MOH Molina Healthcare Inc

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UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

Form 10-K

(Mark One)

☒			ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

FOR THE FISCAL YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2020

or

☐			TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

200 Oceangate, Suite 100, Long Beach, California 90802

(Address of principal executive offices)

(562) 435-3666

(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act:

None

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.    ☒  Yes    ☐  No

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act.    ☐  Yes     ☒  No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.    ☒  Yes    ☐  No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). ☒  Yes    ☐  No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer

☒

Accelerated filer

☐

Non-accelerated filer

☐

Smaller reporting company

☐

Emerging growth company

☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). ☐  Yes    ☒  No

The aggregate market value of Common Stock held by non-affiliates of the registrant as of June 30, 2020, the last business day of our most recently completed second fiscal quarter, was approximately $10.5 billion (based upon the closing price for shares of the registrant’s Common Stock as reported by the New York Stock Exchange, Inc. on June 30, 2020).

As of February 12, 2021, approximately 58,000,000 shares of the registrant’s Common Stock, $0.001 par value per share, were outstanding.

 

 

DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE

Portions of the registrant’s Proxy Statement for the 2021 Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be held on May 6, 2021, are incorporated by reference into Part III of this Form 10-K, to the extent described therein.

MOLINA HEALTHCARE, INC. 2020 FORM 10-K

TABLE OF CONTENTS

						Page
Part I
Item Number
1.			Business			3
1A.			Risk Factors			19
1B.			Unresolved Staff Comments			Not Applicable.
2.			Properties			32
3.			Legal Proceedings			32
4.			Mine Safety Disclosures			Not Applicable.
Part II
5.			Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities			32
6.			Selected Consolidated Financial Data			Not Applicable.
7.			Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations			35
7A.			Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk			49
8.			Financial Statements and Supplementary Data			50
9.			Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure			Not Applicable.
9A.			Controls and Procedures			90
9B.			Other Information			96
Part III
10.			Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance			96
11.			Executive Compensation			96
12.			Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters			96
13.			Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence			96
14.			Principal Accountant Fees and Services			96
Part IV
15.			Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules			97
16.			Form 10-K Summary			Not Applicable.

Signatures

FORWARD LOOKING STATEMENTS

This Annual Report on Form 10-K (this “Form 10-K”) contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 that involve risks and uncertainties. Many of the forward-looking statements are located under the heading “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.” Forward-looking statements provide current expectations of future events based on certain assumptions and include any statement that does not directly relate to any historical or current fact. Forward-looking statements can also be identified by words such as “guidance,” “future,” “anticipates,” “believes,” “estimates,” “expects,” “growth,” “intends,” “plans,” “predicts,” “projects,” “will,” “would,” “could,” “can,” “may,” and similar terms. Readers are cautioned not to place undue reliance on any forward-looking statements, as forward-looking statements are not guarantees of future performance and the Company’s actual results may differ significantly due to numerous known and unknown risks and uncertainties. Those known risks and uncertainties include, but are not limited to, the risk factors identified in the section of this Form 10-K titled “Risk Factors,” as well as the following:

•the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and its associated or indirect effects on our business, operations, and financial results;

•the numerous political, judicial, and market-based uncertainties associated with the Affordable Care Act (the “ACA”), including the ultimate outcome of the California et al. v Texas et al. matter currently pending for decision before the United States Supreme Court;

•significant budget pressures on state governments from diminished tax revenues incidental to the COVID-19 pandemic and their efforts to reduce rates or limit rate increases, to impose profit caps or risk corridors, or to recoup previously paid premium amounts on a retroactive basis;

•the market dynamics surrounding the ACA Marketplaces, including issues impacting enrollment, risk adjustment estimates and results, the potential for disproportionate enrollment of higher acuity members, and the discontinuation of premium tax credits;

•the outcome of the legal proceedings in Kentucky with regard to the Medicaid contract award to our Kentucky health plan and our acquisition of certain assets of Passport;

•the success of our efforts to retain existing or awarded government contracts, and the success of any bid submissions in response to requests for proposal, including our contracts in Ohio, California, and Texas;

•subsequent adjustments to reported premium revenue based upon subsequent developments or new information, including changes to estimated amounts payable or receivable related to Marketplace risk adjustment;

•the availability of adequate financing on acceptable terms to fund and capitalize our expansion and growth, repay our outstanding indebtedness at maturity, and meet our general liquidity needs;

•our ability to consummate, integrate, and realize benefits from acquisitions, including the completed acquisitions of Magellan Complete Care and Passport, and announced acquisition of Affinity;

•effective management of our medical costs;

•our ability to predict with a reasonable degree of accuracy utilization rates, including utilization rates associated with COVID-19;

•cyber-attacks, ransomware attacks, or other privacy or data security incidents resulting in an inadvertent unauthorized disclosure of protected information;

•the ability to manage our operations, including maintaining and creating adequate internal systems and controls relating to authorizations, approvals, provider payments, and the overall success of our care management initiatives;

•our receipt of adequate premium rates to support increasing pharmacy costs, including costs associated with specialty drugs and costs resulting from formulary changes that allow the option of higher-priced non-generic drugs;

•our ability to operate profitably in an environment where the trend in premium rate increases lags behind the trend in increasing medical costs;

•the interpretation and implementation of federal or state medical cost expenditure floors, administrative cost and profit ceilings, premium stabilization programs, profit-sharing arrangements, and risk adjustment provisions and requirements;

•our estimates of amounts owed for such cost expenditure floors, administrative cost and profit ceilings, premium stabilization programs, profit-sharing arrangements, and risk adjustment provisions and requirements;

•the Medicaid expansion medical cost corridor, and any other retroactive adjustment to revenue where methodologies and procedures are subject to interpretation or dependent upon information about the health status of participants other than Molina members;

•the interpretation and implementation of at-risk premium rules and state contract performance requirements regarding the achievement of certain quality measures, and our ability to recognize revenue amounts associated therewith;

•the success and renewal of our duals demonstration programs in California, Illinois, Michigan, Ohio, South Carolina, and Texas;

•the accurate estimation of incurred but not reported or paid medical costs across our health plans;

•efforts by states to recoup previously paid and recognized premium amounts;

•complications, member confusion, eligibility redeterminations, or enrollment backlogs related to the renewal of Medicaid coverage;

•fraud, waste and abuse matters, government audits or reviews, comment letters, or potential investigations, and any fine, sanction, enrollment freeze, corrective action plan, monitoring program, or premium recovery that may result therefrom;

•our exit from Puerto Rico, including the payment in full of our outstanding accounts receivable, the effective run-out of claims, and the return of our capital;

•changes with respect to our provider contracts and the loss of providers;

•approval by state regulators of dividends and distributions by our health plan subsidiaries;

•changes in funding under our contracts as a result of regulatory changes, programmatic adjustments, or other reforms;

•high dollar claims related to catastrophic illness;

•the favorable resolution of litigation, arbitration, or administrative proceedings;

•the relatively small number of states in which we operate health plans, including the greater scale and revenues of our California, Ohio, Texas, and Washington health plans;

•the failure to comply with the financial or other covenants in our credit agreement or the indentures governing our outstanding notes;

•the sufficiency of funds on hand to pay the amounts due upon maturity of our outstanding notes;

•the failure of a state in which we operate to renew its federal Medicaid waiver;

•changes generally affecting the managed care industry;

•increases in government surcharges, taxes, and assessments;

•the unexpected loss of the leadership of one or more of our senior executives; and

•increasing competition and consolidation in the Medicaid industry.

Each of the terms “Molina Healthcare, Inc.” “Molina Healthcare,” “Company,” “we,” “our,” and “us,” as used herein, refers collectively to Molina Healthcare, Inc. and its wholly owned subsidiaries, unless otherwise stated. The Company assumes no obligation to revise or update any forward-looking statements for any reason, except as required by law.

OVERVIEW

ABOUT MOLINA HEALTHCARE

Molina Healthcare, Inc., a FORTUNE 500 company, provides managed healthcare services under the Medicaid and Medicare programs, and through the state insurance marketplaces (the “Marketplace”). Molina was founded in 1980 as a provider organization serving low-income families in Southern California. We were originally organized in California as a health plan holding company and reincorporated in Delaware in 2002.

Through our locally operated health plans in 15 states, we served approximately 4.0 million members as of December 31, 2020. In addition, in connection with our acquisition of Magellan Complete Care on December 31, 2020, we added approximately 200,000 members, and now operate health plans in 18 states. These health plans are generally operated by our respective wholly owned subsidiaries in those states, and licensed as health maintenance organizations (“HMOs”).

(1)Medical care ratio represents medical care costs as a percentage of premium revenue.

(2)After-tax margin represents net income as a percentage of total revenue.

2020 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

In 2020, we drove strong operating performance in a challenging COVID-19 pandemic environment, particularly in the following areas:

COVID-19 Response

•Operated remotely for majority of the year in unprecedented pandemic environment;

•Effected transition of workforce to remote status in March while maintaining or improving operating metrics;

•Addressed workforce hardships by implementing assistance programs, including dependent-care and other stipends, and a short-term incentive program for eligible non-executive employees; and

•Did not reduce workforce.

Health Plan Portfolio

•Announced health plan acquisitions including Magellan Complete Care (in Arizona, Florida, Massachusetts, New York, Virginia and Wisconsin), Affinity (in New York) and Passport (in Kentucky), representing annualized aggregate premium revenues exceeding $6 billion;

•Closed on acquisitions of Magellan Complete Care, Passport and YourCare (in New York);

•Established a dedicated integration management function to help ensure that we achieve the expected business results;

•Exited Puerto Rico operations without financial hardship; and

•Won the Medicaid contract request for proposal (“RFP”) in Kentucky, and successfully protested the outcome of the Medicaid RFP awards for certain regions of Texas, preserving our Medicaid membership in that state.

Other Notable Achievements

•Organized, announced and initially funded the “MolinaCares” Molina Healthcare Charitable Foundation, an independent charitable organization;

•Drove over 20% improvement in annual employee engagement survey;

•Completed capital structure overhaul with the issuance of two high-yield senior notes amounting to $1.5 billion, in the aggregate, and increased credit facility capacity to $1 billion; and

•Further bolstered senior and middle management talent.

Our business footprint, as of December 31, 2020, is illustrated below.

OUR SEGMENTS

As of December 31, 2020, we had two reportable segments: the Health Plans segment, and the Other segment. Our reportable segments are consistent with how we currently manage the business and view the markets we serve.

The Health Plans reportable segment includes our regulated health plan operating segments, along with the recently acquired Magellan Complete Care health plans operating segment. Because this acquisition closed on December 31, 2020, Magellan Complete Care’s operating results were insignificant to our consolidated results of operations for the year ended December 31, 2020. Management will continue to evaluate the composition of its operating and reportable segments for future filings. The Other segment, which is insignificant to our consolidated results of operations, includes certain corporate amounts not associated with or allocated to the Health Plans segment.

Refer to Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, Note 16, “Segments,” for further information, including segment revenue and profit information, and Note 2, “Significant Accounting Policies” for premium revenue information by health plan.

(1)“Other” includes the Idaho, Mississippi, New Mexico, New York, Puerto Rico, South Carolina, Utah, and Wisconsin health plans, which were individually insignificant to our consolidated operating results for the periods presented.

(2)The 2020 totals for both “Membership by Health Plan,” and “Membership by Program,” do not include approximately 200,000 Magellan Complete Care members from the acquisition closed on December 31, 2020.

MISSION

We improve the health and lives of our members by delivering high-quality healthcare.

VISION

We will distinguish ourselves as the low cost, most effective and reliable health plan delivering government-sponsored care.

STRATEGY

Our growth strategy continues to be anchored by our capital allocation priorities: first, organic growth of our core businesses; second, inorganic growth through accretive acquisitions; and third, programmatically returning excess capital to shareholders, for example, in the form of targeted share repurchase programs. The key capabilities that enable our growth strategy follow:

Low Cost: We provide low-cost health plans to our state customers for Medicaid, and to our members in the MMP and Marketplace programs.

High Quality and Appropriate Access to Care: We provide our members effective and appropriate access to care at the right time and in the right setting.

Reliable Service and Seamless Experience: We offer our state customers, members, and providers reliable service and a seamless experience.

OUR BUSINESS

MEDICAID

Overview

Medicaid was established in 1965 under the U.S. Social Security Act to provide healthcare and long-term care services and support to low-income Americans. Although jointly funded by federal and state governments, Medicaid is a state-operated and state-implemented program. Subject to federal laws and regulations, states have significant flexibility to structure their own programs in terms of eligibility, benefits, delivery of services, and provider payments. As a result, there are 56 separate Medicaid programs—one for each U.S. state, each U.S. territory, and the District of Columbia.

The federal government guarantees matching funds to states for qualifying Medicaid expenditures based on each state’s federal medical assistance percentage (“FMAP”). A state’s FMAP is calculated annually and varies inversely with average personal income in the state. The approximate average FMAP across all jurisdictions is currently 60%, and currently ranges from a federally established FMAP floor of 50% to as high as 78%. See further discussion regarding the FMAP below in “COVID-19 Pandemic—Federal Economic Stabilization Programs.”

We participate in the following Medicaid programs:

•Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (“TANF”) - This is the most common Medicaid program. It primarily covers low-income families with children.

•Medicaid Aged, Blind or Disabled (“ABD”) - ABD programs cover low-income persons with chronic physical disabilities or behavioral health impairments. ABD beneficiaries typically use more services than those served by other Medicaid programs because of their critical health issues.

•Children’s Health Insurance Program (“CHIP”) - CHIP is a joint federal and state matching program that provides healthcare coverage to children whose families earn too much to qualify for Medicaid coverage. States have the option of administering CHIP through their Medicaid programs.

•Medicaid Expansion - In states that have elected to participate, Medicaid Expansion provides eligibility to nearly all low-income individuals under age 65 with incomes at or below 138% of the federal poverty line.

Our state Medicaid contracts typically have terms of three to five years, contain renewal options exercisable by the state Medicaid agency, and allow either the state or the health plan to terminate the contract with or without cause. Such contracts are subject to risk of loss in states that issue requests for proposal (“RFP”) open to competitive bidding by other health plans. If one of our health plans is not a successful responsive bidder to a state RFP, its contract may not be renewed.

In addition to contract renewal, our state Medicaid contracts may be periodically amended to include or exclude certain health benefits (such as pharmacy services, behavioral health services, or long-term care services); populations such as the aged, blind or disabled; and regions or service areas.

Status of Significant Contracts

Our consolidated Medicaid premium revenue constituted 73% of our total revenue in the year ended December 31, 2020. Our Medicaid contracts with each of the states of California, Ohio, Texas and Washington accounted for approximately 10% or more of our consolidated Medicaid premium revenues in each of the years ended December 31, 2020, and 2019. The current status of each of these contracts is described below.

California. Our managed care contracts with the California Department of Health Care Services (“DHCS”) cover six regions in northern and southern California (including Los Angeles County, California, as a subcontractor to another health plan holding a direct contract with the state). These contracts are effective through December 31, 2021, which we expect to be renewed annually until the effectiveness of new forms of contract following RFP awards. DHCS has publicly indicated it expects to release the final Medicaid RFP in 2021, for implementation in January 2024. Our California Medicaid contracts represented premium revenue of approximately $1,694 million, or 12%, of our consolidated Medicaid premium revenue in 2020.

Ohio. Our managed care contract with the Ohio Department of Medicaid (“ODM”) is effective through July 1, 2021. In September 2020, the ODM released the RFP for the Ohio Medicaid program, which will be regionally based on the current three regions (Central/Southeast, Northeast and West). Health plans were able to bid on one or all regions, and be awarded one or all regions. As of February 16, 2021, ODM had not announced the winning bidders

for the RFP. Our Ohio Medicaid contract represented approximately $2,231 million, or 16%, of our consolidated Medicaid premium revenue in 2020.

Texas. In March 2020, the Texas Health and Human Services Commission (“HHSC”) notified our Texas health plan that HHSC had upheld our protest and had canceled all previously awarded contracts associated with the re-procurement awards announced in October 2019 for the ABD program (known in Texas as “STAR+PLUS”). In addition, HHSC canceled the pending re-procurement associated with the TANF and CHIP programs (known in Texas as “STAR/CHIP”). HHSC has indicated that the STAR+PLUS RFP will be posted in late 2021 or early 2022, with awards estimated to be announced in the second quarter of 2022, and start of operations in the fourth quarter of 2023. HHSC has also indicated that the STAR/CHIP RFP will be posted in the fourth quarter of 2022, with awards estimated to be announced in late 2022 or early 2023, and start of operations in the third quarter of 2024. Our Texas Medicaid contracts represented approximately $2,151 million, or 15%, of consolidated Medicaid premium revenue in 2020.

Washington. Our managed care contract with the Washington State Health Care Authority (“HCA”) covers all ten regions of the state’s Apple Health Integrated Managed Care program, and is effective through December 31, 2021. We expect the HCA to exercise its renewal option for at least one year, through December 31, 2022. Our Washington Medicaid contract represented approximately $2,804 million, or 20%, of consolidated Medicaid premium revenue in 2020.

A loss of any of our significant Medicaid contracts could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, cash flows, and results of operations.

Other Developments

Magellan Complete Care. On December 31, 2020, we closed on our acquisition of 100% of the outstanding equity interests of the Magellan Complete Care line of business of Magellan Health, Inc., for total purchase consideration of approximately $1,037 million. Total purchase consideration paid in cash amounted to $1,008 million, which consisted of the base purchase price of $850 million, plus approximately $158 million in preliminary closing adjustments, primarily relating to excess regulatory capital. Total purchase consideration also included assumed liabilities of $29 million. Magellan Complete Care is a managed care organization serving members in six states, including Medicaid members in Arizona and statewide in Virginia, and integrated acute care members in Florida. Through its Senior Whole Health branded plans, Magellan Complete Care provides fully integrated plans for Medicaid and Medicare dual beneficiaries in Massachusetts, as well as managed long-term care in New York. As of December 31, 2020, Magellan Complete Care served approximately 200,000 members in its managed care plans. Magellan Complete Care also provides consultative services to participants who self-direct their care through Wisconsin’s long-term services and supports (“LTSS”) program. For the year ended December 31, 2020, Magellan Complete Care’s total 2020 revenue was approximately $2.9 billion.

New York. In September 2020, we entered into a definitive agreement to acquire substantially all the assets of Affinity Health Plan, Inc. The net purchase price for the transaction is approximately $380 million, subject to various adjustments at closing, which we intend to fund with cash on hand. We currently expect the transaction to close as early as the second quarter of 2021.

On July 1, 2020, we closed on the acquisition of certain assets of YourCare Health Plan, Inc., a Medicaid health plan operating in certain regions of New York, for a cash purchase price of $42 million.

Kentucky. In May 2020, our Kentucky health plan was selected as an awardee pursuant to the statewide Medicaid managed care RFP issued by the Kentucky Cabinet for Health and Family Services, Department of Medicaid Services. On September 1, 2020, we closed on the acquisition of certain assets of Passport Health Plan, Inc., a Medicaid health plan, for a purchase price of $66 million. Effective on that same date, the Kentucky Medicaid agency approved the novation of Passport’s Medicaid contract to Molina Healthcare of Kentucky, Inc., thereby ensuring continuity of care for Passport’s Medicaid members.

Member Enrollment and Marketing

Most states allow eligible Medicaid members to select the Medicaid plan of their choice. This opportunity to choose a plan is typically afforded to the member at the time of first enrollment and, at a minimum, annually thereafter. In some of the states in which we operate, a substantial majority of new Medicaid members voluntarily select a plan with the remainder subject to the auto-assignment process described below, while in other states less than half of new members voluntarily choose a plan.

Our Medicaid health plans may benefit from auto-assignment of individuals who do not choose a plan, but for whom participation in managed care programs is mandatory. Each state differs in its approach to auto-assignment, but one

or more of the following criteria is typical in auto-assignment algorithms: a Medicaid beneficiary's previous enrollment with a health plan or experience with a particular provider contracted with a health plan, enrolling family members in the same plan, a plan's quality or performance status, a plan’s network and enrollment size, awarding all auto-assignments to a plan with the lowest bid in a county or region, and equal assignment of individuals who do not choose a plan in a specified county or region.

Our Medicaid marketing efforts are regulated by the states in which we operate, each of which imposes different requirements for, or restrictions on, Medicaid sales and marketing. These requirements and restrictions are revised from time to time. None of the jurisdictions in which we operate permit direct sales by Medicaid health plans.

MEDICARE

Overview

Medicare Advantage. Medicare is a federal program that provides eligible persons age 65 and over and some disabled persons with a variety of hospital, medical insurance, and prescription drug benefits. Medicare is funded by Congress, and administered by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (“CMS”). Medicare beneficiaries may enroll in a Medicare Advantage plan, under which managed care plans contract with CMS to provide benefits that are comparable to original Medicare. Such benefits are provided in exchange for a fixed per-member per-month (“PMPM”) premium payment that varies based on the county in which a member resides, the demographics of the member, and the member’s health condition. Since 2006, Medicare beneficiaries have had the option of selecting a prescription drug benefit from an existing Medicare Advantage plan. The drug benefit, available to beneficiaries for a monthly premium, is subject to certain cost sharing depending upon the specific benefit design of the selected plan.

Medicare-Medicaid Plans, or MMPs. Over 12 million low-income elderly and disabled people qualify for both the Medicare and Medicaid programs (“dual eligible” individuals). These beneficiaries are more likely than other Medicare beneficiaries to be frail, live with multiple chronic conditions, and have functional and cognitive impairments. Medicare is their primary source of health insurance coverage. Medicaid supplements Medicare by paying for services not covered by Medicare, such as dental care and long-term care services and supports, and by helping to cover Medicare’s premiums and cost-sharing requirements. Together, these two programs help to shield very low-income Medicare beneficiaries from potentially unaffordable out-of-pocket medical and long-term care costs. To coordinate care and deliver services in a more financially efficient manner, some states have undertaken demonstration programs to integrate Medicare and Medicaid services for dual-eligible individuals. The health plans participating in such demonstrations are referred to as MMPs. We operate MMPs in six states, as described further below.

Contracts

We enter into Medicare and MMP contracts with CMS, in partnership with each state’s department of health and human services. Such contracts typically have terms of one to three years.

Status of MMP Contracts

Our California, Illinois and Ohio MMP contracts are effective through December 31, 2022, which represented aggregate premium revenue of approximately $947 million in 2020. Our South Carolina and Texas MMP contracts are effective through December 31, 2023, which represented aggregate premium revenue of approximately $492 million in 2020.

In Michigan, we have a one-year contract extension effective through December 31, 2021, which represented premium revenue of approximately $281 million in 2020. The state has submitted a formal letter of intent to extend the contract for five years through 2026; the five-year contract extension is under development.

Other Developments

In December 2020, CMS announced its introduction of a new direct contracting model aimed at utilizing Medicaid Managed Care Organizations (“MCOs”) to increase holistic care coordination and improve outcomes for the dually eligible population. The new model will roll out in January 2022, with requests for applications expected to be released in early 2021. Participating MCO-based direct contracting entities will have new incentives to provide whole-person care and better serve their full-benefit dually eligible enrollees.

Member Enrollment and Marketing

Our Medicare members may be enrolled through auto-assignment, as described above in “Medicaid—Member Enrollment and Marketing,” or by enrolling in our plans with the assistance of insurance agents employed by Molina, outside brokers, or via the Internet.

Our Medicare marketing and sales activities are regulated by CMS and the states in which we operate. CMS has oversight over all marketing materials used by Medicare Advantage plans, and in some cases has imposed advance approval requirements. CMS generally limits sales activities to those conveying information regarding benefits, describing the operations of our managed care plans, and providing information about eligibility requirements.

We employ our own insurance agents and contract with independent, licensed insurance agents to market our Medicare Advantage products. We have continued to expand our use of independent agents because the cost of these agents is largely variable and we believe the use of independent, licensed agents is more conducive to the shortened Medicare selling season and the open enrollment period. The activities of our independent, licensed insurance agents are also regulated by CMS. We also use direct mail, mass media and the Internet to market our Medicare Advantage products.

MARKETPLACE

Overview

Effective January 1, 2014, the Affordable Care Act (“ACA”) authorized the creation of Marketplace insurance exchanges, allowing individuals and small groups to purchase federally subsidized health insurance. We offer Marketplace plans in many of the states where we offer Medicaid health plans. Our plans allow our Medicaid members to stay with their providers as they transition between Medicaid and the Marketplace. Additionally, our plans remove financial barriers to quality care and seek to minimize members' out-of-pocket expenses. In 2021, we are participating in the Marketplace in all our markets except Idaho, Illinois, Kentucky, New York, and the Magellan Complete Care markets in Arizona, Massachusetts, and Virginia.

In 2021, we expect Marketplace enrollment to grow approximately 25%, to a total of 400,000 members at the end of 2021.This would represent premium revenue growth of approximately $485 million in 2021.

Contracts

We enter into contracts with CMS annually for the state Marketplace programs. These contracts have a one-year term ending on December 31, and must be renewed annually.

Other Developments

Special Enrollment Period. In January 2021, President Biden issued the Executive Order on Strengthening Medicaid and the Affordable Care Act. As a result of the order, a new three-month special enrollment period will be launched to allow uninsured and under-insured individuals to obtain Marketplace coverage. The special enrollment period will be open from February 15, 2021 to May 15, 2021.

Marketplace Risk Corridor Judgment. In April 2020, the United States Supreme Court held that §1342 of the Affordable Care Act obligated the federal government to pay participating insurers the full Marketplace risk corridor amounts calculated by that statute, and that impacted insurers may sue the federal government in the U.S. Court of Federal Claims to recover damages for breach of that obligation. In June 2020, the Claims Court granted us judgment in the amount of $128 million for 2014, 2015, and 2016 Marketplace risk corridor claims, which we received in October 2020. Consistent with the timing of the cash receipt, the gain was recognized in our fourth quarter 2020 financial results and reported in “Marketplace risk corridor judgment” in our consolidated statements of income. The judgment did not create additional Minimum MLR rebates.

Member Enrollment and Marketing

Our Marketplace members enroll in our plans with the assistance of insurance agents employed by Molina, outside brokers, vendors, direct to consumer marketing and via the Internet.

While our Marketplace sales activities are regulated by CMS (such as eligibility determinations), our marketing activities are regulated by the individual states in which we operate. Some states require us to obtain prior approval of our marketing materials, others simply require us to provide them with copies of our marketing materials, and some states do not request our marketing materials. We are able to freely contact our members and provide them with marketing materials as long as those materials are fair and do not discriminate.

Our Marketplace sales and marketing strategy is to provide high quality, affordable, compliant and consumer centric Marketplace products through a variety of distribution channels. Our Marketplace products are displayed on the Federally Facilitated Marketplace (“FFM”) and the State Based Marketplace (“SBM”) in the states in which we participate in the Marketplace. We also contract with independent, licensed insurance agents to market our Marketplace products. The activities of our independently licensed insurance agents are also regulated by both CMS and the departments of insurance in the states in which we participate. Our sales cycle typically peaks during the annual Open Enrollment Period (“OEP”) as defined and regulated by CMS and the applicable FFM and SBM.

Medicaid

Under our Medicaid contracts, state government agencies pay our health plans fixed PMPM rates that vary by state, line of business, demographics and, in most instances, health risk factors. CMS requires these rates to be actuarially sound. In exchange for the payment received, Molina arranges, pays for, and manages healthcare services provided to Medicaid beneficiaries. Therefore, our health plans are at risk for the medical costs associated with their members’ healthcare. Payments to us under each of our Medicaid contracts are subject to each state’s annual appropriation process. The amount of the premiums paid to our health plans may vary substantially between states and among various government programs. For the year ended December 31, 2020, Medicaid program PMPM premium revenues ranged from $190.00 to $1,560.00.

Medicare

Under Medicare Advantage, managed care plans contract with CMS to provide benefits in exchange for a fixed PMPM premium payment that varies based on health plan star rating and member demographics, including county residence and health risk factors. CMS also considers inflation, changes in utilization patterns and average per capita fee-for-service Medicare costs in the calculation of the fixed PMPM premium payment. Amounts payable to us under the Medicare Advantage contracts are subject to annual revision by CMS, including any federal budget cuts or tax changes applicable to Medicare. We elect to participate in each Medicare service area or region on an annual basis. Medicare Advantage premiums paid to us are subject to federal government reviews and audits which can result, and have resulted, in retroactive and prospective premium adjustments. Compared with our Medicaid plans, Medicare Advantage and MMP contracts generate higher average PMPM revenues and healthcare costs. For the year ended December 31, 2020, Medicare program PMPM premium revenues ranged from $1,060.00 to $3,150.00.

Marketplace

For Marketplace, we develop each state’s premium rates during the spring of each year for policies effective in the following calendar year. Premium rates are based on our estimates of utilization of services and unit costs, anticipated member risk acuity and related federal risk adjustment transfer amounts, and non-benefit expenses such as administrative costs, taxes, and fees. The premium rates are filed for approval with the various state and federal authorities in accordance with the rules and regulations applicable to the ACA individual market, including, but not limited to, minimum loss ratio thresholds and adjustments for permissible rate variations by age, geographic area, and variations in plan design. In the year ended December 31, 2020, Marketplace program PMPM premium revenues ranged from $310.00 to $590.00, excluding the risk corridor judgment described above.

COVID-19 PANDEMIC

As the COVID-19 pandemic continues to evolve, its ultimate impact to our business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows is uncertain and difficult to predict. Specific trends and uncertainties related to our Health Plans segment follow.

Federal Economic Stabilization Programs

As a result of the pandemic, various stabilization programs were enacted beginning in March 2020, which may impact our business directly or indirectly, including the following:

Coronavirus Preparedness and Response Supplemental Appropriations Act. Enacted on March 6, 2020, this legislation provided $8.3 billion in COVID-19 response funding for developing a vaccine and preventing further spread of the virus.

Families First Coronavirus Response Act. Enacted on March 18, 2020, this legislation provided $100 billion in worker assistance, temporarily increased each qualifying state and territory’s FMAP by 6.2% beginning January 1, 2020, and waived cost sharing for COVID-19 testing. The federal government guarantees matching funds to states for qualifying Medicaid expenditures based on each state’s FMAP. The enhanced FMAP rate has been extended through the end of the second quarter of 2021. The accompanying requirement that bans the loss of coverage from state eligibility redeterminations has been extended through the end of April 2021. Redetermination is the process through which Medicaid enrollees demonstrate whether they continue to meet the requirements for participation in the Medicaid program, in particular maximum household income. This is likely a positive indicator for continued membership gains, and to provide more support for an actuarially sound rate environment.

Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (the “CARES Act”). Enacted on March 27, 2020, the CARES Act provided an estimated $2 trillion to fight the COVID-19 pandemic and stimulate the U.S. economy. This assistance included loans and support to major industries, including airlines and small businesses, direct payments to individuals and families, and $175 billion in relief funds to hospitals and other healthcare providers.

Paycheck Protection Program and Health Care Enhancement Act. Enacted on April 24, 2020, this legislation provided $310 billion for the depleted Paycheck Protection Program, and additional funding for hospitals and testing.

Coronavirus Response and Relief Supplemental Appropriations Act. Enacted on December 27, 2020, this $900 billion economic stimulus package was attached to a $1.4 trillion omnibus spending bill to fund the U.S. government through September 30, 2021. The legislation aims to support the U.S. economy by reauthorizing and providing additional funding for the fiscal support programs established by the CARES Act, and included small business relief funding of $325 billion, $82 billion in school funding, $69 billion for vaccine procurement and distribution, direct payments to individuals and families, and extended unemployment benefits, among other relief funding.

Due to the uncertainty as to the duration and breadth of the COVID-19 pandemic, we are unable to reasonably estimate the ultimate impact of the economic stabilization programs to our business, financial condition, and operating results.

Health Plan Operations

The pandemic has impacted our business, and we currently expect it to further impact our business in the areas described below. In 2020, the combination of COVID-related impacts netted to a significant negative impact on earnings.

Medical Care Costs and Demand for Healthcare Services. Beginning in early 2020 the pandemic, along with the related quarantine and social distancing measures, reduced demand for certain routine and non-critical medical services, while at the same time increased demand for other medical services, such as COVID-19 testing and emergency services. Early in the second quarter of 2020, we began to experience significantly lower utilization in a variety of cost categories, representing approximately two-thirds of our total medical cost spend, with utilization levels increasing slowly as the year progressed. We experienced several significant COVID-related impacts on medical care costs in 2020 as follows:

•Direct costs to care for COVID patients totaled $205 million in 2020, as a resurgence of COVID infections and episodes occurred in places such as Texas and California, and also disproportionately impacted certain of our Marketplace members.

•In 2020, utilization was curtailed, and generally remained below normal levels for the remainder of the year. The effect of the curtailed utilization, net of the direct cost to care discussed above, reduced medical care costs and increased pretax earnings by approximately $420 million.

•Excluding acquisitions and our planned exit from Puerto Rico, we have added approximately 415,000 new Medicaid members since March 31, 2020, and we believe that the acuity of that population is lower than our average.

With regard to the recently approved vaccines, all such vaccines are purchased by the federal government, at no cost to us or our members. For our Medicaid and Marketplace members, we will cover the costs to administer the vaccine, which we do not expect to be significant. The costs to administer the vaccine to our Medicare members is generally covered by CMS.

Medicaid Premium Actions. In 2020, various states enacted temporary premium refunds and related actions in response to the reduced demand for medical services stemming from COVID-19, which resulted in a reduction of our medical margin. In some cases, these premium actions were retroactive to earlier periods in 2020, or as early as the beginning of the states’ fiscal years in 2019. Beginning in the second quarter of 2020, we have recognized retroactive premium actions that we believe to be probable, and where the ultimate premium amount is reasonably estimable. We recognized $564 million related to these retroactive premium refunds, in the aggregate, in 2020, including approximately $37 million related to MMP plans.

It is possible that certain states could increase the level of existing premium refunds, and it is also possible that other states could implement some form of retroactive premium refund in the future. Due to these uncertainties, the ultimate outcomes could differ materially from our estimates as a result of changes in facts or further developments, which could have an adverse effect on our consolidated financial position, results of operations, or cash flows.

Our position on rate adequacy has been consistent:

•We do not intend, nor do we want, to keep state Medicaid money that was supposed to be spent on medical benefits but was not due to utilization curtailment caused by COVID;

•In many of our legacy Medicaid states, there are already mechanisms in place to protect against a surplus margin, as there are Minimum MLRs in seven of our states and profit caps in two others; and

•Once the COVID-19 pandemic abates, we believe that the traditional process of establishing prospective actuarially sound rates based on a credible medical cost baseline and cost trend off that baseline will resume.

In addition to Medicaid premium actions, COVID may impact premium revenue in our Medicare and Marketplace programs. For these programs, which utilize risk adjustment methodologies, medical care patterns disrupted by COVID may temporarily affect our ability to obtain complete member health status information.

Member Enrollment. Excluding acquisitions and our planned exit from Puerto Rico, we have added approximately 415,000 new Medicaid members since March 31, 2020, when we first began to report on the impacts of the pandemic. We believe this membership increase was mainly due to the suspension of redeterminations.

It remains unclear how high the COVID-related membership peak will be, how quickly it will fall as the economy recovers, and where it will ultimately settle. However it does now appear that since unemployment nationally has fallen to 6.3% as of January 2021, the initial industry estimates of unemployment-related Medicaid membership increases were somewhat overstated. On a related note, the declaration of the extension of the public health emergency period to April 2021, with a potential extension from the Biden administration for the public health emergency to remain in place for all of 2021, will also likely have an impact. Therefore, we are currently unable to predict the timing or amount of the expected increases in enrollment. Increased membership would increase our premium revenue, but would also likely result in a significant increase in medical care claims and related costs. We believe that we have the scalability necessary to both serve new members, and ably partner with our state customers for increases in membership.

Capital and Financial Resources. Refer to “Liquidity and Financial Condition” below for a discussion of our capital and financial resources.

We continue to monitor and assess the estimated operating and financial impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, and as it evolves, we continue to process, assemble, and assess member utilization information. We believe that our cash resources, borrowing capacity available under the Credit Agreement, and cash flow generated from operations will be sufficient to withstand the financial impact of the pandemic, and will enable us to continue to support our operations, regulatory requirements, debt repayment obligations, and capital expenditures for the foreseeable future.

LEGISLATIVE AND POLITICAL ENVIRONMENT

PRESSURES ON MEDICAID FUNDING

Due to states’ budget challenges, including shortfalls resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic, and political agendas at both the state and federal levels, there are a number of different legislative proposals being considered, some of which would involve significantly reduced federal or state spending on the Medicaid program, constitute a fundamental change to the federal role in healthcare and, if enacted, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, cash flows, or results of operations. These proposals include elements such as the following, as well as numerous other potential changes and reforms:

•Changes in the entitlement nature of Medicaid (and perhaps Medicare as well) by capping future increases in federal health spending for these programs, and shifting much more of the risk for health costs in the future to states and consumers;

•Reversing the ACA’s expansion of Medicaid that enables states to cover low-income childless adults;

•Changing Medicaid to a state block grant program, including potentially capping spending on a per-enrollee basis;

•Requiring Medicaid beneficiaries to work; and

•Limiting the amount of lifetime benefits for Medicaid beneficiaries.

AFFORDABLE CARE ACT

Status of Constitutionality Court Case

In December 2018, in a case brought by the state of Texas and nineteen other states, a federal judge in Texas held that the individual mandate of the Affordable Care Act (the “ACA”) is unconstitutional. He further held that since the individual mandate is inseverable from the entire body of the ACA, the entire ACA is unconstitutional. The effect of his ruling was stayed pending the appeal of the ruling to the Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals. In December 2019, a three-judge panel of the Fifth Circuit Court of Appeal, in a two to one decision, affirmed the District Court’s ruling that the individual mandate is unconstitutional, but remanded the case back to the District Court for further consideration of the severability issue. The intervenor defendant states led by California subsequently appealed the case to the U.S. Supreme Court, and the Supreme Court heard oral arguments in the case on November 10, 2020. The Supreme Court’s decision is expected by June 2021. If the Supreme Court were to rule that the individual mandate is unconstitutional, and that the individual mandate is not severable from the balance of the ACA, or that the entirety of the ACA is unconstitutional, that ruling could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, cash flows, or results of operations.

As of December 31, 2020, we served a significant number of members enrolled in programs created by the ACA, including approximately 771,000 Medicaid Expansion members and 318,000 Marketplace members. In the year ended December 31, 2020, premium revenue associated with these members amounted to $4,904 million, and contributed Medical Margin of $826 million.

Other Proposed Changes and Reforms

Other proposed changes and reforms to the ACA have included, or may include the following:

•Prohibiting the federal government from operating Marketplaces;

•Eliminating the advanced premium tax credits, and cost sharing reductions for low income individuals who purchase their health insurance through the Marketplaces;

•Expanding and encouraging the use of private health savings accounts;

•Providing for insurance plans that offer fewer and less extensive health insurance benefits than under the ACA’s essential health benefits package, including broader use of catastrophic coverage plans, or short-term health insurance;

•Establishing and funding high risk pools or reinsurance programs for individuals with chronic or high cost conditions; and

•Allowing insurers to sell insurance across state lines.

The passage of any of these changes or other reforms could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, cash flows, or results of operations.

OPERATIONS

QUALITY

Our long-term success depends, to a significant degree, on the quality of the services we provide. As of December 31, 2020, 13 of our health plans were accredited by the National Committee for Quality Assurance (“NCQA”), of which 12 of those health plans also received the Multicultural Health Care Distinction, which is awarded to organizations that meet or exceed NCQA’s rigorous requirements for multicultural healthcare.

For the states where our health plans are accredited by the NCQA and/or have Medicare Star Ratings, the table below presents such health plans’ NCQA status, as well as their current scores as part of the Medicare Star Ratings, which measures the quality of Medicare plans across the country using a 5-star rating system.

We believe that these objective measures of quality are important to state Medicaid agencies, as a growing number of states link reimbursement and patient assignment to quality scores. Additionally, Medicare pays quality bonuses to health plans that achieve high quality.

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*NCQA Health Insurance Plan Ratings for 2020-2021 (Medicaid) have not been released due to COVID-19.

PROVIDERS

We arrange healthcare services for our members through contracts with a vast network of providers, including independent physicians and physician groups, hospitals, ancillary providers, and pharmacies. We strive to ensure that our providers have the appropriate expertise and cultural and linguistic experience.

The quality, depth and scope of our provider network are essential if we are to ensure quality, cost-effective care for our members. In partnering with quality, cost-effective providers, we utilize clinical and financial information derived by our medical informatics function, as well as the experience we have gained in serving Medicaid members, to gain insight into the needs of both our members and our providers.

Physicians

We contract with both primary care physicians and specialists, many of whom are organized into medical groups or independent practice associations. Primary care physicians provide office-based primary care services. Primary care physicians may be paid under capitation or fee-for-service contracts and may receive additional compensation by providing certain preventive care services. Under capitation payment arrangements, healthcare providers receive fixed, pre-arranged monthly payments per enrolled member, whereas under fee-for-service payment arrangements, healthcare providers are paid a fee for each particular service rendered. Our specialists care for patients for a specific episode or condition, usually upon referral from a primary care physician, and are usually compensated on a fee-for-service basis. When we contract with groups of physicians on a capitated basis, we monitor their solvency.

Hospitals

We generally contract with hospitals that have significant experience dealing with the medical needs of the Medicaid population. We reimburse hospitals under a variety of payment methods, including fee-for-service, per diems,

diagnostic-related groups, capitation, and case rates.

Ancillary Providers

Our ancillary agreements provide coverage of medically-necessary care, including laboratory services, home health, physical, speech and occupational therapy, durable medical equipment, radiology, ambulance and transportation services, and are reimbursed on a capitation and fee-for-service basis.

Pharmacy

We outsource pharmacy benefit management services, including claims processing, pharmacy network contracting, rebate processing and mail and specialty pharmacy fulfillment services.

The following table illustrates consolidated medical care costs by type for the periods indicated:

(1)“Other” includes all medically-related administrative costs, certain provider incentive costs, provider claims, and other healthcare expenses. Medically-related administrative costs include, for example, expenses relating to health education, quality assurance, case management, care coordination, disease management, and 24-hour on-call nurses.

MEDICAL MANAGEMENT

Our mission is to improve the health and lives of our members by delivering high-quality healthcare. We believe our singular focus on government-sponsored healthcare enables us to identify and implement efficiencies that distinguish us as the low-cost, high-quality health plan of choice. We emphasize primary care physicians as the central point of delivery for routine and preventive care, coordination of referrals to specialists, and appropriate assessment of the need for hospital care. This model has proved to be an effective method of coordinating medical care for our members.

Utilization Management

Our goal is to optimize access to low-cost, high-quality care. This is achieved by sound clinical policy based on current evidence-based practices. Additionally, we continuously monitor utilization patterns and strive to identify new opportunities to reduce cost and improve quality of care. Our utilization management process serves as a bridge to identify at-risk members for referral into internally developed case management programs such as “Transitions of Care,” which facilitates post-discharge safety and appropriate outcomes.

Population Management

We believe high-quality, affordable care is achieved through a variety of programs tailored to our members’ emerging needs. Individuals are identified for interventions, and programs are customized, based on predictive analytics and our member assessment process. These tools ensure that the appropriate level of services and support are provided to address physical health, behavioral health, and social determinants of health. This comprehensive and customized approach is designed to help members achieve their goals and improve their overall quality of life.

Pharmacy Management

Our pharmacy programs are designed to make us a trusted partner in improving member health and healthcare affordability. We strategically partner with physicians and other healthcare providers who treat our members. This collaboration results in drug formularies and clinical initiatives that promote improved patient care. We employ full-time pharmacists and pharmacy technicians who work closely with providers to educate them about our formulary products, clinical programs, and the importance of cost-effective care.

INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

Our business is dependent on effective and secure information systems that assist us in processing provider claims, monitoring utilization and other cost factors, supporting our medical management techniques, providing data to our regulators, and implementing our data security measures. Our members and providers also depend upon our information systems for enrollment, premium processing, primary care and specialist physician roster access, membership verifications, claims status, provider payments, and other information.

We have partnered with third parties to support our information technology systems. This makes our operations vulnerable to adverse effects if such third parties fail to perform adequately. In 2019, we entered into an agreement with a third-party vendor who manages certain of our information technology services including, among other things, our infrastructure operations, end-user services, data centers, public cloud and application management. As a result of the agreement, we were able to reduce our administrative expenses, while improving the reliability of our information technology functions, and maintain targeted levels of service and operating performance. A segment of these services are provided on our premises, while other portions of the services are performed at the vendor’s facilities.

Our information systems require an ongoing commitment of significant resources to maintain, protect, and enhance existing systems and develop new systems to keep pace with continuing changes in information processing technology, evolving systems and regulatory standards, changing customer preferences, acquisitions and increased security risks.

CENTRALIZED SERVICES

We provide certain centralized medical and administrative services to our subsidiaries pursuant to administrative services agreements that include, but are not limited to, information technology, product development and administration, underwriting, claims processing, customer service, certain care management services, human resources, marketing, purchasing, risk management, actuarial, finance, accounting, compliance, legal and public relations.

COMPETITIVE CONDITIONS AND ENVIRONMENT

We face varying levels of competition. Healthcare reform proposals may cause organizations to enter or exit the market for government-sponsored health programs. However, the licensing requirements and bidding and contracting procedures in some states may present partial barriers to entry into our industry.

We compete for government contracts, renewals of those government contracts, members, and providers. State agencies consider many factors in awarding contracts to health plans. Among such factors are the health plan’s provider network, quality scores, medical management, degree of member satisfaction, timeliness of claims payment, and financial resources. Potential members typically choose a health plan based on a specific provider being a part of the network, the quality of care and services available, accessibility of services, and reputation or name recognition of the health plan. We believe factors that providers consider in deciding whether to contract with a health plan include potential member volume, payment methods, timeliness and accuracy of claims payment, and administrative service capabilities.

Medicaid

The Medicaid managed care industry is subject to ongoing changes as a result of healthcare reform, business consolidations and new strategic alliances. We compete with national, regional, and local Medicaid service providers, principally on the basis of size, location, quality of the provider network, quality of service, and reputation. Our primary competitors in the Medicaid managed care industry include Centene Corporation, UnitedHealth Group Incorporated, Anthem, Inc., Aetna Inc., and other large not-for-profit healthcare organizations. Competition can vary considerably from state to state.

Medicare

The Medicare market is highly competitive across the country, with large competitors, such as UnitedHealth Group Incorporated, Humana Inc., and Aetna Inc., holding significant market share.

Marketplace

Low-income members who receive government subsidies comprise the vast majority of Marketplace membership, which is served by a limited number of health plans. Our primary competitor for low-income Marketplace membership is Centene Corporation.

REGULATION

Our health plans are highly regulated by both state and federal government agencies. Regulation of managed care products and healthcare services varies from jurisdiction to jurisdiction, and changes in applicable laws and rules occur frequently. Regulatory agencies generally have discretion to issue regulations and interpret and enforce laws and rules. Such agencies have become increasingly active in recent years in their review and scrutiny of health insurers and managed care organizations, including those operating in the Medicaid and Medicare programs.

HIPAA AND THE HITECH ACT

In 1996, Congress enacted the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (“HIPAA”). All health plans are subject to HIPAA, including ours. HIPAA generally requires health plans to:

•Establish the capability to receive and transmit electronically certain administrative healthcare transactions, such as claims payments, in a standardized format;

•Afford privacy to patient health information; and

•Protect the privacy of patient health information through physical and electronic security measures.

In 2009, the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act (“HITECH”) imposed requirements on uses and disclosures of health information; included requirements for HIPAA business associate agreements; extended parts of HIPAA privacy and security provisions to business associates; added data breach notification requirements for covered entities and business associates and reporting requirements to the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (“HHS”) and, in some cases, to the media; strengthened enforcement; and imposed higher financial penalties for HIPAA violations. In the conduct of our business, depending on the circumstances, we may act as either a covered entity and/or a business associate. HIPAA privacy regulations do not preempt more stringent state laws and regulations that may apply to us.

We maintain a HIPAA compliance program, which we believe complies with HIPAA privacy and security regulations, and have dedicated resources to monitor compliance with this program.

Healthcare reform created additional tools for fraud prevention, including increased oversight of providers and suppliers participating or enrolling in Medicaid, CHIP, and Medicare. Those enhancements included mandatory licensure for all providers, and site visits, fingerprinting, and criminal background checks for higher risk providers.

FRAUD AND ABUSE LAWS AND THE FALSE CLAIMS ACT

Because we receive payments from federal and state governmental agencies, we are subject to various laws commonly referred to as “fraud and abuse” laws, including federal and state anti-kickback statutes, prohibited referrals, and the federal False Claims Act, which permit agencies and enforcement authorities to institute a suit against us for violations and, in some cases, to seek treble damages, criminal and civil fines, penalties, and assessments. Violations of these laws can also result in exclusion, debarment, temporary or permanent suspension from participation in government healthcare programs, or the institution of corporate integrity agreements. Liability under such federal and state statutes and regulations may arise if we know, or it is determined that we should have known, that information we provide to form the basis for a claim for government payment is false or fraudulent, and some courts have permitted False Claims Act suits to proceed if the claimant was out of compliance with program requirements.

Fraud, waste and abuse prohibitions encompass a wide range of operating activities, including kickbacks or other inducements for referral of members or for the coverage of products (such as prescription drugs) by a plan, billing for unnecessary medical services by a provider, upcoding, payments made to excluded providers, improper marketing, and the violation of patient privacy rights. In particular, there has recently been increased scrutiny by the Department of Justice on health plans’ risk adjustment practices, particularly in the Medicare program. Companies involved in public healthcare programs such as Medicaid and Medicare are required to maintain compliance programs to detect and deter fraud, waste and abuse, and are often the subject of fraud, waste and abuse investigations and audits.

The federal government has taken the position that claims presented in violation of the federal anti-kickback statute may be considered a violation of the federal False Claims Act. In addition, under the federal civil monetary penalty statute, the HHS Office of Inspector General has the authority to impose civil penalties against any person who, among other things, knowingly presents, or causes to be presented, certain false or otherwise improper claims. Qui tam actions under federal and state law can be brought by any individual on behalf of the government. Qui tam actions have increased significantly in recent years, causing greater numbers of healthcare companies to have to defend a false claim action, pay fines, or be excluded from the Medicare, Medicaid, or other state or federal healthcare programs as a result of an investigation arising out of such action.

LICENSING AND SOLVENCY

Our health plans are generally licensed by the insurance departments in the states in which they operate, except the following: our California health plan is licensed by the California Department of Managed Health Care; one of our New York health plans is licensed as a prepaid health services plan by the New York State Department of Health; and our Massachusetts Plan acquired on December 31, 2020, is regulated as a risk-bearing entity by the Massachusetts Executive Office of Health and Human Services.

Our health plans are subject to stringent requirements to maintain a minimum amount of statutory capital determined by statute or regulation, and restrictions that limit their ability to pay dividends to us. For further information, refer to the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, Note 15, “Commitments and Contingencies—Regulatory Capital Requirements and Dividend Restrictions.”

HUMAN CAPITAL

As of December 31, 2020, we had approximately 10,500 employees, and added approximately 2,500 employees from the Magellan Complete Care and Passport acquisitions, effective January 1, 2021. Our employee base is multicultural and reflects the diverse membership we serve.

Over the past few years, management has launched a workplace modernization program that regularly introduces new human capital programs related to development, compensation and other workplace practices. We believe this workplace modernization program will allow us to achieve our overarching goal to become a destination employer in the government-sponsored healthcare industry.

Examples of recent programs include a cash bonus plan for all non-executive employees, improvements to our employee benefits, development resources for all employees, enhanced employee recognition programs, and the launch of a formal diversity, equity, and inclusion program. Additionally, we routinely engage with employees through use of engagement surveys, to evaluate employee satisfaction and obtain feedback on various facets of employee-related matters including workplace modernization programs.

Management continually evaluates human capital opportunities such as employee retention, engagement, succession planning and talent pipelines, performance rating distributions, and associated compensation actions. The board of directors is updated regularly on employee engagement, key executive vacancies, succession planning and workplace modernization progress.

We also offer formal leadership development programs such as new leader orientation, executive onboarding, front- line leadership essentials, and experienced leader training. We have targeted development plans for critical roles in the organization with an emphasis on leadership and business skills.

We invest in our workforce by offering competitive salaries and wages, as well as other employee benefits. Our compensation programs are designed to attract, retain, motivate, and reward employees, and recruit new employees. In addition, to foster a stronger sense of ownership and align the interests of employees with shareholders, we offer employees ownership in Molina through an employee stock purchase program, and grant eligible employees equity-based compensation under our equity incentive plan.

We also offer a comprehensive suite of benefits to all eligible employees, including, among others:

•Comprehensive health insurance coverage for employees working 30 hours or more per week;

•401(k) matching contributions of up to 100% on the first 4% contributed by the employee;

•Personal time off that provides employees with paid time away from work, combining vacation and sick leave;

•COVID-19 time off that provides employees with up to 80 hours of paid time away from work to recover from COVID-19;

•Volunteer time off that provides employees with paid time away from work to build strong community partnerships and connect with the people we serve;

•Employee wellness programs that provide tools and incentives to live a healthy life focusing on physical, emotional, financial and work well-being;

•Up to ten dependent-care back-up visits per year for a low co-pay, and five hours of homework and tutoring support per child per month at no cost;

•Employee assistance program benefits that provides up to six confidential counseling sessions per rolling 12-month period and includes assistance with physical, emotional, and financial related matters; and

•Employee discount and other programs, including tuition reimbursement.

AVAILABLE INFORMATION

Our principal executive offices are located at 200 Oceangate, Suite 100, Long Beach, California 90802, and our telephone number is (562) 435-3666. The Company also maintains corporate offices in New York City, New York. 

You can access our website at www.molinahealthcare.com to learn more about our Company. From that site, you can download and print copies of our Annual Reports on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, and Current Reports on Form 8-K, along with amendments to those reports. You can also download our Corporate Governance Guidelines, board of directors committee charters, and Code of Business Conduct and Ethics. We make periodic reports and amendments available, free of charge, as soon as reasonably practicable after we file or furnish these reports to the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”). We will also provide a copy of any of our corporate governance policies published on our website free of charge, upon request. To request a copy of any of these documents, please submit your request to: Molina Healthcare, Inc., 200 Oceangate, Suite 100, Long Beach, California 90802, Attn: Investor Relations. Information on or linked to our website is neither part of nor incorporated by reference into this Form 10-K or any other SEC filings.

RISK FACTORS

You should carefully consider the risks described below and all of the other information set forth in this Form 10-K, including our consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. These risks and other factors may affect our forward-looking statements, including those we make in this Form 10-K or elsewhere, such as in press releases, presentations to securities analysts or investors, or other communications made by or with the approval of one of our executive officers. The risks described in the following section are not the only risks facing our Company.

Additional risks that we are unaware of, or that we currently believe are not material, may also become important factors that adversely affect our business. In addition to the risks relating to the COVID-19 pandemic that are specifically described in these risk factors, the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic may also have the effect of significantly heightening many of the other risks associated with our business, including those described below. If any of the following risks actually occurs, our business, financial condition, results of operations, and future prospects could be materially and adversely affected. In that event, among other effects, the trading price of our common stock could decline, and you could lose part or all of your investment.

RISKS RELATED TO OUR INDUSTRY

Our business, financial condition, cash flows, and results of operations will continue to be impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic, and the extent of such impact cannot be reasonably foreseen at this time.

We currently expect that the COVID-19 pandemic will continue to impact our business, financial condition, cash flows, and results of operations in a number of ways, including the following:

•It will have an adverse impact on the health of an indeterminate number of our members, resulting in increases in their medical care costs, as well as increased costs related to testing and vaccination protocols;

•Uncertainty and variability associated with the demand for medical services may lead states to pursue retroactive rate refunds (as has already occurred in certain instances), or to impose medical cost risk corridors or rate cuts that exceed the ultimate demand for medical services;

•Disrupted care patterns, as a result of the pandemic, may temporarily affect the ability to obtain complete member health status information, impacting future revenue in our Medicare and Marketplace lines of business, which utilize risk adjustment methodologies;

•As a result of the pandemic’s impact on the national economy, state tax revenues have declined significantly and may not recover in 2021, resulting in the extension of risk corridors or rate cuts, and also threatening the ability of states to make timely monthly capitation payments to us;

•The reduced demand for certain routine and non-critical medical services has created financial stress for certain providers and could result in the insolvency of such providers;

•The pandemic may continue to cause increased volatility in the capital markets and such volatility could have a negative impact on our ability to access those markets on acceptable terms;

•We will continue to incur increased costs associated with the measures we are currently implementing and planning to implement to mitigate the implications of the COVID-19 pandemic;

•The continuing work-from-home status of our workforce may heighten the risk of a cybersecurity incident or HIPAA (as defined below) breach; and

•The pandemic may impact the ability of our outsourced information technology service providers, and other third-party vendors, to perform contracted services.

Due to the uncertainty around the duration and breadth of the COVID-19 pandemic and its broad cascading effects, the ultimate impact on our business, financial condition, cash flows, and operating results cannot be reasonably estimated at this time.

We operate in an uncertain political and judicial environment which creates uncertainties with regard to our future prospects.

In December 2018, in a case brought by the state of Texas and nineteen other states, a federal judge in Texas held that the individual mandate of the Affordable Care Act (the “ACA”) is unconstitutional. He further held that since the individual mandate is inseverable from the entire body of the ACA, the entire ACA is unconstitutional. The effect of his ruling was stayed pending the appeal of the ruling to the Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals. In December 2019, a three-judge panel of the Fifth Circuit Court of Appeal, in a two to one decision, affirmed the District Court’s ruling that the individual mandate is unconstitutional, but remanded the case back to the District Court for further consideration of the severability issue. The intervenor defendant states led by California subsequently appealed the case to the U.S. Supreme Court, and the Supreme Court heard oral arguments in the case on November 10, 2020. The Supreme Court’s decision is expected by June 2021. If the Supreme Court were to rule that the individual mandate is unconstitutional, and that the individual mandate is not severable from the balance of the ACA, or that the entirety of the ACA is unconstitutional, that ruling could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, cash flows, or results of operations.

State and federal budget deficits may result in Medicaid, CHIP, or Medicare funding cuts which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, cash flows, or results of operations.

Nearly all of our premium revenues come from the joint federal and state funding of the Medicaid, Medicare, and CHIP programs. The states in which we operate regularly face significant budgetary pressures. State budgetary pressures may result in unexpected Medicaid, CHIP, or Medicare rate cuts which could reduce our revenues and profit margins. For example, in 2020, various states enacted temporary premium refunds and related actions in response to the reduced demand for medical services stemming from COVID-19, which resulted in a reduction of our medical margin. In some cases, these premium actions were retroactive to earlier periods in 2020, or as early as the beginning of the states’ fiscal years in 2019. Beginning in the second quarter of 2020, we have recognized retroactive premium actions that we believe to be probable, and where the ultimate premium amount is reasonably estimable. We recognized $564 million related to these retroactive premium actions, in the aggregate, in 2020. It is possible that certain states could increase the level of existing premium refunds, and it is also possible that other states could implement some form of retroactive premium refund in the future. Due to these uncertainties, the ultimate outcomes could differ materially from our estimates as a result of changes in facts or further developments, which could have an adverse effect on our consolidated financial position, results of operations, or cash flows.

The Medicare-Medicaid Duals Demonstration Pilot Programs could be discontinued or altered, resulting in a loss of premium revenue.

To coordinate care for those who qualify to receive both Medicare and Medicaid services (the “dual eligibles”), and to deliver services to these individuals in a more financially efficient manner, under the direction of CMS some states implemented demonstration pilot programs to integrate Medicare and Medicaid services for the dual eligibles. The health plans participating in such demonstrations are referred to as Medicare-Medicaid Plans (“MMPs”). We operate MMPs in six states: California, Illinois, Michigan, Ohio, South Carolina, and Texas. At December 31, 2020, our membership included approximately 62,000 integrated MMP members, representing approximately 2% of our total membership. However, the capitation paid to us for dual eligibles is significantly higher than the capitation paid for other members, representing 9% of our total premium revenues in 2020. If the states running the MMP pilot programs conclude that the demonstration pilot programs are not delivering better coordinated care and reduced

costs, they could decide to discontinue or substantially alter such programs, resulting in a reduction to our premium revenues.

If state regulators do not approve payments of dividends and distributions by our subsidiaries, it may negatively affect our ability to meet our debt service and other obligations.

We are a corporate parent holding company and hold most of our assets in, and conduct most of our operations through, our direct subsidiaries. As a holding company, our results of operations depend on the results of operations of our subsidiaries. Moreover, we are dependent on dividends or other intercompany transfers of funds from our subsidiaries to meet our debt service and other obligations. The ability of our subsidiaries to pay dividends or make other payments or advances to us will depend on their operating results and will be subject to applicable laws and restrictions contained in agreements governing the debt of such subsidiaries. In addition, our health plan subsidiaries are subject to laws and regulations that limit the amount of ordinary dividends and distributions that they can pay to us without prior approval of, or notification to, state regulators. In general, our health plans must give thirty days’ advance notice and the opportunity to disapprove “extraordinary” dividends to the respective state departments of insurance for amounts that exceed either (a) ten percent of surplus or net worth at the prior year end or (b) the net income for the prior year, depending on the respective state statute. The discretion of the state regulators, if any, in approving or disapproving a dividend is not clearly defined. Our health plans generally must provide notice to the applicable state regulator prior to paying a dividend or other distribution to us. Our parent company received $635 million and $1,373 million in dividends from our regulated health plan subsidiaries during 2020 and 2019, respectively. If the regulators were to deny or significantly restrict our subsidiaries’ requests to pay dividends to us, the funds available to our Company as a whole would be limited, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, cash flows, or results of operations.

Our use and disclosure of personally identifiable information and other non-public information, including protected health information or PHI, is subject to federal and state privacy and security regulations, and our failure to comply with those regulations or to adequately secure the information we hold could result in significant liability or reputational harm.

State and federal laws and regulations including, but not limited to, the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act, as amended by the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act, and all regulations promulgated thereunder (collectively, “HIPAA”), the California Consumer Privacy Act (the “CCPA”) and the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act, govern the collection, dissemination, use, privacy, confidentiality, security, availability, and integrity of personally identifiable information (“PII”), including protected health information (“PHI”). HIPAA establishes basic national privacy and security standards for protection of PHI by covered entities and business associates, including health plans such as ours. HIPAA requires covered entities like us to develop and maintain policies and procedures regarding PHI, and to adopt administrative, physical, and technical safeguards to protect PHI.

HIPAA violations may result in significant civil penalties. HIPAA authorizes state attorneys general to file suit under HIPAA on behalf of state residents. Courts can award damages, costs, and attorneys’ fees related to violations of HIPAA in such cases. We have experienced HIPAA breaches in the past, including breaches affecting over 500 individuals.

Even when HIPAA does not apply, according to the Federal Trade Commission (the “FTC”), failing to take appropriate steps to keep consumers’ personal information secure constitutes unfair acts or practices in or affecting commerce in violation of Section 5(a) of the Federal Trade Commission Act, 15 U.S.C § 45(a). The FTC expects a company’s data security measures to be reasonable and appropriate in light of the sensitivity and volume of consumer information it holds, the size and complexity of its business, and the cost of available tools to improve security and reduce vulnerabilities. Individually identifiable health information is considered sensitive data that merits stronger safeguards. The FTC’s guidance for appropriately securing consumers’ personal information is similar to what is required by the HIPAA security regulations.

In addition, certain state laws govern the privacy and security of health information in certain circumstances, many of which differ from each other in significant ways, thus complicating compliance efforts. For example, California enacted the CCPA, which became effective on January 1, 2020. The CCPA, among other things, creates new data privacy obligations for covered companies and provides new privacy rights to California residents, including the right to opt out of certain disclosures of their information. The CCPA also creates a private right of action with statutory damages for certain data breaches, thereby potentially increasing risks associated with a data breach.

If we do not comply with existing or new laws and regulations related to PHI, PII, or non-public information, we could be subject to criminal or civil sanctions. Any security breach involving the misappropriation, loss, or other unauthorized disclosure or use of confidential member information, whether by us or a third party, such as our

vendors, could subject us to civil and criminal penalties, divert management’s time and energy, and have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, cash flows, or results of operations.

Unforeseen changes in pharmaceutical regulations or market conditions may impact our revenues and adversely affect our results of operations.

Pharmaceutical products and services are a significant component of our healthcare costs. Evolving regulations and state and federal mandates regarding coverage may impact the ability of our health plans to continue to receive existing price discounts on pharmaceutical products for our members. Other factors affecting our pharmaceutical costs include, but are not limited to, the price of pharmaceuticals, geographic variation in utilization of new and existing pharmaceuticals, and changes in discounts. The unpredictable nature of these factors may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, cash flows, or results of operations.

The exorbitant cost of specialty drugs and new generic drugs could have a material adverse effect on the level of our medical costs and our results of operations.

Introduction of new high cost specialty drugs and sudden cost spikes for existing drugs increase the risk that the pharmacy cost assumptions used to develop our capitation rates are not adequate to cover the actual pharmacy costs, which jeopardizes the overall actuarial soundness of our rates. Bearing the high costs of new specialty drugs or the high cost inflation of generic drugs without an appropriate rate adjustment or other reimbursement mechanism would have an adverse impact on our financial condition and results of operations. In addition, evolving regulations and state and federal mandates regarding coverage may impact the ability of our health plans to continue to receive existing price discounts on pharmaceutical products for our members. Other factors affecting our pharmaceutical costs include, but are not limited to, geographic variation in utilization of new and existing pharmaceuticals, and changes in discounts. Although we will continue to work with state Medicaid agencies in an effort to ensure that we receive appropriate and actuarially sound reimbursement for all new drug therapies and pharmaceuticals trends, there can be no assurance that we will be successful in this regard.

Large-scale medical emergencies in one or more states in which we operate our health plans could significantly increase utilization rates and medical costs.

Large-scale medical emergencies can take many forms and be associated with widespread illness or medical conditions. For example, natural disasters, such as a major earthquake or wildfire in California, or a major hurricane affecting Florida, South Carolina or Texas, could have a significant impact on the health of a large number of our covered members. Other conditions that could impact our members include a virulent flu season or epidemic, newly emergent mosquito-borne illnesses, such as the Zika virus, the West Nile virus, or the Chikungunya virus, or new viruses such as COVID-19, conditions for which vaccines may not exist, are not effective, or have not been widely administered.

In addition, federal and state law enforcement officials have issued warnings about potential terrorist activity involving biological or other weapons of mass destruction. All of these conditions, and others, could have a significant impact on the health of the population of wide-spread areas. If one of the states in which we operate were to experience a large-scale natural disaster, a significant terrorist attack, or some other large-scale event affecting the health of a large number of our members, our covered medical expenses in that state would rise, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, cash flows, or results of operations.

We face various risks inherent in the government contracting process that could materially and adversely affect our business and profitability, including periodic routine and non-routine reviews, audits, and investigations by government agencies.

We are subject to various risks inherent in the government contracting process. These risks include routine and non-routine governmental reviews, audits, and investigations, and compliance with government reporting requirements. Violation of the laws, regulations, or contract provisions governing our operations, or changes in interpretations of those laws and regulations, could result in the imposition of civil or criminal penalties, the cancellation of our government contracts, the suspension or revocation of our licenses, the exclusion from participation in government sponsored health programs, or the revision and recoupment of past payments made based on audit findings. If we are unable to correct any noted deficiencies, or become subject to material fines or other sanctions, we could suffer a substantial reduction in profitability, and could also lose one or more of our government contracts. In addition, government receivables are subject to government audit and negotiation, and government contracts are vulnerable to disagreements with the government. The final amounts we ultimately receive under government contracts may be different from the amounts we initially recognize in our financial statements.

Any changes to the laws and regulations governing our business, or the interpretation and enforcement of those laws or regulations, could require us to modify our operations and could negatively impact our operating results.

Our business is extensively regulated by the federal government and the states in which we operate. The laws and regulations governing our operations are generally intended to benefit and protect health plan members and providers rather than managed care organizations. The government agencies administering these laws and regulations have broad latitude in interpreting and applying them. These laws and regulations, along with the terms of our government contracts, regulate how we do business, what services we offer, and how we interact with our members and the public. For instance, some states mandate minimum medical expense levels as a percentage of premium revenues. These laws and regulations, and their interpretations, are subject to frequent change. The interpretation of certain contract provisions by our governmental regulators may also change. Changes in existing laws or regulations, or their interpretations, or the enactment of new laws or regulations, could reduce our profitability by imposing additional capital requirements, increasing our liability, increasing our administrative and other costs, increasing mandated benefits, forcing us to restructure our relationships with providers, requiring us to implement additional or different programs and systems, or making it more difficult to predict future results. Changes in the interpretation of our contracts could also reduce our profitability if we have detrimentally relied on a prior interpretation.

We are subject to extensive fraud and abuse laws that may give rise to lawsuits and claims against us, the outcome of which may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, cash flows, or results of operations.

Because we receive payments from federal and state governmental agencies, we are subject to various laws commonly referred to as “fraud and abuse” laws, including federal and state anti-kickback statutes, prohibited referrals, and the federal False Claims Act, which permit agencies and enforcement authorities to institute a suit against us for violations and, in some cases, to seek treble damages, criminal and civil fines, penalties, and assessments. Violations of these laws can also result in exclusion, debarment, temporary or permanent suspension from participation in government healthcare programs, or the institution of corporate integrity agreements. Liability under such federal and state statutes and regulations may arise if we know, or it is determined that we should have known, that information we provide to form the basis for a claim for government payment is false or fraudulent, and some courts have permitted False Claims Act suits to proceed if the claimant was out of compliance with program requirements.

Fraud, waste and abuse prohibitions encompass a wide range of operating activities, including kickbacks or other inducements for referral of members or for the coverage of products (such as prescription drugs) by a plan, billing for unnecessary medical services by a provider, upcoding, payments made to excluded providers, improper marketing, and the violation of patient privacy rights. In particular, there has recently been increased scrutiny by the Department of Justice on health plans’ risk adjustment practices, particularly in the Medicare program. Companies involved in public healthcare programs such as Medicaid and Medicare are required to maintain compliance programs to detect and deter fraud, waste and abuse, and are often the subject of fraud, waste and abuse investigations and audits.

The federal government has taken the position that claims presented in violation of the federal anti-kickback statute may be considered a violation of the federal False Claims Act. In addition, under the federal civil monetary penalty statute, the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services’ Office of Inspector General has the authority to impose civil penalties against any person who, among other things, knowingly presents, or causes to be presented, certain false or otherwise improper claims. Qui tam actions under federal and state law can be brought by any individual on behalf of the government. Qui tam actions have increased significantly in recent years, causing greater numbers of healthcare companies to have to defend a false claim action, pay fines, or be excluded from the Medicare, Medicaid, or other state or federal healthcare programs as a result of an investigation arising out of such action. We have been the subject of qui tam actions in the past and other qui tam actions may be filed against us in the future. If we are subject to liability under a qui tam or other actions, our business, financial condition, cash flows, or results of operations could be adversely affected.

RISKS RELATED TO OUR BUSINESS

The May 2020 contract award to our Kentucky Medicaid plan, and its acquisition of Passport, is the subject of a legal challenge.

In October 2020, pursuant to the appeal of a protest denial with regard to the May 2020 Kentucky RFP awards, a court ordered the addition of a sixth health plan to the Kentucky Medicaid program for 2021. That ruling did not

rescind the Medicaid contract award to our Kentucky health plan for 2021, nor did it impact the earlier novation of the Passport Medicaid contract to us. On October 27, 2020, a different health plan filed an appeal with regard to the court’s October 2020 order. In addition, another health plan filed a legal challenge with regard to our acquisition of Passport. The outcome of this litigation and any appellate proceedings is inherently unpredictable. In the event the contract award to our Kentucky health plan or the novation of the Passport Medicaid contract is overturned, the business and revenues of our Kentucky health plan may be materially affected.

If the responsive bids of our health plans for new or renewed Medicaid contracts are not successful, or if our government contracts are terminated or are not renewed on favorable terms, our premium revenues could be materially reduced and our operating results could be negatively impacted.

We currently derive our premium revenues from health plans that operate in 18 states, including the states added in our acquisition of Magellan Complete Care on December 31, 2020. Our consolidated Medicaid premium revenue constituted 73% of our total revenue in the year ended December 31, 2020. Measured by Medicaid premium revenue by health plan, our top four health plans were in California, Ohio, Texas, and Washington, with aggregate Medicaid premium revenue of $8.9 billion, or approximately 63% of consolidated Medicaid premium revenue, in the year ended December 31, 2020. If we are unable to continue to operate in any of our existing jurisdictions, or if our current operations in those jurisdictions or any portions of those jurisdictions are significantly curtailed or terminated entirely, our revenues could decrease materially.

Many of our government contracts are effective only for a fixed period of time and will only be extended for an additional period of time if the contracting entity elects to do so. For example, our contract in California is expected to be subject to re-procurement in late 2021. When our government contracts expire, they may be opened for bidding by competing health plans, and there is no guarantee that the contracts will be renewed or extended. Even if our contracts are renewed or extended, there can be no assurance that they will be renewed or extended on the same terms or without a reduction in the applicable service areas.

Even if our responsive bids are successful, the bids may be based upon assumptions regarding enrollment, utilization, medical costs, or other factors which could result in the contract being less profitable than we had expected or could result in a net loss. Furthermore, our contracts contain certain provisions regarding, among other things, eligibility, enrollment and dis-enrollment processes for covered services, eligible providers, periodic financial and information reporting, quality assurance and timeliness of claims payment, and are subject to cancellation if we fail to perform in accordance with the standards set by regulatory agencies.

If we sustain a cyber-attack or suffer data privacy or security breaches that disrupt our information systems or operations, or result in the dissemination of sensitive personal or confidential information, we could suffer increased costs, exposure to significant liability, reputational harm, loss of business, and other serious negative consequences.

As part of our normal operations, we routinely collect, process, store, and transmit large amounts of data, including sensitive personal information as well as proprietary or confidential information relating to our business or third parties. To ensure information security, we have implemented controls designed to protect the confidentiality, integrity and availability of this data and the systems that store and transmit such data. However, our information technology systems and safety control systems are subject to a growing number of threats from computer programmers, hackers, and other adversaries that may be able to penetrate our network security and misappropriate our confidential information or that of third parties, create system disruptions, or cause damage, security issues, or shutdowns. They also may be able to develop and deploy viruses, worms, and other malicious software programs that attack our systems or otherwise exploit security vulnerabilities. As a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, we may face increased cybersecurity risks due to our reliance on internet technology and the number of our employees who are working remotely, which may create additional opportunities for cybercriminals to exploit vulnerabilities. Because the techniques used to circumvent, gain access to, or sabotage security systems can be highly sophisticated and change frequently, they often are not recognized until launched against a target, and may originate from less regulated and remote areas around the world. We may be unable to anticipate these techniques or implement adequate preventive measures, resulting in potential data loss and damage to our systems. Our systems are also subject to compromise from internal threats such as improper action by employees, including malicious insiders, or by vendors, counterparties, and other third parties with otherwise legitimate access to our systems. Our policies, employee training (including phishing prevention training), procedures and technical safeguards may not prevent all improper access to our network or proprietary or confidential information by employees, vendors, counterparties, or other third parties. Our facilities may also be vulnerable to security incidents or security attacks, acts of vandalism or theft, misplaced or lost data, human errors, or other similar events that could negatively affect our systems and our and our members’ data.

Moreover, we face the ongoing challenge of managing access controls in a complex environment. The process of enhancing our protective measures can itself create a risk of systems disruptions and security issues. Given the breadth of our operations and the increasing sophistication of cyberattacks, a particular incident could occur and persist for an extended period of time before being detected. The extent of a particular cyberattack and the steps that we may need to take to investigate the attack may take a significant amount of time before such an investigation could be completed and full and reliable information about the incident is known. During such time, the extent of any harm or how best to remediate it might not be known, which could further increase the risks, costs, and consequences of a data security incident. In addition, our systems must be routinely updated, patched, and upgraded to protect against known vulnerabilities. The volume of new software vulnerabilities has increased substantially, as has the importance of patches and other remedial measures. In addition to remediating newly identified vulnerabilities, previously identified vulnerabilities must also be updated. We are at risk that cyber attackers exploit these known vulnerabilities before they have been addressed. The complexity of our systems and platforms, the increased frequency at which vendors are issuing security patches to their products, our need to test patches, and in some instances, coordinate with third-parties before they can be deployed, all could further increase our risks.

We may be unable to successfully integrate our acquisitions or realize the anticipated benefits of such acquisitions.

Our growth strategy includes the pursuit of targeted inorganic growth opportunities that we believe will provide a strategic fit, leverage operational synergies, and lead to incremental earnings accretion. For example, in the third quarter of 2020, we closed on two business combinations, the acquisition of certain assets of YourCare Health Plan, Inc. and the acquisition of certain assets of Passport Health Plan, Inc. On December 31, 2020, we closed on our acquisition of the Magellan Complete Care line of business of Magellan Health, Inc. and, in the second quarter of 2021, we expect to close on our pending acquisition of substantially all of the assets of Affinity Health Plan, Inc. The integration of acquired businesses with our existing business is a complex, costly and time-consuming process. The success of acquisitions we make will depend, in part, on our ability to successfully combine our existing business with such acquired businesses and realize the anticipated benefits, including synergies, cost savings, growth in earnings, innovation, and operational efficiencies, from the combinations. If we are unable to achieve these objectives within the anticipated time frame, or at all, the anticipated benefits may not be realized fully or at all, or may take longer to realize than expected.

Our acquisitions and the related integration activities involve a number of risks, including the following:

•The transition services that a seller may have agreed to provide following the closing, such as those Magellan Health, Inc. has agreed to provide following the closing of the Magellan Complete Care transaction, may not be provided in a timely or efficient manner, or certain necessary transition services may not be provided at all;

•Unforeseen expenses or delays associated with the acquisition and/or integration;

•The assumptions underlying our expectations regarding the integration process or the expected benefits to be achieved from an acquisition may prove to be incorrect;

•Maintaining employee morale and retaining key management and other employees;

•Difficulties retaining the business and operational relationships of the acquired business, and attracting new business and operational relationships;

•Unanticipated attrition in the membership of the acquired business pending the completion of the proposed transaction or after the closing of the transaction;

•Unanticipated difficulties or costs in integrating information technology, communications and other systems, consolidating corporate and administrative infrastructures, and eliminating duplicative operations;

•Attention to integration activities may divert management’s attention from ongoing business concerns, which could result in performance shortfalls;

•Successfully addressing the challenges inherent in managing a larger company and coordinating geographically separate organizations; and

•Delays in obtaining, or inability to obtain, necessary state or federal regulatory approvals, or such approvals may impose conditions that were not anticipated.

Many of these factors are outside of our control and any one of them could result in delays, increased costs, decreases in the amount of expected revenues, and diversion of management's time and energy, which could materially affect our financial position, results of operations, or cash flows. There can be no assurances that we will be successful in managing our expanded operations as a result of acquisitions or that we will realize the expected growth in earnings, operating efficiencies, cost savings, or other benefits.

If we lose contracts that constitute a significant amount of our premium revenue, we will lose the administrative cost efficiencies or cost leverage that is inherent in a larger revenue base. In such circumstances, we may not be able to reduce fixed costs proportionally with our lower revenue, and the financial impact of lost contracts may exceed the net income ascribed to those contracts.

We currently spread the cost of centralized services over a large revenue base. Many of our administrative costs are fixed in nature, and will be incurred at the same level regardless of the size of our revenue base. If we lose contracts that constitute a significant amount of our revenue, we may not be able to reduce the expense of centralized services in a manner that is proportional to that loss of revenue. In such circumstances, not only will our total dollar margins decline, but our percentage margins, measured as a percentage of revenue, will also decline. This loss of cost efficiency or cost leverage, and the resulting stranded administrative costs, could have a material and adverse impact on our business, financial condition, cash flows, or results of operations.

Our health plans operate with very low profit margins, and small changes in operating performance or slight changes to our accounting estimates will have a disproportionate impact on our reported net income.

A substantial portion of our premium revenue is subject to contract provisions pertaining to medical cost expenditure floors and corridors, administrative cost and profit ceilings, premium stabilization programs, and cost-plus and performance-based reimbursement programs. Many of these contract provisions are complex, or are poorly or ambiguously drafted, and thus are subject to differing interpretations by us and the relevant government agency with whom we contract. If the applicable government agency disagrees with our interpretation or implementation of a particular contract provision, we could be required to adjust the amount of our obligation under that provision. Any such adjustment could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, cash flows, or results of operations.

In addition, many of our contracts contain provisions pertaining to at-risk premiums that require us to meet certain quality performance measures to earn all of our contract revenues. If we are unsuccessful in achieving the stated performance measure, we will be unable to recognize the revenue associated with that measure, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, cash flows, or results of operations.

We are subject to retroactive adjustment to our Medicaid premium revenue as a result of retroactive risk adjustment; retroactive changes to contract terms and the resolution of differing interpretations of those terms; the difficulty of estimating performance-based premium.

The complexity of some of our Medicaid contract provisions, imprecise language in those contracts, the desire of state Medicaid agencies in some circumstances to retroactively adjust for the acuity of the medical needs of our members, and state delays in processing rate changes, can create uncertainty around the amount of revenue we should recognize. Any circumstance such as those described above could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, cash flows, or results of operations.

If, in the interest of long-term profitability, we decide to exit certain state contractual arrangements, make changes to our provider networks, or make changes to our administrative infrastructure, we may incur disruptions to our business that could in the short term materially reduce our premium revenues and our net income.

Decisions that we make with regard to retaining or exiting our portfolio of state or federal contracts, and changes to the manner in which we serve the members of those contracts, could generate substantial expenses associated with the run out of existing operations and the restructuring of those operations that remain. Such expenses could include, but would not be limited to, goodwill and intangible asset impairment charges, restructuring costs, additional medical costs incurred due to the inability to leverage long-term relationships with medical providers, and costs incurred to finish the run out of businesses that have ceased to generate revenue, all of which could materially reduce our premium revenues and net income.

A failure to accurately estimate incurred but not paid medical care costs may negatively impact our results of operations.

Because of the lag in time between when medical services are actually rendered by our providers and when we receive, process, and pay a claim for those medical services, we must continually estimate our medical claims liability at particular points in time and establish claims reserves related to such estimates. Our estimated reserves for such incurred but not paid, or IBNP, medical care costs are based on numerous assumptions. We estimate our medical claims liabilities using actuarial methods based on historical data adjusted for claims receipt and payment experience (and variations in that experience), changes in membership, provider billing practices, healthcare service utilization trends, cost trends, product mix, seasonality, prior authorization of medical services, benefit changes, known incidence of disease, including COVID-19, or increased incidence of illness such as the flu,

provider contract changes, changes to Medicaid fee schedules, and the incidence of high dollar or catastrophic claims. Our ability to accurately estimate claims for our newer lines of business or populations is negatively impacted by the more limited experience we have had with those newer lines of business or populations.

The IBNP estimation methods we use and the resulting reserves that we establish are reviewed and updated, and adjustments, if deemed necessary, are reflected in the current period. Given the numerous uncertainties inherent in such estimates, our actual claims liabilities for a particular quarter or other period could differ significantly from the amounts estimated and reserved for that quarter or period. Our actual claims liabilities have varied and will continue to vary from our estimates, particularly in times of significant changes in utilization, medical cost trends, and populations and markets served.

If our actual liability for claims payments is higher than previously estimated, our earnings in any particular quarter or annual period could be negatively affected. Our estimates of IBNP may be inadequate in the future, which would negatively affect our results of operations for the relevant time period. Furthermore, if we are unable to accurately estimate IBNP, our ability to take timely corrective actions may be limited, further exacerbating the extent of the negative impact on our results.

If we fail to accurately predict and effectively manage our medical care costs, our operating results could be materially and adversely affected.

Our profitability depends to a significant degree on our ability to accurately predict and effectively manage our medical care costs. Historically, our medical care ratio, meaning our medical care costs as a percentage of our premium revenue, has fluctuated substantially, and has varied across our health plans. Because the premium payments we receive are generally fixed in advance and we operate with a narrow profit margin, relatively small changes in our medical care ratio can create significant changes in our overall financial results. For example, if our overall medical care ratio of 86.5% for the year ended December 31, 2020, had been one percentage point higher, or 87.5%, our net income per diluted share for the year ended December 31, 2020 would have been approximately $8.88 rather than our actual net income per diluted share of $11.23, a difference of $2.35.

Many factors may affect our medical care costs, including:

•the level of utilization of healthcare services;

•the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic;

•changes in the underlying risk acuity of our membership;

•unexpected patterns in the annual flu season;

•increases in hospital costs;

•increased incidences or acuity of high dollar claims related to catastrophic illnesses or medical conditions for which we do not have adequate reinsurance coverage;

•increased maternity costs;

•changes in state eligibility certification methodologies;

•relatively low levels of hospital and specialty provider competition in certain geographic areas;

•increases in the cost of pharmaceutical products and services;

•changes in healthcare regulations and practices;

•epidemics;

•new medical technologies; and

•other various external factors.

Many of these factors are beyond our control. The inability to forecast and manage our medical care costs or to establish and maintain a satisfactory medical care ratio, either with respect to a particular health plan or across the consolidated entity, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, cash flows, or results of operations.

If we are unable to deliver quality care, and maintain good relations with the physicians, hospitals, and other providers with whom we contract, or if we are unable to enter into cost-effective contracts with such providers, our profitability could be adversely affected.

We contract with physicians, hospitals, and other providers as a means to ensure access to healthcare services for our members, to manage medical care costs and utilization, and to better monitor the quality of care being delivered. We compete with other health plans to contract with these providers. We believe providers select plans in which they participate based on criteria including reimbursement rates, timeliness and accuracy of claims payment, potential to deliver new patient volume and/or retain existing patients, effectiveness of resolution of calls and complaints, and other factors. There can be no assurance that we will be able to successfully attract and retain providers to maintain a competitive network in the geographic areas we serve. In addition, in any particular market,

providers could refuse to contract with us, demand higher payments, or take other actions which could result in higher medical care costs, disruption to provider access for current members, a decline in our growth rate, or difficulty in meeting regulatory or accreditation requirements.

The Medicaid program generally pays doctors and hospitals at levels well below those of Medicare and private insurance. Large numbers of doctors, therefore, do not accept Medicaid patients. In the face of fiscal pressures, some states may reduce rates paid to providers, which may further discourage participation in the Medicaid program.

In some markets, certain providers, particularly hospitals and some specialists, may have significant market positions or even monopolies. If these providers refuse to contract with us or utilize their market position to negotiate favorable contracts which are disadvantageous to us, our profitability in those areas could be adversely affected.

Some providers that render services to our members are not contracted with our health plans. In those cases, there is no pre-established understanding between the provider and our health plan about the amount of compensation that is due to the provider. In some states, the amount of compensation is defined by law or regulation, but in most instances it is either not defined or it is established by a standard that is not clearly translatable into dollars. In such instances, providers may claim they are underpaid for their services and may either litigate or arbitrate their dispute with our health plan. The uncertainty of the amount to pay to such providers and the possibility of subsequent adjustment of the payment or litigation with the provider that results in an adverse decision could adversely affect our business, financial condition, cash flows, or results of operations.

We rely on the accuracy of eligibility lists provided by state governments. Inaccuracies in those lists would negatively affect our results of operations.

Premium payments to our health plans are based upon eligibility lists produced by state governments. From time to time, states require us to reimburse them for premiums paid to us based on an eligibility list that a state later discovers contains individuals who are not in fact eligible for a government sponsored program or are eligible for a different premium category or a different program. Alternatively, a state could fail to pay us for members for whom we are entitled to payment. Our results of operations would be adversely affected as a result of such reimbursement to the state if we make or have made related payments to providers and are unable to recoup such payments from the providers. Further, when a state implements new programs to determine eligibility, establishes new processes to assign or enroll eligible members into health plans, or chooses new subcontractors, there is an increased potential for an unanticipated impact on the overall number of members assigned to managed care health plans. Whenever a state effects an eligibility redetermination for any reason, there is generally an associated reduction in Medicaid membership, which could have an adverse effect on our premium revenues and results of operations.

The insolvency of a delegated provider could obligate us to pay its referral claims, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, cash flows, or results of operations.

Many of our primary care physicians and a small portion of our specialists and hospitals are paid on a capitated basis. Under capitation arrangements, we pay a fixed amount per member per month to the provider without regard to the frequency, extent, or nature of the medical services actually furnished. Due to insolvency or other circumstances, such providers may be unable or unwilling to pay claims they have incurred with third parties in connection with referral services provided to our members. The inability or unwillingness of delegated providers to pay referral claims presents us with both immediate financial risk and potential disruption to member care, as well as potential loss of members. Depending on states’ laws, we may be held liable for such unpaid referral claims even though the delegated provider has contractually assumed such risk. Additionally, competitive pressures or practical regulatory considerations may force us to pay such claims even when we have no legal obligation to do so; or we have already paid claims to a delegated provider and such payments cannot be recouped when the delegated provider becomes insolvent. Liabilities incurred or losses suffered as a result of provider insolvency or other circumstances could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, cash flows, or results of operations.

Receipt of inadequate or significantly delayed premiums could negatively affect our business, financial condition, cash flows, or results of operations.

Our premium revenues consist of fixed monthly payments per member, and supplemental payments for other services such as maternity deliveries. These premiums are fixed by contract, and we are obligated during the contract periods to provide healthcare services as established by the state governments. We use a large portion of our revenues to pay the costs of healthcare services delivered to our members. If premiums do not increase when

expenses related to healthcare services rise, our medical margins will be compressed, and our earnings will be negatively affected. A state could increase hospital or other provider rates without making a commensurate increase in the rates paid to us, or could lower our rates without making a commensurate reduction in the rates paid to hospitals or other providers. In addition, if the actuarial assumptions made by a state in implementing a rate or benefit change are incorrect or are at variance with the particular utilization patterns of the members of one or more of our health plans, our medical margins could be reduced. Any of these rate adjustments in one or more of the states in which we operate could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, cash flows, or results of operations.

If a state fails to renew its federal waiver application for mandated Medicaid enrollment into managed care or such application is denied, our membership in that state will likely decrease.

States may only mandate Medicaid enrollment into managed care under federal waivers or demonstrations. Waivers and programs under demonstrations are approved for two- to five-year periods and can be renewed on an ongoing basis if the state applies and the waiver request is approved or renewed by CMS. We have no control over this renewal process. If a state in which we operate does not renew its mandated program or the federal government denies the state’s application for renewal, our business would suffer as a result of a likely decrease in membership.

Failure to attain profitability in any newly acquired health plans or new start-up operations could negatively affect our results of operations.

Start-up costs associated with a new business can be substantial. For example, to obtain a certificate of authority to operate as a health maintenance organization in most jurisdictions, we must first establish a provider network, have infrastructure and required systems in place, and demonstrate our ability to obtain a state contract and process claims. Often, we are also required to contribute significant capital to fund mandated net worth requirements, performance bonds or escrows, or contingency guaranties. If we are unsuccessful in obtaining the certificate of authority, winning the bid to provide services, or attracting members in sufficient numbers to cover our costs, the new business could fail.

The expenses associated with starting up a health plan in a new jurisdiction, expanding a health plan in an existing jurisdiction, or acquiring a new health plan, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, cash flows, or results of operations.

Our business depends on our information and medical management systems, and our inability to effectively integrate, manage, update, and keep secure our information and medical management systems could disrupt our operations.

Our business is dependent on effective and secure information systems that assist us in processing provider claims, monitoring utilization and other cost factors, supporting our medical management techniques, providing data to our regulators, and implementing our data security measures. Our members and providers also depend upon our information systems for enrollment, premium processing, primary care and specialist physician roster access, membership verifications, claims status, provider payments, and other information. If we experience a reduction in the performance, reliability, or availability of our information and medical management systems, our operations, ability to pay claims, ability to produce timely and accurate reports, and ability to maintain proper security measures could be adversely affected.

We have partnered with third parties to support our information technology systems. This makes our operations vulnerable to adverse effects if such third parties fail to perform adequately. For example, in February 2019, we entered into a master services agreement with a third party vendor who manages certain of our information technology infrastructure services including, among other things, our information technology operations, end-user services, and data centers. If any licensor or vendor of any technology which is integral to our operations were to become insolvent or otherwise fail to support the technology sufficiently, our operations could be negatively affected.

We are subject to risks associated with outsourcing services and functions to third parties.

We contract with third party vendors and service providers who provide services to us and our subsidiaries or to whom we delegate selected functions. Some of these third-parties have direct access to our systems. Our arrangements with third party vendors and service providers may make our operations vulnerable if those third parties fail to satisfy their obligations to us, including their obligations to maintain and protect the security and confidentiality of our information and data or the information and data relating to our members or customers. We are also at risk of a data security incident involving a vendor or third party, which could result in a breakdown of such third party’s data protection processes or cyber-attackers gaining access to our infrastructure through the third party. To the extent that a vendor or third party suffers a data security incident that compromises its operations, we could incur significant costs and possible service interruption. Any contractual remedies and/or indemnification obligations

we may have for vendor or service provider failures or incidents may not be adequate to fully compensate us for any losses suffered as a result of any vendor’s failure to satisfy its obligations to us or under applicable law. Violations of, or noncompliance with, laws and/or regulations governing our business or noncompliance with contract terms by third party vendors and service providers could increase our exposure to liability to our members, providers, or other third parties, or could result in sanctions and/or fines from the regulators that oversee our business. In turn, this could increase the costs associated with the operation of our business or have an adverse impact on our business and reputation. Moreover, if these vendor and service provider relationships were terminated for any reason, we may not be able to find alternative partners in a timely manner or on acceptable financial terms, and may incur significant costs and/or experience significant disruption to our operations in connection with any such vendor or service provider transition. As a result, we may not be able to meet the full demands of our members or customers and, in turn, our business, financial condition, and results of operations may be harmed.

Our encounter data may be inaccurate or incomplete, which could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, financial condition, cash flows and ability to bid for, and continue to participate in, certain programs.

Our contracts require the submission of complete and correct encounter data. The accurate and timely reporting of encounter data is increasingly important to the success of our programs because more states are using encounter data to determine compliance with performance standards and to set premium rates. We have been, and continue to be, exposed to operating sanctions and financial fines and penalties for noncompliance. In some instances, our government clients have established retroactive requirements for the encounter data we must submit. There also may be periods of time in which we are unable to meet existing requirements. In either case, it may be prohibitively expensive or impossible for us to collect or reconstruct this historical data.

We have experienced challenges in obtaining complete and accurate encounter data, due to difficulties with providers and third-party vendors submitting claims in a timely fashion in the proper format, and with state agencies in coordinating such submissions. As states increase their reliance on encounter data, these difficulties could adversely affect the premium rates we receive and how membership is assigned to us and subject us to financial penalties, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, cash flows, or results of operations, and on our ability to bid for, and continue to participate in, certain programs.

Our substantial indebtedness could adversely affect our ability to raise additional capital to fund our growth strategy.

As of December 31, 2020, we had $2,352 million of indebtedness outstanding, including long-term finance lease liabilities. As of December 31, 2020, we also had approximately $1 billion available for borrowings under our Revolving Credit Facility.

Our substantial indebtedness could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, cash flows, or results of operations by, among other things:

•increasing our vulnerability to adverse economic, industry, or competitive developments;

•requiring a substantial portion of our cash flows from operations to be dedicated to the payment of principal and interest on our indebtedness, therefore reducing our ability to use our cash flows to fund operations, capital expenditures, and future acquisitions;

•making it more difficult for us to satisfy our obligations with respect to our indebtedness, including under our Credit Agreement and our outstanding senior notes, and any failure to comply with the obligations of any of our debt instruments, including restrictive covenants and borrowing conditions, could result in an event of default under our Credit Agreement or the indenture governing our outstanding senior notes;

•limiting our ability to obtain additional financing; and

•limiting our flexibility in planning for, or reacting to, changes in our business or market conditions and placing us at a competitive disadvantage compared to our competitors who are less highly leveraged and who, therefore, may be able to take advantage of opportunities that our substantial indebtedness may prevent us from exploiting.

An impairment charge with respect to our recorded goodwill, or our finite-lived intangible assets, could have a material impact on our financial results.

As of December 31, 2020, the carrying amount of goodwill was $692 million, and intangible assets, net, were $249 million.

Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase consideration over the fair value of net assets acquired in business combinations. Goodwill is not amortized but is tested for impairment on an annual basis and more frequently if impairment indicators are present. Impairment indicators may include experienced or expected operating cash-flow

deterioration or losses, significant losses of membership, loss of state funding, loss of state contracts, and other factors. Goodwill is impaired if the carrying amount of the reporting unit (one of our state health plans) exceeds its estimated fair value. This excess is recorded as an impairment loss and adjusted if necessary for the impact of tax-deductible goodwill. The loss recognized may not exceed the total goodwill allocated to the reporting unit.

An event could occur that would cause us to revise our estimates and assumptions used in analyzing the value of our goodwill, and intangible assets, net. For example, if the responsive bid of one or more of our health plans is not successful, we will lose our Medicaid contract in the applicable state or states. If such state health plans have recorded goodwill and intangible assets, net, the contract loss would result in a non-cash impairment charge. Such a non-cash impairment charge could have a material adverse impact on our financial results.

GENERAL RISK FACTORS

We are dependent on the leadership of our chief executive officer and other executive officers and key employees.

The success of our business and the ability to execute our strategy are highly dependent on the efforts of Mr. Zubretsky, our chief executive officer, and our other key executive officers and employees. The loss of their leadership, expertise, and experience could negatively impact our operations. Our ability to replace them or any other key employee may be difficult and may take an extended period of time because of the limited number of individuals in the healthcare industry who have the breadth and depth of skills and experience necessary to operate and lead a business such as ours. Competition to hire from this limited pool is intense, and we may be unable to hire, train, retain, or motivate these personnel. If we are unsuccessful in recruiting, retaining, managing, and motivating such personnel, our business, financial condition, cash flows, or results of operations could be adversely affected.

We face claims related to litigation which could result in substantial monetary damages.

We are subject to a variety of legal actions, including provider claims, employment related disputes, healthcare regulatory law-based litigation and enforcement actions, breach of contract actions, qui tam or False Claims Act actions, and securities class actions. If we incur liability materially in excess of the amount for which we have insurance coverage, our profitability would suffer. Even if any claims brought against us are unsuccessful or without merit, we may have to defend ourselves against such claims. The defense of any such actions may be time-consuming and costly, and may distract our management’s attention. Such legal actions could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, or cash flows.

Because our corporate headquarters are located in Southern California, our business operations may be significantly disrupted as a result of a major earthquake or wildfire.

Our corporate headquarters are located in Long Beach, California. In addition, some of our health plans’ claims are processed in Long Beach, California. Southern California is exposed to a statistically greater risk of a major earthquake and wildfires than most other parts of the United States. If a major earthquake or wildfire were to strike Southern California, our corporate functions and claims processing could be significantly impaired for a substantial period of time. If there is a major Southern California earthquake or wildfire, there can be no assurances that our disaster recovery plan will be successful or that the business operations of our health plans, including those that are remote from any such event, would not be substantially impacted.

Failure to maintain effective internal controls over financial reporting could have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results, and stock price, and could subject us to sanctions by regulatory authorities.

A material weakness is a deficiency, or a combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of the annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis. We have identified material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting in the past, which have subsequently been remediated. If additional material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting are discovered or occur in the future, our consolidated financial statements may contain material misstatements and we could be required to restate our financial results.