majority of our brokers are independent, we have only limited ability to exercise control over them. In the event that an independent broker to which we have granted binding authority exceeds its authority by binding us on a risk which does not comply with our underwriting guidelines, we may be at risk for that policy until we receive the application and effect a cancellation. Although to date we have not experienced a material loss from improper use of binding authority of our brokers, any improper use of such authority may result in losses that could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, profitability or cash flows.

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To the extent that the value of our goodwill, indefinite-lived intangible assets or investments in associates is impaired, we are required to write down the value of such assets.

        A portion of our assets are comprised of goodwill, indefinite-lived intangible assets and investments in associates which have arisen principally from various acquisitions and investments made by us or our operating subsidiaries. We test the carrying value of goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets for impairment at least annually or more often if events or circumstances indicate there may be an impairment. Investments in associates with carrying values that exceed their fair values are tested for impairment at each reporting date. To the extent we identify that the value of goodwill, indefinite-lived intangible assets or investments in associates is impaired, we are required to write down the value of such assets to their recoverable amount. Continued profitability and achievement of financial plans by our acquired businesses and associates is a key driver for there to be no impairment in the carrying value of our goodwill, indefinite-lived intangible assets and investments in associates. As a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, in the first six months of 2020, our share of loss of associates was $228.3 million, which reflected impairment losses of $211.1 million primarily related to our investments in Quess, Resolute and Astarta, as well as our share of loss of associates. We may experience additional impairment losses in our investments in the future, and the impact of such losses may be material and adverse to our results of operations.

Our failure to realize deferred income tax assets could lead to a writedown or tax authorities may take differing positions from ours, either of which could adversely affect our results of operations.

        Realization of deferred income tax assets is dependent upon the generation of taxable income in those jurisdictions where the relevant tax losses and temporary differences exist. Failure to achieve projected levels of profitability could lead to a reduction in our deferred income tax asset if it is no longer probable that the amount of the asset will be realized.

        We are subject to income taxes in Canada, the United States and many foreign jurisdictions where we operate, and our determination of our tax liability is subject to review by applicable domestic and foreign tax authorities. While we believe our tax positions to be reasonable, where our interpretations differ from those of tax authorities or the timing of realization is not as expected, the provision for income taxes may increase or decrease in future periods to reflect actual experience.

Technological or other changes could adversely impact demand, or the premiums payable, for the insurance coverages we offer.

        Technological changes could have unpredictable effects on the insurance and reinsurance industries. It is expected that new services and technologies will continue to emerge that will affect the demand for insurance and reinsurance products and services, the premiums payable, the profitability of such products and services and the risks associated with underwriting certain lines of business, including new lines of business. While we strive to maintain an innovation working group comprised of members with diverse backgrounds from across our global subsidiaries to regularly assess new services and technologies that may be applicable or disruptive to the insurance and reinsurance industries, failure to understand evolving technologies, or to position us in the appropriate direction, or to deploy new products and services in a timely way that considers customer demand and competitor activities could have an adverse impact on our business, financial condition, profitability or cash flows.

Assessments and other surcharges for guaranty funds and second-injury funds and other mandatory pooling arrangements may reduce the profitability of our insurance subsidiaries.

        Virtually all U.S. states require insurers licensed to do business in their state to bear a portion of the loss suffered by some insureds as a result of impaired or insolvent insurance companies. Many states also have laws that establish second-injury funds to provide compensation to injured employees for aggravation of a prior condition or injury. In addition, as a condition to the ability to conduct business in various jurisdictions, some of our insurance subsidiaries are required to participate in mandatory property and casualty shared market mechanisms or pooling arrangements, which provide various types of insurance coverage to individuals or other entities that otherwise are unable to purchase that coverage from private insurers. The effect of these

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assessments and mandatory shared-market mechanisms or changes in them could reduce the profitability of our U.S. insurance subsidiaries in any given period or limit their ability to grow their business. Similarly, our Canadian insurance subsidiaries contribute to mandatory guaranty funds that protect insureds in the event of a Canadian property and casualty insurer becoming insolvent.

Risk Factors Relating to the Exchange Notes

The market value of the Exchange Notes may be affected by changes in credit ratings.

        The value of the Exchange Notes will be affected by the general creditworthiness of the Company. Real or anticipated changes in credit ratings on the Exchange Notes may affect the market value of the Exchange Notes. No assurance can be given that any credit rating assigned to the Exchange Notes will not be lowered or withdrawn entirely by the relevant rating agency or that negative trends will not be applied by any ratings agency.

        The Initial Notes were assigned a rating of BBB(H) by DBRS Limited ("DBRS"), Baa3 by Moody's Investor Service, Inc. ("Moody's") and BBB- by Standard and Poor's Ratings Services, a division of S&P Global, Inc. ("S&P"). One or more other independent credit rating agencies may assign credit ratings to the Exchange Notes. The ratings may not reflect the potential impact of all risks related to the structure, market, additional risk factors discussed herein and other factors that may affect the value of the Exchange Notes. A credit rating is not a recommendation to buy, sell or hold securities and may be subject to revision, suspension or withdrawal by the rating agency at any time. No assurance can be given that a credit rating will remain constant for any given period of time or that a credit rating will not be lowered or withdrawn entirely by the credit rating agency if, in its judgment, circumstances in the future so warrant. A suspension, reduction or withdrawal at any time of a credit rating assigned to the Exchange Notes by one or more of the credit rating agencies may adversely affect the cost and terms and conditions of our financing and could adversely affect the value and trading of the Exchange Notes.

The Exchange Notes are effectively subordinated to the indebtedness of our subsidiaries.

        The Exchange Notes are effectively subordinated to any existing and future indebtedness and other liabilities of our subsidiaries. You will not have any claim as a creditor against our subsidiaries or the assets of our subsidiaries. Therefore, in the event of the insolvency or liquidation of a subsidiary, following payment by such subsidiary of its liabilities, the subsidiary may not have sufficient remaining assets to make payments to us as a shareholder or otherwise. In the event of a default by a subsidiary under any credit agreement or other indebtedness, its creditors could accelerate the debt, prior to such subsidiary distributing amounts to us that we could use to make payments on the Exchange Notes. In addition, if we caused a subsidiary to pay a dividend to us to make payments on the Exchange Notes, and the dividend was determined to be improperly paid, holders of the Exchange Notes would be required to return the payment to the subsidiary's creditors.

        As of June 30, 2020, our subsidiaries had $3.3 billion principal amount of indebtedness, of which $2.3 billion principal amount of indebtedness is held by our non-insurance subsidiaries and is non-recourse to Fairfax. Our subsidiary debt may increase in the future. The terms of the Exchange Notes do not limit the ability of our subsidiaries to incur additional indebtedness that is senior to the Exchange Notes.

We are a holding company, and we may not have access to the cash that is needed to meet our financial obligations or to make payments on the Exchange Notes.

        We are a holding company and conduct substantially all our business through our subsidiaries and receive substantially all our earnings from them. The Company controls our operating insurance and reinsurance companies, each of which must comply with applicable insurance regulations of the jurisdictions in which it operates. Each such company must maintain reserves for losses and loss adjustment expenses to cover the risks it has underwritten. The reserves of one of our insurance or reinsurance companies are not available to be applied against the risks underwritten by other of our companies. The financial condition and results of operations of each of the insurance and reinsurance companies we control are included in our consolidated financial statements and, generally, losses incurred by any of our companies directly impact our consolidated results. Although a severe loss incurred by one company should not have any adverse effect on any of our other companies, such loss, even though not material to us when our financial condition is viewed as a whole, could

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have an adverse effect on us because it could affect adversely how our other companies are treated by others, including rating agencies and insurance regulators.

        Although substantially all of our operations are conducted through our subsidiaries, none of our subsidiaries are obligated to make funds available to us for payment on our outstanding debt, including the Exchange Notes. Accordingly, our ability to meet our financial obligations, including to make payments on our outstanding debt and the Exchange Notes, is dependent on the distribution of earnings from our subsidiaries. The ability of our insurance and reinsurance subsidiaries to pay dividends to the Company in the future will depend on their statutory surplus, on earnings and on regulatory restrictions, including limits on the amount of dividends they can pay without permission from their domestic regulators. The ability of our insurance and reinsurance subsidiaries to pay dividends or make distributions or returns of capital to the Company is subject to restrictions set forth in the insurance laws and regulations of the various jurisdictions in which our operating subsidiaries are domiciled and is affected by the credit agreements and indentures of our subsidiaries, capital support agreements with our subsidiaries and the criteria of third party rating agencies that assess and rate the claims paying ability of our subsidiaries. No assurance can be given that some or all of our operating subsidiaries' jurisdictions will not adopt statutory provisions more restrictive than those currently in effect. Our subsidiaries may incur additional indebtedness that may severely restrict or prohibit the making of distributions, the payment of dividends or the making of loans by our subsidiaries to the Company. We cannot assure you that the agreements governing the current and future indebtedness of our subsidiaries will permit our subsidiaries to provide the Company with sufficient dividends, distributions or loans to meet the Company's financial obligations, including to fund payments on its outstanding debt, or the Notes, when due. Due to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, on April 2, 2020, the European Insurance and Occupational Pensions Authority ("EIOPA") issued a statement suggesting that insurance and reinsurance undertakings temporarily suspend all discretionary dividend distributions. In the context of the EIOPA statement, the Central Bank of Ireland, which regulates Allied World Assurance Company (Europe) dac ("AWAC Europe") has stated that it considers that undertakings should postpone payments of dividends until there is the ability, having regard for the implications of the COVID-19 pandemic, to forecast costs and future revenues with sufficient certainty.

We may incur additional indebtedness that may adversely affect our ability to meet our financial obligations under the Exchange Notes.

        Our obligations under the Exchange Notes rank equally with all of our other unsecured senior indebtedness. As of June 30, 2020, the Company had approximately $9.0 billion principal amount of total outstanding indebtedness. In addition, subsequent to June 30, 2020 and up to the date hereof, we have repaid an additional $270.0 million under our Credit Facility. The indenture governing the Exchange Notes does not limit the amount of additional indebtedness that we may incur. We may incur additional indebtedness in the future, which could have important consequences to holders of the Exchange Notes, including the following:

•

we could have insufficient cash to meet our financial obligations, including our obligations under the Exchange Notes;



•

our ability to obtain additional financing for working capital, capital expenditures or general corporate purposes may be impaired; and



•

a significant degree of debt could make us more vulnerable to changes in general economic conditions and could also affect the financial strength ratings of our insurance and reinsurance subsidiaries.

Holders of the Exchange Notes may not be protected in the event we are involved in a highly leveraged transaction, reorganization, restructuring, merger or similar transaction in the future.

        The Indenture under which the Initial Notes were issued may not sufficiently protect holders of the Exchange Notes if we are involved in a highly leveraged transaction, reorganization, restructuring, merger or similar transaction. The Indenture does not contain:

•

any provision restricting us or any of our subsidiaries from incurring, assuming or being liable with respect to any indebtedness or other obligations;

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•

any provision restricting us or our subsidiaries from incurring, assuming or being liable with respect to any unsecured indebtedness or other unsecured obligations;



•

any provision restricting us or any of our subsidiaries from paying dividends or making other distributions on capital stock or from purchasing or redeeming capital stock;



•

any restrictions on the ability of our subsidiaries to issue securities that would be senior to the common shares of the subsidiary held by us;



•

any financial ratios or specified level of net worth to which we or our subsidiaries must adhere; or



•

any specific restrictions on our ability to contribute our assets to our insurance subsidiaries.

The price at which you may be able to resell your Exchange Notes may be adversely affected by factors that are beyond our control.

        If you are able to resell your Exchange Notes, the price you receive will depend on many factors that may vary over time, including:

•

the number of potential buyers;



•

the level of liquidity of the Exchange Notes;



•

our financial performance;



•

the amount of indebtedness we have outstanding;



•

the level, direction and volatility of market interest rates generally; and



•

the market for similar securities.

        Prevailing yields on similar securities will affect the market value of the Exchange Notes. Assuming all other factors remain unchanged, the market value of the Exchange Notes would be expected to decline as prevailing yields for similar securities rise and would be expected to increase as prevailing yields for similar securities decline. Spreads over the U.S. treasury yields and comparable benchmark rates of interest for similar securities will also affect the market value of the Exchange Notes in an analogous manner.

        As a result of these factors, you may only be able to sell your Exchange Notes at prices below those you believe to be appropriate, including prices below the price at which you acquired the Initial Notes.

There may be no active market for the Exchange Notes.

        There is currently no public market for the Exchange Notes, and we do not intend to apply for listing of the Exchange Notes on any securities exchange or any automated quotation system. Accordingly, we cannot be sure that any active market for the Exchange Notes will develop, or if one does develop, that it will be maintained. If an active market for the Exchange Notes fails to develop or be sustained, the trading price of the Exchange Notes could decline.

The Exchange Notes may be redeemed prior to maturity.

        The Exchange Notes may be redeemed, at our option, in whole at any time or in part from time to time on or after the closing of the Exchange Offer and prior to the maturity date, or in whole but not in part in the event of certain developments affecting Canadian taxation. Holders of Exchange Notes should assume that our redemption option will be exercised if it is in our interest to redeem the Exchange Notes. Holders whose Exchange Notes are redeemed would not be entitled to participate in any future growth in the market price of the Exchange Notes and may not be able to reinvest their redemption proceeds in securities providing a comparable expected rate of return to maturity as the Exchange Notes for a comparable level of risk. See "Description of the Notes — Optional Redemption" and "Description of the Notes — Redemption for Tax Reasons".

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Risk Factors Relating to the Exchange Offer

If you do not validly tender your Initial Notes, you will not receive Exchange Notes in the Exchange Offer, and the resale restrictions applicable to the Initial Notes will continue to apply to those Initial Notes that are not validly exchanged.

        Only Initial Notes that are validly tendered (and not validly withdrawn) will be exchanged in the Exchange Offer and registered under the Securities Act. The Initial Notes that are not so exchanged will continue to be subject to restrictions on transfer under applicable U.S. federal and state securities laws, and while subject to such restrictions, may not be offered, sold or transferred in the United States except pursuant to an exemption from the registration requirements of, or in a transaction not subject to, the Securities Act and applicable state securities laws, or pursuant to an effective registration statement. Upon consummation of the Exchange Offer, certain registration and other rights under the Registration Rights Agreement will terminate. The Company will issue Exchange Notes only in exchange for Initial Notes that are timely received by the exchange agent, together with all required documents, including a properly completed and duly signed letter of transmittal or notice of guaranteed delivery. Therefore, you should allow sufficient time to ensure timely delivery of the Initial Notes and should carefully follow the instructions on how to tender your Initial Notes.

        Neither the Company nor the exchange agent is required to notify you of any defects or irregularities with respect to your tender of the Initial Notes. If you do not tender your Initial Notes or if the Company does not accept your Initial Notes because you did not tender your Initial Notes properly, then, after consummation of the Exchange Offer, you will continue to hold Initial Notes that are subject to existing transfer restrictions.

        Although the Company may in the future seek to acquire unexchanged Initial Notes in open market or privately negotiated transactions, through subsequent exchange offers or otherwise, the Company has no present plans to acquire any unexchanged Initial Notes or to file with the SEC a shelf registration statement or a prospectus with any securities regulatory authority in Canada to permit resales of any unexchanged Initial Notes. In addition, holders who do not tender their Initial Notes (except for the initial purchaser or holders of Initial Notes (i) who are prohibited by applicable law or SEC policy from participating in the Exchange Offer, (ii) who may not resell the Exchange Notes acquired in the Exchange Offer without delivering a prospectus or (iii) for whom this short form prospectus is not appropriate or available for resales of Exchange Notes acquired in the Exchange Offer) will not have any further registration rights and will not have the right to receive additional interest on their Initial Notes.

The market for the Initial Notes may be significantly more limited after the Exchange Offer.

        Because we anticipate that most holders of Initial Notes will elect to exchange their Initial Notes, it is likely that the liquidity of the market for any Initial Notes remaining after the completion of the Exchange Offer may be substantially limited. Any Initial Notes tendered and exchanged in the Exchange Offer will reduce the aggregate principal amount of the Initial Notes outstanding. Accordingly, the liquidity of the market for any remaining Initial Notes could be adversely affected and you may be unable to sell them. The extent of the market for the Initial Notes and the availability of price quotations would depend on a number of factors, including the number of holders of Initial Notes remaining outstanding and the interest of securities firms in maintaining a market in the Initial Notes. An issue of securities with a smaller number of units available for trading may command a lower, and more volatile, price than would a comparable issue of securities with a larger number of units available for trading; therefore, the market price for the Initial Notes that are not exchanged may be lower and more volatile as a result of the reduction in the aggregate principal amount of the Initial Notes outstanding.

        If you do not properly tender your Initial Notes, you will not receive Exchange Notes in the Exchange Offer, and you may not be able to sell your Initial Notes.

Some persons who participate in the Exchange Offer must deliver a prospectus in connection with resales of the Exchange Notes.

        If you exchange your Initial Notes in the Exchange Offer for the purpose of participating in a distribution of the Exchange Notes, you may be deemed to have received restricted securities and, if so, will be required to

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comply with the registration and prospectus delivery requirements of the Securities Act in connection with any resale transaction.

        Based on our understanding of interpretations of the Staff of the SEC set forth in no-action letters issued to third parties, including Exxon Capital Holdings Corporation (available May 13, 1988), Morgan Stanley & Co. Incorporated (available June 5, 1991) and Shearman & Sterling (available July 2, 1993), we believe that holders who (i) are not "affiliates" of the Company within the meaning of Rule 405 under the Securities Act; (ii) acquire their Exchange Notes in the ordinary course of business; (iii) do not engage in, intend to engage in, or have arrangements to participate in a distribution (within the meaning of the Securities Act) of the Exchange Notes; and (iv) are not broker-dealers, may offer for resale, resell or otherwise transfer the Exchange Notes without compliance with the registration and prospectus delivery requirements of the Securities Act. Holders described in the preceding sentence must tell us in writing at our request that they meet these criteria.

        Holders that do not meet these criteria could not rely on interpretations of the SEC in no-action letters, and will have to register the Exchange Notes they receive in the Exchange Offer and deliver a prospectus for them. If such a holder transfers any Exchange Notes without delivering a prospectus meeting the requirements of the Securities Act or without an applicable exemption from registration under the Securities Act, such a holder may incur liability under the Securities Act. We do not and will not assume, or indemnify such a holder against, this liability. In addition, holders that are broker-dealers may be deemed "underwriters" within the meaning of the Securities Act in connection with any resale of Exchange Notes in the United States acquired in the Exchange Offer. Holders that are broker-dealers that receive Exchange Notes for their own account in exchange for Initial Notes that were acquired as a result of market-making activities or other trading activities must acknowledge that they will deliver a prospectus (or, to the extent permitted by law, make available a prospectus to purchasers) in connection with any resale of Exchange Notes in the United States they acquire in the Exchange Offer in order not to be deemed an underwriter.

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