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UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549
FORM 10-K
(Mark One)
☒
ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2019
or
☐
TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the Transition Period from                      to                     
Commission file number 001-34385
IVRWORDMARKMAINIMAGEA01.JPG
Invesco Mortgage Capital Inc.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
Maryland
 
26-2749336
(State or other jurisdiction of
incorporation or organization)
 
(I.R.S. Employer
Identification No.)
 
 
 
 
1555 Peachtree Street, N.E., Suite 1800
 
30309
Atlanta,
Georgia
 
 
(Address of principal executive offices)
 
(Zip Code)
(404) 892-0896
(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934:
Title of Each Class
 
Trading Symbol
 
Name of Each Exchange on Which Registered
Common Stock, par value $0.01 per share
 
IVR
 
New York Stock Exchange
7.75% Series A Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock
 
IVRpA
 
New York Stock Exchange
7.75% Fixed-to-Floating Series B Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock
 
IVRpB
 
New York Stock Exchange
7.50% Fixed-to-Floating Series C Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock
 
IVRpC
 
New York Stock Exchange
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934: None
________________________________________________ 
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.    Yes  ☒    No  ☐
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Act.    Yes  ☐    No  ☒
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.    Yes  ☒    No  ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).    Yes  ☒    No  ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” and “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act (Check one):
Large accelerated filer
 
☒
Accelerated filer
 
☐
Non-accelerated filer
 
☐
Smaller reporting company
 
☐
 
 
 
Emerging growth company
 
☐
If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act).    Yes  ☐    No  ☒
The aggregate market value of the registrant’s common stock held by non-affiliates was $2,076,183,911 based on the closing sales price on the New York Stock Exchange on June 30, 2019. As of February 18, 2020, there were 164,956,357 outstanding shares of common stock of Invesco Mortgage Capital Inc.
Documents Incorporated by Reference
Part III of this Form 10-K incorporates by reference certain information (solely to the extent explicitly indicated) from the registrant’s proxy statement for the 2020 Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be filed pursuant to Regulation 14A.
 


Invesco Mortgage Capital Inc.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
 
 
 
 
Item 1.
3
Item 1A.
11
Item 1B.
33
Item 2.
33
Item 3.
33
Item 4.
33
 
 
 
 
 
 
Item 5.
34
Item 6.
35
Item 7.
36
Item 7A.
70
Item 8.
73
Item 9.
73
Item 9A.
73
Item 9B.
74
 
 
 
 
 
 
Item 10.
75
Item 11.
75
Item 12.
75
Item 13.
75
Item 14.
75
 
 
 
 
 
 
Item 15.
75
Item 16.
75
 
 
 
122


Forward-Looking Statements
We make forward-looking statements in this Report on Form 10-K (“Report”) and other filings we make with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), and such statements are intended to be covered by the safe harbor provided by the same. Forward-looking statements are subject to substantial risks and uncertainties, many of which are difficult to predict and are generally beyond our control. These forward-looking statements include information about possible or assumed future results of our business, investment strategies, financial condition, liquidity, results of operations, plans and objectives. When we use the words “believe,” “expect,” “anticipate,” “estimate,” “plan,” “intend,” “project,” “forecast” or similar expressions and future or conditional verbs such as “will,” “may,” “could,” “should,” and “would,” and any other statement that necessarily depends on future events, we intend to identify forward-looking statements. Factors that could cause actual results to differ from those expressed in our forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to:
•
our business and investment strategy;
•
our investment portfolio and expected investments;
•
our projected operating results;
•
general volatility of financial markets and effects of governmental responses, including actions and initiatives of the U.S. governmental agencies and changes to U.S. government policies, mortgage loan modification programs, actions and initiatives of foreign governmental agencies and central banks, monetary policy actions of the Federal Reserve, including actions relating to its agency mortgage-backed securities portfolio and the continuation of re-investment of principal payments, and our ability to respond to and comply with such actions, initiatives and changes;
•
the availability of financing sources, including our ability to obtain additional financing arrangements and the terms of such arrangements;
•
financing and advance rates for our target assets;
•
changes to our expected leverage;
•
our expected book value per diluted common share;
•
interest rate mismatches between our target assets and our borrowings used to fund such investments;
•
our ability to maintain sufficient liquidity to meet our short-term liquidity needs;
•
changes in the credit rating of the U.S. government;
•
changes in interest rates and interest rate spreads and the market value of our target assets;
•
changes in prepayment rates on our target assets;
•
the impact of any deficiencies in foreclosure practices of third parties and related uncertainty in the timing of collateral disposition;
•
our reliance on third parties in connection with services related to our target assets;
•
disruption of our information technology systems;
•
effects of hedging instruments on our target assets;
•
rates of default or decreased recovery rates on our target assets;
•
modifications to whole loans or loans underlying securities;
•
the degree to which our hedging strategies may or may not protect us from interest rate and foreign currency exchange rate volatility;
•
the degree to which derivative contracts expose us to contingent liabilities;
•
counterparty defaults;
•
compliance with financial covenants in our financing arrangements;
•
changes in governmental regulations, zoning, insurance, eminent domain and tax law and rates, and similar matters and our ability to respond to such changes;
•
our ability to maintain our qualification as a real estate investment trust for U.S. federal income tax purposes;


 
1
 

•
our ability to maintain our exception from the definition of “investment company” under the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended (the “1940 Act”);
•
availability of investment opportunities in mortgage-related, real estate-related and other securities;
•
availability of U.S. Government Agency guarantees with regard to payments of principal and interest on securities;
•
the market price and trading volume of our capital stock;
•
availability of qualified personnel of our Manager;
•
the relationship with our Manager;
•
estimates relating to taxable income and our ability to continue to make distributions to our stockholders in the future;
•
estimates relating to fair value of our target assets and loan loss reserves;
•
our understanding of our competition;
•
changes to generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”);
•
the adequacy of our disclosure controls and procedures and internal controls over financial reporting; and
•
market trends in our industry, interest rates, real estate values, the debt securities markets or the general economy.
The forward-looking statements are based on our beliefs, assumptions and expectations of our future performance, taking into account all information currently available to us. You should not place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements. These beliefs, assumptions and expectations can change as a result of many possible events or factors, not all of which are known to us. Some of these factors are described under the headings “Business”, “Risk Factors” and “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations”. If a change occurs, our business, financial condition, liquidity and results of operations may vary materially from those expressed in our forward-looking statements. Any forward-looking statement speaks only as of the date on which it is made. New risks and uncertainties arise over time, and it is not possible for us to predict those events or how they may affect us. Except as required by law, we are not obligated to, and do not intend to, update or revise any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise.


 
2
 

PART I
Item 1. Business.
Our Company
Invesco Mortgage Capital Inc. (the “Company”) is a Maryland corporation primarily focused on investing in, financing, and managing residential and commercial mortgage-backed securities (“MBS”) and other mortgage related assets. Our objective is to provide attractive risk-adjusted returns to our stockholders, primarily through dividends and secondarily through capital appreciation. To achieve this objective, we primarily invest in the following:
•
Residential mortgage-backed securities (“RMBS”) that are guaranteed by a U.S. government agency such as the Government National Mortgage Association (“Ginnie Mae”) or a federally chartered corporation such as the Federal National Mortgage Association (“Fannie Mae”) or the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation (“Freddie Mac”) (collectively “Agency RMBS”);
•
Commercial mortgage-backed securities (“CMBS”) that are guaranteed by a U.S. government agency such as Ginnie Mae or a federally chartered corporation such as Fannie Mae or Freddie Mac (collectively “Agency CMBS”);
•
RMBS that are not guaranteed by a U.S. government agency or a federally chartered corporation (“non-Agency RMBS”);
•
CMBS that are not guaranteed by a U.S. government agency or a federally chartered corporation (“non-Agency CMBS”);
•
Credit risk transfer securities that are unsecured obligations issued by government-sponsored enterprises (“GSE CRT”);
•
Residential and commercial mortgage loans; and
•
Other real estate-related financing arrangements.
We conduct our business through our wholly-owned subsidiary, IAS Operating Partnership L.P. (the “Operating Partnership”). We are externally managed and advised by Invesco Advisers, Inc. (our “Manager”), an indirect wholly-owned subsidiary of Invesco Ltd. (“Invesco”).
We have elected to be taxed as a real estate investment trust (“REIT”) for U.S. federal income tax purposes under the provisions of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986. To maintain our REIT qualification, we are generally required to distribute at least 90% of our REIT taxable income to our stockholders annually. We operate our business in a manner that permits our exclusion from the definition of an “Investment Company” under the 1940 Act.
Our Manager
Our Manager provides us with our management team, including our officers and appropriate support personnel. Each of our officers is an employee of our Manager or one of its affiliates. We do not have any employees. Our Manager is not obligated to dedicate any of its employees exclusively to us, and our Manager and its employees are not obligated to dedicate any specific portion of time to our business. Our Manager is at all times subject to the supervision and oversight of our Board of Directors and has only such functions and authority as we delegate to it. Refer to Item 13. “Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence” in Part III of this Report for a discussion of our relationship with our Manager.


 
3
 

Our Competitive Advantages
We believe that our competitive advantages include the following:
Significant Experience of Our Senior Management and Our Manager
Our senior management and the structured investments team of our Manager has a long track record and broad experience in managing residential and commercial mortgage-related assets through a variety of credit and interest rate environments and has demonstrated the ability to generate attractive risk-adjusted returns under different market conditions and cycles. In addition, we benefit from the insight and capabilities of Invesco’s real estate team, through which we have access to broad and deep teams of experienced investment professionals in real estate and distressed investing. Through these teams, we have real time access to research and data on the mortgage and real estate industries. We believe having in-house access to these resources and expertise provides us with a competitive advantage over other companies investing in our target assets who have less internal resources and expertise.
Access to Our Manager’s Sophisticated Analytical Tools, Infrastructure and Expertise
Our Manager has created and maintains analytical and portfolio management capabilities to aid in asset selection and risk management. We capitalize on the market knowledge and ready access to data across our target markets that our Manager and its affiliates obtain through their established platforms. We focus on in-depth analysis of the numerous factors that influence our target assets, including: (1) fundamental market and sector review; (2) rigorous cash flow analysis; (3) disciplined asset selection; (4) controlled risk exposure; and (5) prudent balance sheet management. We also benefit from our Manager’s and its affiliates’ comprehensive financial and administrative infrastructure, including its risk management, financial reporting, legal and compliance teams.
Extensive Strategic Relationships and Experience of our Manager and its Affiliates
Our Manager maintains extensive long-term relationships with other financial intermediaries, including primary dealers, leading investment banks, brokerage firms, leading mortgage originators and commercial banks. We believe these relationships enhance our ability to source, finance and hedge investment opportunities and, thus, will enable us to grow in various credit and interest rate environments.
Disciplined Investment Approach
We seek to maximize our risk-adjusted returns through our disciplined investment approach, which relies on rigorous quantitative and qualitative analysis. Our Manager monitors our overall portfolio risk and evaluates the characteristics of our investments in our target assets including, but not limited to, asset type, interest rate, interest rate type, loan balance distribution, geographic concentration, property type, occupancy, loan-to-value ratio and credit score. In addition, with respect to any particular target asset, our Manager’s investment team evaluates, among other things, relative valuation, supply and demand trends, shape of yield curves, prepayment rates, loan delinquencies, default rates and loss severity rates. We believe this strategy and our commitment to capital preservation provide us with a competitive advantage when operating in a variety of market conditions.
Investment Strategy
We invest in a diversified pool of mortgage assets that generate attractive risk-adjusted returns. Our target assets generally include Agency RMBS, Agency CMBS, non-Agency RMBS, non-Agency CMBS, GSE CRT, residential and commercial mortgage loans and other real estate-related financing arrangements. In addition to direct purchases of our target assets, we also invest in ventures managed by an affiliate of our Manager, which, in turn, invest in our target assets. We accept varying levels of interest rate risk by managing our hedge portfolio and accept credit and spread risk in order to earn income.


 
4
 

Agency RMBS
Agency RMBS are residential mortgage-backed securities issued by a U.S. government agency such as Ginnie Mae, or a federally chartered corporation such as Fannie Mae or Freddie Mac (Government Sponsored Enterprises or “GSEs”) that are secured by a collection of mortgages. Payments of principal and interest on Agency RMBS, not the market value of the securities themselves, are guaranteed by the issuer. Agency RMBS differ from other forms of traditional debt securities, which normally provide for periodic payments of interest in fixed amounts with principal payments at maturity or on specified call dates. Instead, Agency RMBS provide for monthly payments of both principal and interest. In effect, these payments are a “pass-through” of scheduled and unscheduled principal payments and the monthly interest payments made by the individual borrowers on the mortgage loans, net of any fees paid to the servicers, guarantors or other related parties of the securities.
The principal may be prepaid at any time due to prepayments or defaults on the underlying mortgage loans. These differences can result in significantly greater price and yield volatility than is the case with other fixed-income securities.
Various factors affect the rate at which mortgage prepayments occur, including changes in the level and directional trends in housing prices, interest rates, general economic conditions, the age of the mortgage loan, the location of the property, social and demographic conditions, government initiated refinance programs, legislative regulations, and industry capacity. Generally, prepayments on Agency RMBS increase during periods of falling mortgage interest rates and decrease during periods of rising mortgage interest rates. However, this may not always be the case. We may reinvest principal repayments at a yield that is higher or lower than the yield on the repaid investment, thus affecting our net interest income by altering the average yield on our assets.
In addition, when interest rates are declining, the value of Agency RMBS with prepayment options may not increase as much as other fixed income securities. The rate of prepayments on underlying mortgages will affect the price and volatility of Agency RMBS and may have the effect of shortening or extending the duration of the security beyond what was anticipated at the time of purchase. When interest rates rise, our holdings of Agency RMBS may experience reduced returns if the owners of the underlying mortgages pay off their mortgages slower than previously anticipated. This is generally referred to as extension risk.
Mortgage pass-through certificates, collateralized mortgage obligations (“CMOs”), Freddie Mac Gold Certificates, Fannie Mae Certificates and Ginnie Mae Certificates are types of Agency RMBS that are collateralized by either fixed-rate mortgage loans (“FRMs”), adjustable-rate mortgage loans (“ARMs”), or hybrid ARMs. FRMs have an interest rate that is fixed for the term of the loan and do not adjust. The interest rates on ARMs generally adjust annually (although some may adjust more frequently) to an increment over a specified interest rate index. Hybrid ARMs have interest rates that are fixed for a specified period of time (typically three, five, seven or ten years) and, thereafter, adjust to an increment over a specified interest rate index. ARMs and hybrid ARMs generally have periodic and lifetime constraints on how much the loan interest rate can change on any predetermined interest rate reset date. Our allocation of our Agency RMBS collateralized by FRMs, ARMs or hybrid ARMs will depend on various factors including, but not limited to, relative value, expected future prepayment trends, supply and demand, costs of hedging, costs of financing, expected future interest rate volatility and the overall shape of the U.S. Treasury and interest rate swap yield curves. We take these factors into account when we make investments.
Agency CMBS
Agency CMBS are structured pass-through certificates representing interests in pools of commercial loans that are secured by commercial property and issued by a U.S. government agency or federally chartered corporation. Types of Agency CMBS include Fannie Mae DUS (Delegated Underwriting and Servicing), Freddie Mac Multifamily Mortgage Participation Certificates, Ginnie Mae project loan pools, and/or CMOs structured from such collateral.
The U.S. government agency or federally chartered corporation sources these loans from a network of approved multifamily sellers/servicers and guarantees the timely payment of interest and principal on these investments. Unlike single family residential mortgages in which the borrower, generally, can prepay at any time, commercial mortgages frequently limit the ability of the borrower to prepay, thereby providing a certain level of prepayment protection. Common restrictions include yield maintenance (a prepayment premium that allows investors to attain the same yield as if the borrower made all scheduled interest payments up until the maturity date) and prepayment penalties.
Additionally, Agency CMBS include Ginnie Mae Construction Loan Certificates (“CLCs”) and the resulting Project Loan Certificates (“PLCs”) when the construction project is complete. The investor in the CLC is committed to fund the full amount of the project; however, actual funding generally occurs monthly as construction progresses on the property. Ginnie Mae guarantees the timely payment of principal and interest on each CLC and PLC. Ginnie Mae CLCs pay interest only during construction, while PLCs pay principal and interest. The mortgage loans underlying the PLCs generally contain a lock-out and prepayment penalty period of 10 years. Ginnie Mae does not guarantee the payment of prepayment penalties.


 
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Non-Agency CMBS
Non-Agency CMBS are commercial mortgage-backed securities that are not issued or guaranteed by a U.S. government agency or federally chartered corporation. Like Agency CMBS, non-Agency CMBS are securities backed by obligations (including certificates of participation in obligations) that are principally secured by commercial mortgages on real property or interests therein having a multifamily or commercial use, such as regional malls, retail space, office buildings, industrial or warehouse properties, hotels, apartments, nursing homes and senior living facilities.
Non-Agency CMBS are typically issued in multiple tranches whereby the more senior classes are entitled to priority distributions to make specified interest and principal payments on such tranches. Losses and other shortfalls from expected amounts to be received on the mortgage pool are borne by the most subordinate classes, which receive payments only after the more senior classes have received all principal and/or interest to which they are entitled. The credit quality of non-Agency CMBS depends on the securitization structure and the credit quality of the underlying mortgage loans, which is a function of factors such as the principal amount of loans relative to the value of the related properties, the mortgage loan terms, such as amortization, market assessment and geographic location, construction quality of the property, and the creditworthiness of the borrowers.
Non-Agency RMBS
Non-Agency RMBS are residential mortgage-backed securities that are not issued or guaranteed by a U.S. government agency or federally chartered corporation. Like Agency RMBS, non-Agency RMBS represent interests in pools of mortgage loans secured by residential real property. The mortgage loan collateral for non-Agency RMBS generally consists of residential mortgage loans that do not conform to U.S. government agency or federally chartered corporation underwriting guidelines due to certain factors including mortgage balance in excess of such guidelines, borrower characteristics, loan characteristics and level of documentation. We invest in securities collateralized by the following types of residential mortgage loans:
Prime and Jumbo Prime Mortgage Loans
Prime mortgage loans are mortgage loans that generally require borrower credit histories, debt-to-income ratios and loan-to-value ratios similar to those dictated by GSE underwriting guidelines, though in certain cases they may not meet the same income documentation or other requirements. Jumbo prime mortgage loans are mortgage loans with requirements similar to prime mortgage loans except that the mortgage balance exceeds the maximum amount permitted by GSE underwriting guidelines.
Alt-A Mortgage Loans
Alt-A mortgage loans are mortgage loans made to borrowers whose qualifying mortgage characteristics do not conform to GSE underwriting guidelines, but whose borrower characteristics may. Generally, Alt-A mortgage loans allow homeowners to qualify for a mortgage loan with reduced or alternative forms of documentation. The credit quality of Alt-A borrowers generally exceeds the credit quality of subprime borrowers.
Subprime Mortgage Loans
Subprime mortgage loans are loans that do not conform to GSE underwriting guidelines. Subprime borrowers generally have imperfect or impaired credit histories and low credit scores.
Reperforming Mortgage Loans
Reperforming mortgage loans are residential mortgage loans that have a history of delinquency and may have been restructured since origination.  Reperforming mortgage loans may or may not have originally conformed to GSE underwriting guidelines.  Due to past delinquencies, borrowers generally have impaired credit histories and low credit scores, and may have a greater than normal risk of future delinquencies and defaults.
We also invest in non-Agency RMBS structured as re-securitizations of a real estate mortgage investment conduit (“Re-REMIC”). A Re-REMIC is a transaction in which an existing security or securities is transferred to a special purpose entity that has formed a securitization vehicle that has issued multiple classes of securities secured by and payable from cash flows on the underlying securities.
Government-Sponsored Enterprises Credit Risk Transfer Securities
GSE CRTs are unsecured general obligations of the GSEs that are structured to provide credit protection to the issuer with respect to defaults and other credit events within pools of mortgage loans secured by single family properties that collateralize Agency RMBS issued and guaranteed by the GSEs (“Single Family GSE CRT”) or within pools of mortgage loans secured by


 
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multifamily properties that collateralize Agency CMBS issued and guaranteed by the GSEs (“Multifamily GSE CRT”). This credit protection is achieved by allowing the GSEs to reduce the outstanding class principal balance of the securities as designated credit events on the loans arise. The GSEs make monthly coupon payments of interest and periodic payments of principal based on prepayments to the holders of the securities. To date, all GSE CRTs have paid a floating interest rate benchmarked to one-month LIBOR.
Commercial Mortgage Loans
Commercial mortgage loans are mortgage loans secured by first or second liens on commercial properties such as regional malls, retail space, office buildings, industrial or warehouse properties, hotels, apartments, nursing homes and senior living facilities. These loans, which tend to range in term from two to ten years, can carry either fixed or floating interest rates. They generally permit pre-payments before final maturity but may require the payment to the lender of yield maintenance or pre-payment penalties. First lien loans represent the senior lien on a property while second lien loans or second mortgages represent a subordinate or second lien on a property.
Mezzanine Loans
Mezzanine loans are generally structured to represent a senior position in the borrower’s equity in a property, and are subordinate to a first mortgage loan. These loans are generally secured by pledges of ownership interests, in whole or in part, in entities that directly or indirectly own the real property. At times, mezzanine loans may be secured by additional collateral, including letters of credit, personal guarantees, or collateral unrelated to the property. Mezzanine loans may be structured to carry either fixed or floating interest rates as well as carry a right to participate in a percentage of gross revenues and a percentage of the increase in the fair market value of the property securing the loan. Mezzanine loans may also contain prepayment lockouts, penalties, minimum profit hurdles and other mechanisms to protect and enhance returns to the lender. Mezzanine loans usually have maturities that match the maturity of the related mortgage loan but may have shorter or longer terms.
Loan Participation Interest
In August 2018, we invested in a loan participation interest in a secured loan to a non-bank servicer that is collateralized by mortgage servicing rights associated with Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac, and Ginnie Mae loans. Mortgage servicing rights represent the right to perform and control the servicing of mortgage loans in exchange for a fee. The loan matures in August 2020 subject to a one year extension at the borrower's option and pays a floating interest rate benchmarked to one-month LIBOR. Our commitment under the agreement may be funded over the term of the loan based upon the financing needs of the borrower.
Unconsolidated Ventures
We have investments in unconsolidated ventures. In circumstances where we have a non-controlling interest but we are deemed to be able to exert significant influence over the affairs of the enterprise, we utilize the equity method of accounting. Under the equity method of accounting, the initial investment is increased each period for additional capital contributions and a proportionate share of the entity’s earnings and decreased for cash distributions and a proportionate share of the entity’s losses.
Financing Strategy
We generally finance our investments through short- and long-term borrowings structured as repurchase agreements and secured loans. We have also financed investments through the issuances of debt and equity, and may utilize other forms of financing in the future.
Repurchase Agreements
Repurchase agreements are financings under which we sell our assets to the repurchase agreement counterparty (the buyer) for an agreed upon price with the obligation to repurchase these assets from the buyer at a future date and at a price higher than the original purchase price. The amount of financing we receive under a repurchase agreement is limited to a specified percentage of the estimated market value of the assets we sell to the buyer. The difference between the sale price and repurchase price is the cost, or interest expense, of financing under a repurchase agreement. Under repurchase agreement financing arrangements, certain buyers require us to provide additional cash collateral in the event the market value of the asset declines to maintain the ratio of value of the collateral to the amount of borrowing.


 
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Secured Loans
Our wholly-owned captive insurance subsidiary, IAS Services LLC, is a member of the Federal Home Loan Bank of Indianapolis (“FHLBI”). As a member of the FHLBI, IAS Services LLC has borrowed funds from the FHLBI in the form of secured advances. FHLBI advances are treated as secured financing transactions and are carried at their contractual amounts. The Federal Housing Finance Agency’s (“FHFA”) final rule governing Federal Home Loan Bank membership (the “FHFA Rule”) was effective on February 19, 2016. The FHFA Rule permits existing captive insurance companies, such as IAS Services LLC, to remain members until February 2021. New advances or renewals that mature after February 2021 are prohibited. The FHLBI has indicated it will honor the contractual maturity dates of existing advances to IAS Services LLC that were made prior to February 19, 2016 and extend beyond February 2021.
Leverage
We use leverage on our assets to achieve our return objectives, which are adjusted as our investment and financing opportunities change. The amount of leverage we apply to a given asset depends primarily on the expected price volatility and liquidity of the asset we use as collateral, the type of financing, the advance rate against our collateral and the cost of financing. Shorter duration and higher quality liquid assets generally merit higher leverage due to lower price volatility, higher advance rates, and more attractive financing rates. Assets that are less liquid or exhibit higher price volatility tend to be held unlevered or with lower leverage applied.
We include a table that shows the allocation of our stockholders' equity to our target assets, our debt-to-equity ratio, and our repurchase agreement debt-to-equity ratio (a non-GAAP financial measure of leverage) in Item 7, “Management's Discussion and Analysis of Operations” of this Report.
Risk Management Strategy
Market Risk Management
Risk management is an integral component of our strategy to deliver returns to our stockholders. Because we invest in MBS, investment losses from prepayment, interest rate volatility or other risks can meaningfully impact our earnings and our dividends to stockholders. In addition, because we employ financial leverage in funding our investment portfolio, mismatches in the maturities of our assets and liabilities can create the need to continually renew or otherwise refinance our liabilities. Our results are dependent upon a positive spread between the returns on our asset portfolio and our overall cost of funding. To minimize the risks to our portfolio, we actively employ portfolio-wide and security-specific risk measurement and management processes in our daily operations. Our Manager’s risk management tools include software and services licensed or purchased from third parties, in addition to proprietary software and analytical methods developed by Invesco.
Interest Rate Risk
We engage in a variety of interest rate management techniques that seek to mitigate the influence of interest rate changes on the costs of liabilities and help us achieve our risk management objectives. Specifically, we seek to hedge our exposure to potential interest rate mismatches between the interest we earn on our investments and our borrowing costs caused by fluctuations in short-term interest rates. We may utilize various derivative financial instruments including puts and calls on securities or indices of securities, futures, interest rate swaps and swaptions, interest rate caps, interest rate floors, exchange-traded derivatives, U.S. Treasury securities and options on U.S. Treasury securities to hedge all or a portion of the interest rate risk associated with the financing of our investment portfolio. Refer to Item 7. “Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations - Market Conditions” in Part II of this Report for a discussion of proposed changes to LIBOR.


 
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Spread Risk
We employ a variety of spread risk management techniques that seek to mitigate the influences of spread changes on our book value per diluted common share and our liquidity to help us achieve our investment objectives. We refer to the difference between interest rates on our investments and interest rates on risk free instruments as spreads. The yield on our investments changes over time due to the level of risk free interest rates, the creditworthiness of the security, and the price of the perceived risk. The change in the market yield of our interest rate hedges also changes primarily with the level of risk free interest rates. We manage spread risk through careful asset selection, sector allocation, regulating our portfolio value-at-risk, and maintaining adequate liquidity. Changes in spreads impact our book value per diluted common share and our liquidity and could cause us to sell assets and to change our investment strategy in order to maintain liquidity and preserve book value per diluted common share.
Credit Risk
We believe that our investment strategy will generally keep our credit losses and financing costs low. However, we retain the risk of potential credit losses on all of our residential and commercial mortgage investments. We seek to manage this risk in part through our pre-acquisition due diligence process. In addition, we re-evaluate the credit risk inherent in our investments on a regular basis pursuant to fundamental considerations such as gross domestic product, unemployment, interest rates, retail sales, store closings/openings, corporate earnings, housing inventory, affordability and regional home price trends. We also review key loan credit metrics including, but not limited to, payment status, current loan-to-value ratios, current borrower credit scores and debt yields. These characteristics assist us in determining the likelihood and severity of loan loss as well as prepayment and extension expectations. We then perform structural analysis under multiple scenarios to establish likely cash flow profiles and credit enhancement levels relative to collateral performance projections. This analysis allows us to quantify our opinions of credit quality and fundamental value, which are key drivers of portfolio management decisions.
Liquidity Risk
We engage in a variety of liquidity management techniques to mitigate the risk of volatility in the marketplace, which may bring significant security price fluctuations, associated margin calls, changing cash needs, and variability in counterparty financing terms. We perform statistical analysis in order to measure and quantify our required liquidity needs under multiple scenarios and time horizons. Liquidity in the form of cash, unencumbered assets and future cash inflows is consistently monitored and evaluated versus internal targets. 
Foreign Exchange Rate Risk
We have an investment in an unconsolidated joint venture whose net assets and results of operations are exposed to foreign currency translation risk when translated in U.S. dollars upon consolidation. We seek to hedge our foreign currency exposures by purchasing currency forward contracts.
Investment Guidelines
Our board of directors has adopted the following investment guidelines:
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no investment shall be made that would cause us to fail to qualify as a REIT for federal income tax purposes;
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no investment shall be made that would cause us to be regulated as an investment company under the 1940 Act;
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our assets will be invested within our target assets; and
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until appropriate investments can be identified, our Manager may pay off short-term debt, or invest the proceeds of any offering in interest-bearing, short-term investments, including funds that are consistent with maintaining our REIT qualification.
These investment guidelines may be changed from time to time by our board of directors without the approval of our stockholders.
Investment Committee
Our investment committee is comprised of certain of our officers and certain of our Manager’s investment professionals. The investment committee periodically reviews our investment portfolio for risk characteristics, investment performance, liquidity, portfolio composition, leverage and other applicable items. It also reviews its compliance with our investment policies and procedures, including our investment guidelines, and our Manager provides our board of directors an investment performance report at the end of each quarter in conjunction with its review of our quarterly results.


 
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Investment Process
Our Manager’s investment team has a strong focus on asset selection and on the relative value of various sectors within the mortgage market. Our Manager utilizes this expertise to build a diversified portfolio. Our Manager incorporates its views on the economic environment and the outlook for the mortgage market, including relative valuation, supply and demand trends, the level of interest rates, the shape of the yield curve, prepayment rates, financing and liquidity, housing prices, delinquencies, default rates and loss severity rates of various collateral types.
Our investment process includes sourcing and screening investment opportunities, assessing investment suitability, conducting interest rate and prepayment analysis, evaluating cash flow and collateral performance, reviewing legal structure and servicer and originator information and investment structuring, as appropriate, to ensure an attractive return commensurate with the risk we are bearing. Upon identification of an investment opportunity, the investment will be screened and monitored by our Manager to determine its impact on maintaining our REIT qualification and our exemption from registration under the 1940 Act. We make investments in sectors where our Manager has strong core competencies and where we believe market risk and expected performance can be reasonably quantified.
Our Manager evaluates each of our investment opportunities based on its expected risk-adjusted return relative to the returns available from other, comparable investments. In addition, we evaluate new opportunities based on their relative expected returns compared to assets held in our portfolio. The terms of any leverage available to us for use in funding an investment purchase are also taken into consideration, as are any risks posed by illiquidity or correlations with other assets in the portfolio. Our Manager also develops a macro outlook with respect to each target asset class by examining factors in the broader economy such as gross domestic product, interest rates, unemployment rates and availability of credit, among other factors. Our Manager analyzes fundamental trends in the relevant target asset class sector to adjust or maintain its outlook for that particular target asset class. These macro decisions guide our Manager’s assumptions regarding model inputs and portfolio allocations among target assets. Additionally, our Manager conducts extensive diligence with respect to each target asset class by, among other things, examining and monitoring the capabilities and financial wherewithal of the parties responsible for the origination, administration and servicing of relevant target assets.
Competition
Our net income depends, in large part, on our ability to acquire assets at favorable spreads over our borrowing costs. In acquiring our investments, we compete with other REITs, specialty finance companies, mortgage bankers, insurance companies, mutual funds, institutional investors, investment banking firms, financial institutions, governmental bodies and other entities. In addition, there are numerous REITs with similar asset acquisition objectives. These other REITs increase competition for the available supply of mortgage assets suitable for purchase. Many of our competitors are significantly larger than we are, have access to greater capital and other resources and may have other advantages over us. In addition, some of our competitors may have higher risk tolerances or different risk assessments, which could allow them to consider a wider variety of investments and establish more relationships than we can. Market conditions may attract more competitors, which may increase the competition for sources of financing. An increase in the competition for sources of financing could adversely affect the availability and cost of financing.
We have access to our Manager’s professionals and their industry expertise, which we believe provides us with a competitive advantage. These professionals help us assess investment risks and determine appropriate pricing for certain potential investments. These relationships enable us to compete more effectively for attractive investment opportunities. Despite certain competitive advantages, we may not be able to achieve our business goals or expectations due to the competitive risks that we face. For additional information concerning these competitive risks, refer to Item 1A. “Risk Factors — Risks Related to Our Investments”. We operate in a highly competitive market for investment opportunities. Competition may limit our ability to acquire desirable investments in our target assets, and could also affect the pricing of these securities.
Our Corporate Information
Our principal executive offices are located at 1555 Peachtree Street, N.E., Suite 1800, Atlanta, Georgia 30309. Our telephone number is (404) 892-0896. We file current and periodic reports, proxy statements and other information with the SEC. The SEC maintains a website that contains reports, proxy and other information at www.sec.gov. We make available free of charge on our corporate website, www.invescomortgagecapital.com, our annual report on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K, and amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Exchange Act as soon as reasonably practicable after we electronically file such material with, or furnish it to, the SEC. The information on our website is not intended to form a part of or be incorporated by reference into this Report.


 
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Item 1A. Risk Factors.
Set forth below are the material risks and uncertainties that, if they were to occur, could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and the trading price of our securities. Additional risks not presently known, or that we currently deem immaterial, also may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Risks Related to Our Investments
Difficult conditions in the mortgage, residential and commercial real estate markets may cause us to experience market losses related to our investments.
Our results of operations are materially affected by conditions in the mortgage market, the residential and commercial real estate markets, the financial markets and the economy generally. Concerns about the mortgage market and real estate market, as well as inflation, energy costs, geopolitical issues and the availability and cost of credit, contribute to market volatility. Any deterioration of the real estate market may cause us to experience losses related to our assets and to sell assets at a loss.
Declines in the market values of our MBS and GSE CRTs may adversely affect our results of operations and credit availability, which may reduce earnings and, in turn, cash available for distribution to our stockholders. In addition, a decline in market values of our MBS and GSE CRTs will reduce our book value per diluted common share.
Because assets we acquire may experience periods of illiquidity, we may lose profits or be prevented from earning capital gains if we cannot sell mortgage-related assets at an opportune time.
We bear the risk of being unable to dispose of our assets at advantageous times or in a timely manner because mortgage-related assets generally experience periods of illiquidity. As a result, our ability to vary our portfolio in response to changes in economic and other conditions may be relatively limited, which may cause us to incur losses.
In addition, many of the assets that comprise our investment portfolio are not publicly traded. These securities may be less liquid than publicly-traded securities. The illiquidity of our investments may make it difficult for us to sell such investments if the need or desire arises. In addition, if we are required to liquidate all or a portion of our portfolio quickly, we may realize significantly less than the value at which we have previously recorded our investments. As a result, our ability to vary our portfolio in response to changes in economic and other conditions may be relatively limited, which could adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.
Our investments may be concentrated and will be subject to risk of default.
While we diversify and intend to continue to diversify our portfolio of investments, we are not required to observe specific diversification criteria, except as may be set forth in the investment guidelines and Investment Company Act of 1940 Compliance Policy adopted by our board of directors. Therefore, our investments in our target assets may at times be concentrated in certain property types that are subject to higher risk of foreclosure, or secured by properties concentrated in a limited number of geographic locations. For example, as of December 31, 2019, a significant percentage of our non-Agency RMBS, GSE CRTs and non-Agency CMBS was secured by property located in California, as well as New York with respect to our Agency CMBS. Refer to Item 7. “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations - Investment Activities - Portfolio Characteristics” in Part II of this Report for additional information. To the extent that our portfolio is concentrated in any one region or type of security, downturns relating generally to such region or type of security may result in defaults on a number of our investments within a short time period, which may reduce our net income and the value of our capital stock and accordingly reduce our ability to pay dividends to our stockholders.
We may make investment decisions with which our stockholders may not agree and/or fail to meet our investment criteria.
Our stockholders will be unable to evaluate the manner in which we invest or the economic merit of our expected investments and, as a result, we may make investment decisions with which our stockholders may not agree. We can provide no assurance that we will be able to identify and make investments that are consistent with our investment objectives. The failure of our management to make investments that meet our investment criteria could cause a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, liquidity, results of operations and ability to pay dividends to our stockholders and could cause the value of our capital stock to decline.




 
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We acquire mortgage-backed and credit risk transfer securities and loans that are subject to defaults, foreclosure timeline extension, fraud, residential and commercial price depreciation, and unfavorable modification of loan principal amount, interest rate and amortization of principal, which could result in losses to us.
Mortgage-backed securities are secured by mortgage loans (primarily single family residential properties for RMBS and single commercial mortgage loans or a pool of commercial mortgage loans for CMBS). GSE CRTs are unsecured obligations of the GSEs. Our MBS and GSE CRT investments are subject to all the risks of the respective underlying mortgage loans, including risks of defaults, foreclosure timeline extension, fraud, price depreciation and unfavorable modification of loan principal amount, interest rate and amortization of principal.
A number of factors over which we have no control may impair a borrower’s ability to repay a mortgage loan secured by a residential property, including the income and assets of the borrower.
Commercial mortgage loans are secured by multifamily or commercial property and are subject to risks of delinquency and foreclosure, and risks of loss that may be greater than similar risks associated with loans made on the security of single family residential property. The ability of a borrower to repay a loan secured by an income-producing property typically is dependent primarily upon the successful operation of such property, which can be affected by a number of factors over which we have no control, rather than upon the existence of independent income or assets of the borrower. If the net operating income of the property is reduced, the borrower’s ability to repay the loan may be impaired.
In the event of any default under a mortgage loan held directly by us, we bear a risk of loss of principal to the extent of any deficiency between the value of the collateral and the principal and accrued interest of the mortgage loan, which could have a material adverse effect on our cash flow from operations. In the event of defaults on the mortgage loans that underlie our investments and the exhaustion of any underlying or any additional credit support, we may not realize our anticipated return on our investments and we may incur a loss on these investments.
Our investments include non-Agency RMBS collateralized by Alt-A and subprime mortgage loans, which are subject to increased risks.
Our investments include non-Agency RMBS backed by collateral pools of mortgage loans known as “Alt-A mortgage loans,” or “subprime mortgage loans.” These loans have been originated using underwriting standards that are less restrictive than those used in underwriting “prime mortgage loans.” These include mortgage loans made to borrowers having imperfect or impaired credit histories, mortgage loans where the amount of the loan at origination is 80% or more of the value of the mortgage property, mortgage loans made to borrowers who have other debt that represents a large portion of their income and mortgage loans made to borrowers whose income is not required to be disclosed or verified. Due to economic conditions, a decline in home prices, and aggressive lending practices, many Alt-A and subprime mortgage loans originated prior to the 2008 financial crisis experienced rates of delinquency, foreclosure, bankruptcy and loss that were higher than those experienced by mortgage loans underwritten in a more traditional manner. Thus, because of the higher delinquency rates and losses associated with many Alt-A and subprime mortgage loans, the performance of non-Agency RMBS backed by Alt-A and subprime mortgage loans in which we invest could be correspondingly adversely affected, which could adversely impact our results of operations, financial condition and business.
Our subordinated MBS assets may be in the “first loss” position, subjecting us to greater risks of loss.
We invest in certain tranches of MBS that are only entitled to a portion of the principal and interest payments made on mortgage loans underlying the securities issued by the trust. In general, losses on a mortgage loan included in a RMBS trust will be borne first by the equity holder of the issuing trust if any, and then by the “first loss” subordinated security holder and then by the “second loss” subordinate holder and so on. For non-Agency CMBS assets, losses on a mortgaged property securing a mortgage loan included in a securitization will typically be borne first by the equity holder of the property, then by a cash reserve fund or letter of credit, if any, then by the holder of a mezzanine loan or B-Note, if any, then by the “first loss” subordinated security holder (generally, the “B-Piece” buyer) and then by the holder of a more senior security.
We may acquire securities at every level of such a trust, from the equity position to the most senior tranche. In the event of default and the exhaustion of any classes of securities junior to those which we acquire, our securities will suffer losses as well. In addition, if we overvalue the underlying mortgage portfolio, or if the values subsequently decline and, as a result, less collateral is available to satisfy interest and principal payments due on the related MBS, the securities which we acquire may effectively become the “first loss” position ahead of the more senior securities, which may result in significant losses. The prices of lower credit quality securities are generally less sensitive to interest rate changes than more highly rated securities, but more sensitive to adverse economic downturns or individual issuer developments. A projection of an economic downturn could cause a decline in the value of lower credit quality securities because the ability of obligors of mortgages underlying MBS to make principal and interest payments may be impaired. In such an event, existing credit support in the securitization structure may be insufficient to protect us against loss of our principal on these securities.


 
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Fluctuations in interest rates could adversely affect the value of our investments and cause our interest expense to increase, which could result in reduced earnings, affect our profitability and dividends as well as the cash available for distribution to our stockholders.
Interest rates are highly sensitive to many factors, including governmental monetary and tax policies, domestic and international economic and political considerations and other factors beyond our control. Interest rate fluctuations present a variety of risks, including the risk of a narrowing of the difference between asset yields and borrowing rates, a decline in the yield on adjustable rate investments, and a detrimental impact on prepayment rates, and may adversely affect our income and the value of our assets and capital stock.
We invest in RMBS, CMBS, GSE CRTs, and mortgage loans and other financing arrangements that are subject to risks related to interest rate fluctuations. Fluctuations in short- or long-term interest rates could have adverse effects on our operations and financial condition, which may negatively affect cash available for distribution to our stockholders. Fluctuations in interest rates could impact us as follows:
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If long-term rates increased significantly, the market value of our fixed-rate investments in our target assets would decline, and the duration and weighted average life of the investments may increase. We could realize a loss if the securities were sold. Further, declines in market value may reduce our book value per diluted common share and ultimately reduce earnings or result in losses to us.
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An increase in short-term interest rates would increase the amount of interest owed on the repurchase agreements we enter into to finance the purchase of our investments.
•
If short-term interest rates rise disproportionately relative to longer-term interest rates (a flattening of the yield curve), our borrowing costs may increase more rapidly than the interest income earned on our assets. Because we expect our investments, on average, generally will bear interest based on longer-term rates than our borrowings, a flattening of the yield curve would tend to decrease our net income. Additionally, to the extent cash flows from investments that return scheduled and unscheduled principal are reinvested, the spread between the yields on the new investments and available borrowing rates may decline, which would likely decrease our net income.
•
If short-term interest rates exceed longer-term interest rates (a yield curve inversion), our borrowing costs may exceed our interest income and we could incur operating losses.
•
If interest rates fall, we may recognize losses on our derivative financial instruments that are not offset by gains on our assets, which may adversely affect our liquidity and financial position.
In a period of rising interest rates, our operating results will depend in large part on the difference between the income from our assets and financing costs. We anticipate that, in most cases, the income from such assets will respond more slowly to interest rate fluctuations than the cost of our borrowings. Consequently, changes in interest rates, particularly short-term interest rates, may significantly influence our net income. Increases in these rates will tend to decrease our net income and the market value of our assets and may negatively affect cash available for distribution to our stockholders.
In addition, market values of our investments may decline without any general increase in interest rates for a number of reasons, such as increases or expected increases in defaults, or increases or expected increases in voluntary prepayments for those investments that are subject to prepayment risk or widening of credit spreads, which may negatively affect cash available for distribution to our stockholders.
An increase in interest rates may cause a decrease in the availability of certain of our target assets which could adversely affect our ability to acquire target assets that satisfy our investment objectives and to generate income and pay dividends.
Rising interest rates generally reduce the demand for mortgage loans due to the higher cost of borrowing. A reduction in the volume of mortgage loans originated may affect the volume of target assets available to us, which could adversely affect our ability to acquire assets that satisfy our investment objectives. Rising interest rates may also cause our target assets that were issued prior to an interest rate increase to provide yields that are below prevailing market interest rates. If rising interest rates cause us to be unable to acquire a sufficient volume of our target assets with a yield that is above our borrowing cost, our ability to satisfy our investment objectives and to generate income and pay dividends may be materially and adversely affected.
Prepayment rates may adversely affect the value of our investment portfolio.
Pools of residential mortgage loans underlie the RMBS that we acquire. In the case of residential mortgage loans, there are seldom any restrictions on borrowers’ ability to prepay their loans. We generally receive prepayments of principal that are made on these underlying mortgage loans. When borrowers prepay their mortgage loans faster than expected, the prepayments on the RMBS are also faster than expected. Faster than expected prepayments could adversely affect our profitability, including in the following ways:
•
We may purchase RMBS that have a higher interest rate than the market interest rate at the time. In exchange for this higher interest rate, we may pay a premium over the par value to acquire the security. In accordance with U.S. GAAP,


 
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we may amortize this premium over the estimated term of the RMBS. If the RMBS is prepaid in whole or in part prior to its maturity date, however, we may be required to expense the premium that was prepaid at the time of the prepayment.
•
A substantial portion of our adjustable-rate RMBS may bear interest rates that are lower than their fully indexed rates, which are equivalent to the applicable index rate plus a margin. If an adjustable-rate RMBS is prepaid prior to or soon after the time of adjustment to a fully-indexed rate, we will have held that RMBS while it was least profitable and lost the opportunity to receive interest at the fully indexed rate over the remainder of its expected life.
•
If we are unable to acquire new RMBS at similar yields to the prepaid RMBS, our financial condition, results of operations and cash flow would suffer. Prepayment rates generally increase when interest rates fall and decrease when interest rates rise, but changes in prepayment rates are difficult to predict. Prepayment rates also may be affected by conditions in the housing and financial markets, general economic conditions and the relative interest rates on FRMs and ARMs.
While we seek to minimize prepayment risk to the extent practical, in selecting investments we must balance prepayment risk against other risks and the potential returns of each investment. No strategy can completely insulate us from prepayment risk.
Market conditions may upset the historical relationship between interest rate changes and prepayment trends, which would make it more difficult for us to analyze our investment portfolio.
Our success depends in part on our ability to analyze the impact of changing interest rates on prepayments of the mortgage loans that underlie our investments. Changes in interest rates and prepayments affect the market price of target assets. As part of our overall portfolio risk management, we analyze interest rate changes and prepayment trends separately and collectively to assess their effects on our investment portfolio. In conducting our analysis, we depend on certain assumptions based upon historical trends with respect to the relationship between interest rates and prepayments under normal market conditions. If dislocations in the mortgage market or other developments change the way that prepayment trends respond to interest rate changes, our ability to (1) assess the market value of our investment portfolio, (2) implement our hedging strategies, and (3) utilize techniques to reduce our prepayment rate volatility would be significantly affected, which could materially adversely affect our financial position and results of operations.
Changes in the method under which LIBOR is determined or the discontinuance of LIBOR may adversely affect the amount of interest payable or interest receivable on certain portfolio investments, repurchase agreements and interest rate swaps as well as our dividends on our Series B preferred stock and Series C preferred stock.  These changes may also impact the market liquidity and market value of certain portfolio investments, interest rate swaps and our Series B and Series C preferred stock.
LIBOR, as well as other interest rate, equity, foreign exchange rate and other types of indices which are deemed to be “benchmarks,” are the subject of ongoing international, national and other regulatory guidance and proposals for reform.  Some of these reforms are already effective while others are still to be implemented.  These reforms may cause LIBOR to perform differently than in the past, to be phased out, or have other consequences which cannot be fully anticipated.
In July 2017, the Chief Executive of the U.K. Financial Conduct Authority (the “FCA”), which regulates LIBOR, announced that the FCA will no longer persuade or compel banks to submit rates for the calculation of the LIBOR benchmark after 2021.  This announcement indicates that the continuation of LIBOR on the current basis cannot and will not be guaranteed after 2021, and it appears likely that LIBOR will be phased out or the methodology for determining LIBOR will be modified by 2021. The Alternative Reference Rates Committee (“ARRC”) has proposed that the Secured Overnight Financing Rate (“SOFR”) is the rate that represents best practice as the alternative to USD-LIBOR for use in derivatives and other financial contracts that are currently indexed to USD-LIBOR. ARRC has proposed a paced market transition plan to SOFR from USD-LIBOR and organizations are currently working on industry wide and company specific transition plans as it relates to derivatives, financings and cash markets exposed to USD-LIBOR. SOFR is an overnight rate instead of a term rate, making SOFR an inexact replacement for LIBOR. There is currently no perfect way to create robust, forward-looking, SOFR term rates. Market participants are still considering how various types of financial instruments and securitization vehicles should react to a discontinuation of LIBOR. It is possible that not all of our assets and liabilities will transition away from LIBOR at the same time, and it is possible that not all of our assets and liabilities will transition to the same alternative reference rate, in each case increasing the difficulty of hedging. Switching existing financial instruments and hedging transactions from LIBOR to SOFR requires calculations of a spread. Industry organizations are attempting to structure the spread calculation in a manner that minimizes the possibility of value transfer between counterparties, borrowers, and lenders by virtue of the transition, but there is no assurance that the calculated spread will be fair and accurate or that all asset types and all types of securitization vehicles will use the same spread. We and other market participants have less experience understanding and modeling SOFR-


 
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based assets and liabilities than LIBOR-based assets and liabilities, increasing the difficulty of investing, hedging, financing and risk management.
The Company's Manager is finalizing its global assessment of exposure in relation to the Company's LIBOR-based instruments and benchmarks and is prioritizing the mitigation of risks associated with the forecasted changes to financial instruments and performance benchmarks referencing existing LIBOR rates.
The Company has significant financial instruments that are indexed to USD-LIBOR and is monitoring this activity and evaluating the related risks.  However, it is not possible to predict the effect of any of these developments and any future initiatives to regulate, reform or change the manner of administration of LIBOR could result in adverse consequences to the rate of interest payable and receivable on, market value of and market liquidity for LIBOR-based financial instruments.

The Federal conservatorship of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac and related efforts, along with any changes in laws and regulations affecting the relationship between these agencies and the U.S. Government, may adversely affect our business.

The payments of principal and interest we receive on our Agency MBS, which depend directly upon payments on the mortgages underlying such securities, are guaranteed by Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac, or Ginnie Mae. Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac are U.S. Government-sponsored entities, or GSEs, but their guarantees are not backed by the full faith and credit of the United States (although the FHFA largely controls their actions through its conservatorship of the two GSEs). Ginnie Mae is part of a U.S. Government agency and its guarantees are backed by the full faith and credit of the United States. 
Although the U.S. Government has undertaken several measures to support the positive net worth of the GSEs since the financial crisis, there is no guarantee of continuing capital support, if such support were to become necessary. These uncertainties lead to questions about the availability of, and trading market for, Agency MBS. Despite the steps taken by the U.S. Government, GSEs could default on their guarantee obligations which would materially and adversely affect the value of our Agency MBS. Accordingly, if these government actions are inadequate in the future and the GSEs were to suffer losses, be significantly reformed, or cease to exist, our business, operations and financial condition could be materially and adversely affected.
The future roles of the GSEs may be reduced (perhaps significantly) and the nature of their guarantee obligations could be limited relative to historical measurements. Alternatively, it is possible that the GSEs could be dissolved entirely or privatized, and, as mentioned above, the U.S. Government could determine to stop providing liquidity support of any kind to the mortgage market. Any changes to the nature of the GSEs or their guarantee obligations could redefine what constitutes an Agency MBS and could have broad adverse implications for the market and our business, operations and financial condition. If Fannie Mae or Freddie Mac were eliminated, or their structures were to change limiting or removing the guarantee obligation, we could be unable to acquire additional Agency MBS and our existing Agency MBS could be materially and adversely impacted.
We could be negatively affected in several ways depending on how events unfold for the GSEs. We could be unable to acquire additional Agency MBS or the changes could negatively affect the credit spreads at which they trade and the value of our Agency MBS could be materially adversely impacted. Also, we rely on our Agency MBS as collateral for a significant portion of our financings. Any decline in our Agency MBS value, or perceived market uncertainty about their value, would make it more difficult for us to obtain financing on our Agency MBS on acceptable terms or at all, or to maintain our compliance with the terms of any financing transactions.
We operate in a highly competitive market for investment opportunities and competition may limit our ability to acquire desirable investments in our target assets and could also affect the pricing of these securities.
We operate in a highly competitive market for investment opportunities. Our profitability depends, in large part, on our ability to acquire our target assets at attractive prices. We compete with a variety of institutional investors, including other REITs and many of our competitors are substantially larger and may have considerably greater financial, technical, marketing and other resources than we do. Some competitors may have a lower cost of funds and access to funding sources that may not be available to us. Many of our competitors are not subject to the operating constraints associated with REIT tax compliance or maintenance of an exemption from the 1940 Act. Furthermore, competition for investments in our target assets may lead to the price of such assets increasing, which may further limit our ability to generate desired returns. We cannot assure you that the competitive pressures we face will not have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Also, as a result of this competition, desirable investments in our target assets may be limited in the future, and we may not be able to take advantage of attractive investment opportunities from time to time.


 
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We may not control the special servicing of the mortgage loans included in the CMBS in which we invest and, in such cases, the special servicer may take actions that could adversely affect our interests.
With respect to each series of CMBS in which we invest, overall control over the special servicing of the related underlying mortgage loans is held by a “directing certificate holder” or a “controlling class representative,” which is appointed by the holders of the most subordinate class of CMBS in such series. Depending on the class of CMBS in which we invest, we may not have the right to appoint the directing certificate holder. In connection with the servicing of the specially serviced mortgage loans, the related special servicer may, at the direction of the directing certificate holder, take actions with respect to the specially serviced mortgage loans that could adversely affect our interests.
We and third party loan originators and servicers’ due diligence of potential assets may not reveal all of the liabilities associated with such assets and may not reveal other weaknesses in such assets, which could lead to losses.
Before making an asset acquisition, we will assess the strengths and weaknesses of the originator or issuer of the asset as well as other factors and characteristics that are material to the performance of the asset. In making the assessment and otherwise conducting customary due diligence, we will rely on resources available to us, including third party loan originators and servicers. This process is particularly important with respect to newly formed originators or issuers because there may be little or no information publicly available about these entities and assets. There can be no assurance that our due diligence process will uncover all relevant facts or that any asset acquisition will be successful, which could lead to losses in the value of our portfolio.
We depend on third-party service providers, including mortgage servicers, for a variety of services related to our RMBS. We are, therefore, subject to the risks associated with third-party service providers.
We depend on a variety of services provided by third-party service providers related to our RMBS. We rely on the mortgage servicers who service the mortgage loans backing our RMBS to, among other things, collect principal and interest payments and administer escrow accounts on the underlying mortgages and perform loss mitigation services. If a servicer is not vigilant in seeing that borrowers make their required monthly payments, borrowers may be less likely to make these payments, resulting in a higher frequency of default. If a servicer takes longer to liquidate non-performing mortgages, our losses related to those loans may be higher than originally anticipated. Any failure by servicers to service these mortgages and/or to competently manage and dispose of properties could negatively impact the value of these investments and our financial performance. Further, the foreclosure process, especially in judicial foreclosure states such as New York, Florida and New Jersey, can be lengthy and expensive, and the delays and costs involved in completing a foreclosure and liquidating such property through sale may materially increase any related loss.
Our commercial loans held-for investment include investments that involve greater risks of loss than senior loan assets secured by income-producing properties.
We may acquire mezzanine loans, which take the form of subordinated loans secured by second mortgages on the underlying property or loans secured by a pledge of the ownership interests of either the entity owning the property or the entity that owns the interest in the entity owning the property. These types of assets involve a higher degree of risk than long-term senior mortgage lending secured by income-producing real property, because the loan may become unsecured as a result of foreclosure by the senior lender. In the event of a bankruptcy of the entity providing the pledge of its ownership interests as security, we may not have full recourse to the assets of such entity, or the assets of the entity may not be sufficient to satisfy our mezzanine loan. If a borrower defaults on our mezzanine loan or debt senior to our loan, or in the event of a borrower bankruptcy, our mezzanine loan will be satisfied only after the senior debt. As a result, we may not recover some or all of our initial expenditure. In addition, mezzanine loans may have higher loan-to-value ratios than conventional mortgage loans, resulting in less equity in the property and increasing the risk of loss of principal.
In addition, we may acquire commercial loans structured as preferred equity investments. These investments involve a higher degree of risk than conventional debt financing due to a variety of factors, including their non-collateralized nature and subordinated ranking to other loans and liabilities of the entity in which such preferred equity is held. Accordingly, if the issuer defaults on our investment, we would only be able to proceed against such entity in accordance with the terms of the preferred security, and not against any property owned by such entity. Furthermore, in the event of bankruptcy or foreclosure, we would only be able to recoup our investment after all lenders to, and other creditors of, such entity are paid in full. As a result, we may lose all or a significant part of our investment, which could result in significant losses.
We may acquire B-Notes, mortgage loans typically (i) secured by a first mortgage on a single large commercial property or group of related properties, and (ii) subordinated to an A-Note secured by the same first mortgage on the same collateral. As a result, if a borrower defaults, there may not be sufficient funds remaining for B-Note holders after payment to the A-Note holders. Further, B-Notes typically are secured by a single property and reflect the risks associated with significant concentration.


 
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Significant losses related to our commercial loans held for investment would result in operating losses for us and may limit our ability to pay dividends to our stockholders.
 A decline in the market value of our mortgage-backed securities and credit risk transfer securities may adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.
All of our mortgage-backed securities and credit risk transfer securities are reported at fair value. Changes in the market values of these assets impact our stockholders’ equity, and declines in market value adversely affect our book value per diluted common share. Moreover, if the decline in value of an available-for-sale security is other than temporary, such decline will reduce our earnings. For a discussion of how we determine when a security is other than temporarily impaired, see Note 2 - “Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” of our consolidated financial statements in Part IV of this Report.
Certain mortgage-backed and credit risk transfer securities are recorded at estimated fair value and, as a result, there is uncertainty as to the value of these investments.
Some of our mortgage-backed and credit risk transfer securities are in the form of securities that are not publicly or actively traded. The fair value of such securities may not be readily determinable. We value these investments quarterly at fair value, which may include unobservable inputs. Because such valuations are subjective, the fair value of certain of our assets may fluctuate over short periods of time and our determinations of fair value may differ materially from the values that would have been used if a ready market for these securities existed. The value of our stockholders' equity could be adversely affected if our determinations regarding the fair value of these investments were materially higher than the values that we ultimately realize upon their disposal.
If our Manager underestimates the collateral loss on our investments, we may experience losses.
Our Manager values our potential investments based on loss-adjusted yields, taking into account estimated future losses on the mortgage loans that collateralize the investments, and the estimated impact of these losses on expected future cash flows. Our Manager’s loss estimates may not prove accurate, as actual results may vary from estimates. In the event that our Manager underestimates losses relative to the price we pay for a particular investment, we may experience losses or a lower yield than expected.

If we foreclose on an asset, we may come to own and operate the property securing the loan, which would expose us to the risks inherent in that activity.
When we foreclose on an asset, we may take title to the property securing that asset, and if we do not or cannot sell the property, we would then come to own and operate it as “real estate owned.” Owning and operating real property involves risks that are different (and in many ways more significant) than the risks faced in owning an asset secured by that property. In addition, we may end up owning a property that we would not otherwise have decided to acquire directly at the price of our original investment or at all. We may not manage these properties as well as they might be managed by another owner, and our returns to investors could suffer. If we foreclose on and come to own property, our financial performance and returns to stockholders could suffer.
Liability relating to environmental matters may impact the value of properties that we may acquire or foreclose on.
If we acquire or foreclose on properties with respect to which we have extended mortgage loans, we may be subject to environmental liabilities arising from such foreclosed properties. Under various U.S. federal, state and local laws, an owner or operator of real property may become liable for the costs of removal of certain hazardous substances released on its property. These laws often impose liability without regard to whether the owner or operator knew of, or was responsible for, the release of such hazardous substances.
The presence of hazardous substances may adversely affect an owner’s ability to sell real estate or borrow using real estate as collateral. To the extent that an owner of a property underlying one of our debt investments becomes liable for removal costs, the ability of the owner to make payments to us may be reduced, which in turn may adversely affect the value of the relevant mortgage asset held by us and our ability to pay dividends to our stockholders. If we acquire any properties, the presence of hazardous substances on a property may adversely affect our ability to sell the property and we may incur substantial remediation costs, thus harming our financial condition. The discovery of material environmental liabilities attached to such properties could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition and our ability to pay dividends to our stockholders.



 
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Risks Related to Financing and Hedging
We use leverage in executing our business strategy, which may adversely affect the return on our assets and may reduce cash available for distribution to our stockholders, as well as increase losses when economic conditions are unfavorable.
We use leverage to finance our assets through borrowings from repurchase agreements and other secured and unsecured forms of borrowing. The amount of leverage we may deploy for particular assets will depend upon our Manager’s assessment of the credit and other risks of those assets and is limited by our debt covenants.
Our access to financing depends upon a number of factors over which we have little or no control, including:
•general market conditions;
•the lender’s view of the quality of our assets, valuation of our assets and our liquidity;
•the lender’s perception of our growth potential;
•regulatory requirements;
•our current and potential future earnings and cash distributions; and
•the market price of the shares of our capital stock.
Any weakness or volatility in the financial markets, the residential and commercial mortgage markets or the economy generally could adversely affect the factors listed above. In addition, such weakness or volatility could adversely affect one or more of our lenders and could cause one or more of our lenders to be unwilling or unable to provide us with financing or to increase the costs of that financing. Some of our target assets may be more difficult to finance than others and the market for such financing can change based on many factors over which we have little or no control.
The return on our assets and cash available for distribution to our stockholders may be reduced to the extent that market conditions prevent us from leveraging our assets or cause the cost of our financing to increase relative to the income that can be derived from the assets acquired. Our financing costs will reduce cash available for distributions to stockholders. We may not be able to meet our financing obligations, and, to the extent that we cannot, we risk the loss of some or all of our assets to liquidation or sale to satisfy the obligations.
We depend on repurchase agreement financing to acquire our target assets and our inability to access this funding on acceptable terms could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, financial condition and business.
We use repurchase agreement financing as a strategy to increase the return on our assets.
Our ability to fund our target assets may be impacted by our ability to secure repurchase agreement financing on acceptable terms. We can provide no assurance that lenders will be willing or able to provide us with sufficient financing. In addition, because repurchase agreements are short-term commitments of capital, lenders may respond to market conditions making it more difficult for us to secure continued financing. During certain periods of the credit cycle, lenders may curtail their willingness to provide financing. This may require us to liquidate collateral to satisfy funding requirements. In addition, if major market participants were to exit the repurchase agreement financing business, the value of our portfolio could be negatively impacted, thus reducing our stockholders' equity, or book value per diluted common share. Furthermore, if many of our current or potential lenders are unwilling or unable to provide us with repurchase agreement financing, we could be forced to sell our assets at an inopportune time when prices are depressed. In addition, if the regulatory capital requirements imposed on our lenders change, they may be required to significantly increase the cost of the financing that they provide to us. Our lenders also may revise their eligibility requirements for the types of assets they are willing to finance or the terms of such financings, based on, among other factors, the regulatory environment and their management of perceived risk, particularly with respect to assignee liability.
If a counterparty to our repurchase transactions defaults on its obligation to resell the underlying security back to us at the end of the transaction term, if the value of the underlying security has declined as of the end of that term, or if we default on our obligations under the repurchase agreement, we may incur a loss on our repurchase transactions.
When we engage in repurchase transactions, we generally sell securities to lenders (repurchase agreement counterparties) and receive cash from these lenders. The lenders are obligated to resell the same or similar securities back to us at the end of the term of the transaction. Because the cash we receive from the lender when we initially sell the securities to the lender is less than the value of those securities (this difference is the haircut), if the lender defaults on its obligation to resell the same securities back to us we may incur a loss on the transaction equal to the amount of the haircut (assuming there was no change in the value of the securities). As of December 31, 2019, one counterparty held collateral that exceeded the amounts borrowed under the related repurchase agreements by more than $146.6 million, or 5% of our stockholders’ equity. We may incur a loss on a repurchase transaction if the value of the underlying securities has declined as of the end of the transaction term, as we would have to repurchase the securities for their initial value but would receive securities worth less than that amount. Further, if we default on one of our obligations under a repurchase transaction, the lender can terminate the transaction and cease


 
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entering into any other repurchase transactions with us. Some of our repurchase agreements contain cross-default provisions, so that if a default occurs under any one agreement, the lenders under our other agreements could also declare a default. Any losses we incur on our repurchase transactions could adversely affect our earnings and thus our cash available for distribution to our stockholders.
The repurchase agreements, secured loans and other financing arrangements that we use to finance our investments may require us to provide additional collateral and may restrict us from leveraging our assets as fully as desired.
The amount of financing we receive, or may in the future receive, under our repurchase agreements, secured loans and other financing arrangements, is directly related to the lenders’ valuation of the assets that secure the outstanding borrowings. Lenders under our repurchase agreements and secured loans typically have the absolute right to reevaluate the market value of the assets that secure outstanding borrowings at any time. If a lender determines in its sole discretion that the value of the assets has decreased, it has the right to initiate a margin call or increase collateral requirements. A margin call or increased collateral requirements would require us to transfer additional assets to such lender without any advance of funds from the lender for such transfer or to repay a portion of the outstanding borrowings. Any such margin call or increased collateral requirements could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, financial condition, business, liquidity and ability to pay dividends to our stockholders, and could cause the value of our capital stock to decline. We may be forced to sell assets at significantly depressed prices to meet such margin calls and to maintain adequate liquidity, which could cause us to incur losses. Moreover, to the extent we are forced to sell assets at such time, given market conditions, we may be selling at the same time as others facing similar pressures, which could exacerbate a difficult market environment and which could result in our incurring significantly greater losses on our sale of such assets. In an extreme case of market duress, a market may not even be present for certain of our assets at any price. Such a situation would likely result in a rapid deterioration of our financial condition and possibly necessitate a filing for bankruptcy protection.
Further, financial institutions providing the repurchase facilities may require us to maintain a certain amount of cash uninvested or to set aside non-levered assets sufficient to maintain a specified liquidity position which would allow us to satisfy our collateral obligations. In addition, the FHLBI could increase our collateral requirements. As a result, we may not be able to leverage our assets as fully as desired, which could reduce our return on stockholders' equity. If we are unable to meet these collateral obligations, our financial condition could deteriorate rapidly.

A failure to comply with covenants in our repurchase agreements, secured loans and other financing arrangements would have a material adverse effect on us, and any future financings may require us to provide additional collateral or pay down debt.
We are subject to various covenants contained in our existing financing arrangements and may become subject to additional covenants in connection with future financings. Many of our master repurchase agreements, as well as our FHLBI financing arrangements and swap agreements, require us to maintain compliance with various financial covenants, including a minimum tangible net worth, specified financial ratios (such as total debt to total assets) and financial information delivery obligations. These covenants may limit our flexibility to pursue certain investments or incur additional debt. If we fail to meet or satisfy any of these covenants, we would be in default under these agreements, and our lenders could elect to declare outstanding amounts due and payable, terminate their commitments, require the posting of additional collateral and/or enforce their interests against existing collateral. We may also be subject to cross-default and acceleration rights and, with respect to collateralized debt, the posting of additional collateral and foreclosure rights upon default. Further, this could also make it difficult for us to satisfy the distribution requirements necessary to maintain our status as a REIT for U.S. federal income tax purposes.
Our use or future use of repurchase agreements to finance our target assets may give our lenders greater rights in the event that either we or a lender files for bankruptcy.
Our borrowings or future borrowings under repurchase agreements for our target assets may qualify for special treatment under the U.S. Bankruptcy Code, giving our lenders the ability to avoid the automatic stay provisions of the U.S. Bankruptcy Code and to take possession of and liquidate the assets that we have pledged under their repurchase agreements without delay in the event that we file for bankruptcy. Furthermore, the special treatment of repurchase agreements under the U.S. Bankruptcy Code may make it difficult for us to recover our pledged assets in the event that a lender party to such agreement files for bankruptcy.
We enter into hedging transactions that could expose us to contingent liabilities in the future.
Part of our investment strategy involves entering into hedging transactions that could require us to fund cash payments in certain circumstances (such as the early termination of the hedging instrument caused by an event of default or the decision by a counterparty to request margin securities it is contractually owed under the terms of the hedging instrument). The amount due would be equal to the unrealized loss of the open positions with the respective counterparty and could also include other fees and charges. Such economic losses would be reflected in our results of operations, and our ability to fund these obligations


 
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would depend on the liquidity of our assets and access to capital at the time, and the need to fund these obligations could adversely impact our financial condition.
Hedging may adversely affect our earnings, which could reduce our cash available for distribution to our stockholders.
We pursue various hedging strategies to seek to reduce our exposure to adverse changes in interest rates and currency exchange rates. Our hedging activity varies in scope based on the level and volatility of interest rates, currency exchange rates, the type of assets held and other changing market conditions. Hedging may fail to protect or could adversely affect our earnings because, among other things:
•
interest rate and/or currency hedging can be expensive, particularly during periods of rising and volatile markets;
•
available interest rate hedges may not correspond directly with the interest rate risk for which protection is sought;
•
the duration of the hedges may not match the duration of the liabilities;
•
the amount of income that a REIT may earn from hedging transactions (other than hedging transactions that satisfy certain requirements of the Internal Revenue Code or that are done through a taxable REIT subsidiary (“TRS”)) to offset interest rate losses is limited by U.S. federal tax provisions governing REITs;
•
the credit quality of the hedging counterparty owing money on the hedge may be downgraded to such an extent that it impairs our ability to sell or assign our side of the hedging transaction; and
•the hedging counterparty owing money in the hedging transaction may default on its obligation to pay.
In addition, the enforceability of agreements underlying hedging transactions may depend on compliance with applicable statutory and commodity and other regulatory requirements and, depending on the identity of the counterparty, applicable international requirements. Any actions taken by regulators could constrain our investment strategy and could increase our costs, either of which could materially and adversely impact our results of operations.
We may enter into derivative contracts that expose us to contingent liabilities and those contingent liabilities may not appear on our balance sheet. We may invest in synthetic securities, credit default swaps, and other credit derivatives, which expose us to additional risks.
We have entered into, and may again in the future enter into, derivative contracts that could require us to make cash payments in certain circumstances. Potential payment obligations would be contingent liabilities and may not appear on our balance sheet. Our ability to satisfy these contingent liabilities depends on the liquidity of our assets and our access to capital and cash. The need to fund these contingent liabilities could adversely impact our financial condition.
We may invest in synthetic securities, credit default swaps, and other credit derivatives that reference other real estate securities or indices. These investments may present risks in excess of those resulting from the referenced security or index. These investments are typically a contractual relationship with counterparties and not an acquisition of a referenced security or other asset. In these types of investments, we have no right to directly enforce compliance with the terms of the referenced security or other assets and we have no voting or other consensual rights of ownership with respect to the referenced security or other assets. In the event of insolvency of a counterparty, we will be treated as a general creditor of the counterparty and will have no claim of title with respect to the referenced security.
The markets for these types of investments may not be liquid. Many of these investments incorporate “pay as you go” credit events. For example, the terms of credit default swaps are still evolving and may change significantly, which could make it more difficult to assign such an instrument or determine the “loss” pursuant to the underlying agreement. In a credit default swap, the party wishing to “buy” protection will pay a premium. When interest rates, spreads or the prevailing credit premiums on credit default swaps change, the amount of the termination payment due could change by a substantial amount. In an illiquid market, the determination of this change could be difficult to ascertain and, as a result, we may not achieve the desired benefit of entering into this contractual relationship.
As of December 31, 2019, we have no outstanding credit default swaps. We may over time enter into these types of investments as the market for them evolves and during times when acquiring other real estate loans and securities may be difficult. We may find credit default swaps and other forms of synthetic securities to be a more efficient method of providing exposure to target investments. Our efforts to manage the risk associated with these investments, including counterparty risks, may prove to be insufficient in enabling us to generate the returns anticipated.
It may be uneconomical to “roll” Agency MBS TBA holdings or we may be unable to meet margin calls on TBA contracts, which could negatively affect our financial condition and results of operations.
We may invest in Agency MBS TBA securities as an alternate means of gaining exposure to the Agency MBS market. A TBA contract is an agreement to purchase or sell, for future delivery, an Agency MBS with a specified issuer, term and coupon. A TBA dollar roll is a transaction where two TBA contracts with the same terms but different settlement dates are


 
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simultaneously bought and sold. The price difference between those two contracts is commonly referred to as the “drop” and is a reflection of the expected net interest income from an investment in similar Agency mortgage-backed securities, net of an implied financing cost, which would be foregone as a result of settling the contract in the later month rather than in the earlier month. Accordingly, TBA dollar roll income generally represents the economic equivalent of the net interest income earned on the underlying Agency mortgage-backed security less an implied financing cost. Consequently, dollar roll transactions and such forward purchases of Agency securities represent a form of off-balance sheet financing and increase our “at risk” leverage.
The economic return of a TBA dollar roll generally equates to interest income on a generic TBA-eligible security less an implied financing cost, and there may be situations in which the implied financing cost exceeds the interest income, resulting in negative carry on the position. If we roll our TBA dollar roll positions when they have a negative carry, the positions would decrease net income and amounts available for distributions to stockholders.
There may be situations in which we are unable or unwilling to roll our TBA dollar roll positions. The TBA transaction could have a negative carry or otherwise be uneconomical, we may be unable to find counterparties with whom to trade in sufficient volume, or we may be required to collateralize the TBA positions in a way that is uneconomical. Because TBA dollar rolls represent implied financing, an inability or unwillingness to roll has effects similar to any other loss of financing. If we do not roll our TBA positions prior to the settlement date, we would have to take delivery of the underlying securities and settle our obligations for cash. We may not have sufficient funds or alternative financing sources available to settle such obligations. Counterparties may also make margin calls as the value of a generic TBA-eligible security (and therefore the value of the TBA contract) declines. Margin calls on TBA positions or failure to roll TBA positions could have the effects described in the liquidity risks described above.
Risks Related to Our Company
Maintaining 1940 Act exclusions for our subsidiaries imposes limits on our operations. Failure to maintain an exclusion could have a material negative impact on our operations.
We conduct our operations so that neither we, nor our operating partnership, IAS Operating Partnership LP (the “Operating Partnership”) nor the subsidiaries of the Operating Partnership are required to register as an investment company under the 1940 Act.
Section 3(a)(1)(A) of the 1940 Act defines an investment company as any issuer that is or holds itself out as being engaged primarily in the business of investing, reinvesting or trading in securities. We believe neither we nor our Operating Partnership will be considered an investment company under Section 3(a)(1)(A) of the 1940 Act. Rather, through our Operating Partnership’s wholly-owned or majority-owned subsidiaries, we and our Operating Partnership will be primarily engaged in the non-investment company businesses of these subsidiaries, namely the business of purchasing or otherwise acquiring real property, mortgages and other interests in real estate.
Section 3(a)(1)(C) of the 1940 Act defines an investment company as any issuer that is engaged or proposes to engage in the business of investing, reinvesting, owning, holding or trading in securities and owns or proposes to acquire investment securities having a value exceeding 40% of the value of the issuer’s total assets (exclusive of U.S. government securities and cash items) on an unconsolidated basis, which we refer to as the 40% test. Excluded from the term “investment securities,” among other things, are U.S. government securities and securities issued by majority-owned subsidiaries that are not themselves investment companies and are not relying on the exception from the definition of investment company set forth in Section 3(c)(1) or Section 3(c)(7) of the 1940 Act.
We are a holding company that conducts business through the Operating Partnership and the Operating Partnership’s wholly-owned or majority-owned subsidiaries. Both we and the Operating Partnership conduct our operations so that we comply with the 40% test. Accordingly, the securities issued by these subsidiaries that are excepted from the definition of “investment company” under Section 3(c)(1) or Section 3(c)(7) of the 1940 Act, together with any other investment securities the Operating Partnership may own, may not have a value in excess of 40% of the value of the Operating Partnership's total assets (exclusive of U.S. government securities and cash items) on an unconsolidated basis. Compliance with the 40% test limits the types of businesses in which we are permitted to engage through our subsidiaries. Furthermore, certain of the Operating Partnership’s current subsidiaries and subsidiaries that we may form in the future intend to rely upon an exception from the definition of investment company under Section 3(c)(5)(C) of the 1940 Act, which is available for entities “primarily engaged in the business of purchasing or otherwise acquiring mortgages and other liens on and interests in real estate.” This exception generally requires that at least 55% of a subsidiary’s portfolio must be comprised of qualifying assets and at least 80% of its portfolio must be comprised of qualifying assets and real estate-related assets (and no more than 20% comprised of miscellaneous assets). In analyzing a subsidiary's compliance with Section 3(c)(5)(C) of the 1940 Act, we classify investments based in large measure on SEC staff guidance, including no-action letters, and, in the absence of SEC guidance, on our view of what constitutes a qualifying real estate asset and a real estate-related asset.


 
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Qualification for exception from the definition of investment company under the 1940 Act limits our ability to make certain investments. Therefore, the Operating Partnership’s subsidiaries may need to adjust their respective assets and strategy from time-to-time in order to continue to rely on the exception from the definition of investment company under Section 3(c)(5)(C) of the 1940 Act. Any such adjustment in assets or strategy is not expected to have a material adverse effect on our business or strategy. There can be no assurance that we will be able to maintain this exception from the definition of investment company for the Operating Partnership’s subsidiaries intending to rely on Section 3(c)(5)(C) of the 1940 Act.
We may in the future organize one or more subsidiaries that seek to rely on other exceptions from being deemed an investment company under the 1940 Act. Any such subsidiary would need to be structured to comply with any guidance that may be issued by the SEC staff.
There can be no assurance that the laws and regulations governing the 1940 Act status of REITs will not change in a manner that adversely affects our operations or inhibits our ability to pursue our strategies. Any issuance of more specific or different guidance relating to the relevant exemptions and exceptions from the definition of an investment company under the 1940 Act could similarly affect or inhibit our operations. If we, the Operating Partnership or its subsidiaries fail to maintain an exemption from the 1940 Act, we could, among other things, be required to (a) change the investments that we hold or the manner in which we conduct our operations to avoid being required to register as an investment company, (b) effect sales of our assets in a manner that, or at a time when, we would not otherwise choose to do so, or (c) register as an investment company. Any of these events could cause us to incur losses and negatively affect the value of our capital stock, the sustainability of our business model, and our ability to pay dividends, which could have an adverse effect on our business and the market price for our shares of capital stock. In addition, if it were established that we were an unregistered investment company, there would be a risk that we would be subject to monetary penalties or injunctive relief imposed by the SEC.
We may be adversely affected by the current and future economic, regulatory and other actions of government bodies and their agencies.
The U.S. government, Federal Reserve, U.S. Treasury, SEC and other U.S. and foreign governmental and regulatory bodies have taken a number of economic actions and regulatory initiatives from time-to-time designed to stabilize and stimulate the economy and the financial markets, and additional actions and initiatives may occur in the future. While our current exposure to transactions in foreign currencies is limited, uncertainties regarding geopolitical developments, such as Brexit, can produce volatility in global financial markets, which could have a negative impact on our business in the future.
There can be no assurance that, in the long term, actions that governments and regulatory bodies or central banks have taken in the past or may take in the future will improve the efficiency and stability of mortgage or financial markets. To the extent the financial markets do not respond favorably to any of these actions or such actions do not function as intended, our business may be harmed. In addition, because the programs are designed, in part, to improve the markets for certain of our target assets, the establishment of these programs may result in increased competition for attractive opportunities in our target assets or, in the case of government-backed refinancing and modification programs, may have the effect of reducing the revenues associated with certain of our target assets. We cannot predict whether or when additional actions or initiatives to stabilize and stimulate the economy and the financial markets may occur, and such actions could have an adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.
We may change any of our strategies, policies or procedures without stockholder consent.
We may change any of our strategies, policies or procedures with respect to investments, acquisitions, growth, operations, indebtedness, capitalization and distributions at any time without the consent of our stockholders, which could result in an investment portfolio with a different risk profile. A change in our investment strategy may increase our exposure to interest rate risk, default risk and real estate market fluctuations. Furthermore, a change in our asset allocation could result in us making investments in asset categories different from those described in this Report. These changes could adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations, the market price of our capital stock and our ability to pay dividends to our stockholders.
We are highly dependent on information systems and systems failures or cyber-attacks could significantly disrupt our business, which may, in turn, negatively affect the market price of our capital stock and our ability to pay dividends.
Our business is highly dependent on third parties’ information systems, including our Manager and other service providers. Although our Manager has implemented, and other service providers may implement, various measures to manage risks relating to these types of events, such measures could prove to be inadequate and, if compromised, such systems could become inoperable for extended periods of time, cease to function properly or fail to adequately secure confidential information. We do not control the cyber security plans and systems put in place by our Manager and third party service providers, and such service providers may have limited indemnification obligations to us or our Manager. Any failure or interruption of such systems or cyber-attacks or security breaches could cause delays or other problems in our securities trading activities and financial, accounting and other data processing activities, which could have a material adverse effect on our


 
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operating results and negatively affect the market price of our capital stock and our ability to pay dividends to our stockholders. In addition, we also face the risk of operational failure, termination or capacity constraints of any of the third parties with which we do business or that facilitate our business activities, including clearing agents or other financial intermediaries we use to facilitate our securities transactions.
Computer malware, viruses and computer hacking and phishing attacks have become more prevalent and severe in our industry and may occur on our Manager’s and other service providers’ systems in the future. Cyber attacks and other security threats could originate from a wide variety of sources, including cyber criminals, nation state hackers, hacktivists and other outside parties. There has been an increase in the frequency and sophistication of the cyber and security threats our Manager faces, with attacks ranging from those common to businesses generally to those that are more advanced and persistent, which may target our Manager due to the confidential and sensitive information it holds about its investors, funds, and potential investments. It is difficult to determine what, if any, negative impact may directly result from any specific interruption or cyber-attacks or security breaches of such networks or systems or any failure to maintain the performance, reliability and security of our technical infrastructure. As a result, any computer malware, viruses and computer hacking and phishing attacks may disrupt our normal business operations and expose us to reputational damage and lost business, revenues and profits. Any insurance we maintain against the risk of this type of loss may not be sufficient to cover actual losses or may not apply to circumstances relating to any particular breach.
We may repurchase shares of our common stock or other securities from time to time.  Share repurchases may negatively impact our compliance with covenants in our financing agreements and regulatory requirements (including maintaining exclusions from the requirements of the 1940 Act and qualification as a REIT). Any compliance failures associated with share repurchases could have a material negative impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations.  Share repurchases also may negatively impact our ability to invest in our target assets in the future.
As of December 31, 2019, 18,163,982 shares of common stock were available under our Board authorized share repurchase program.  We may engage in share repurchases from time-to-time through open market purchases, including block purchases or privately negotiated transactions, or pursuant to any trading plan that may adopted in accordance with Rules 10b5-1 and 10b-18 of the Exchange Act. Certain of our financing agreements have financial covenants, including covenants related to maintaining a certain level of stockholders' equity, that may be impacted by our share repurchases. In addition, we generally fund share repurchases with interest income or income from the sale of our assets. The sale of assets to fund share repurchases could impact the allocation of our portfolio for purposes of maintaining an exclusion from the requirements of the 1940 Act and could impact our ability to comply with income and asset tests required to qualify as a REIT.  The failure to comply with covenants in our financing agreements, to maintain our exemption from the 1940 Act or to qualify as a REIT could have a material negative impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations.  In addition, our decision to repurchase shares of our common stock or other securities and reduce our stockholders' equity could adversely affect our competitive position and could negatively impact our ability in the future to invest in assets that have a greater potential return than the repurchase of our common stock.
Risks Related to Accounting
The preparation of our financial statements involves use of estimates, judgments and assumptions, and our financial statements may be materially affected if our estimates prove to be inaccurate.
Financial statements prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP require the use of estimates, judgments and assumptions that affect the reported amounts. Different estimates, judgments and assumptions reasonably could be used that would have a material effect on the financial statements, and changes in these estimates, judgments and assumptions are likely to occur from period to period in the future. Significant areas of accounting requiring the application of management’s judgment include, but are not limited to, determining the fair value of investment securities, interest income recognition and reserves for loan losses. These estimates, judgments and assumptions are inherently uncertain, and, if they prove to be wrong, we face the risk that charges to income will be required. Any such charges could significantly harm our business, financial condition, results of operations and the price of our securities. Refer to Item 7. “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations - Critical Accounting Policies” in Part II of this Report for a discussion of the accounting estimates, judgments and assumptions that we believe are the most critical to an understanding of our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Changes in the fair value of our interest rate swap and futures agreements may result in volatility in our U.S. GAAP earnings.
We enter into derivative transactions to reduce the impact that changes in interest rates will have on our net interest margin. Changes in the fair value of our interest rate swap and futures agreements are recorded in our consolidated statement of operations as “gain (loss) on derivative instruments, net” and may result in volatility in our U.S. GAAP earnings. The total


 
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changes in fair value may exceed our consolidated net income in any period or for a full year. Volatility in our net income may adversely affect the price of our capital stock.
Our reported U.S. GAAP financial results differ from our REIT taxable income, which impacts our dividend distribution requirements. Therefore, our U.S. GAAP results may not be an accurate indicator of future taxable income and dividend distributions.
Generally, the cumulative net income we report over the life of an asset will be the same for U.S. GAAP and tax purposes, although the timing of this income recognition over the life of the asset could be materially different.  Differences exist in the accounting for U.S. GAAP net income and REIT taxable income, which can lead to significant variances in the amount and timing of when income and losses are recognized under these two measures. Due to these differences, our reported U.S. GAAP financial results could materially differ from our determination of taxable income, which impacts our dividend distribution requirements. Therefore, our U.S. GAAP results may not be an accurate indicator of future REIT taxable income and dividend distributions. Capital gains and losses in a period may impact REIT taxable income and impact the dividend paid in future periods.
Risks Related to Our Relationship with Our Manager
We are dependent on our Manager and its key personnel for our success.
We have no separate facilities and are completely reliant on our Manager. We do not have any employees. Our executive officers are employees of our Manager or one of its affiliates. Our Manager has significant discretion as to the implementation of our investment and operating policies and strategies. Accordingly, we believe that our success depends to a significant extent upon the efforts, experience, diligence, skill and network of business contacts of the executive officers and key personnel of our Manager. The executive officers and key personnel of our Manager evaluate, negotiate, close and monitor our investments; therefore, our success depends on their continued service. The departure of any of the executive officers or key personnel of our Manager who provide management services to us could have a material adverse effect on our performance. In addition, we offer no assurance that our Manager will remain our investment manager or that we will continue to have access to our Manager’s professionals. The initial term of our management agreement with our Manager expired on July 1, 2011. The agreement automatically renews for successive one-year terms, and the management agreement is currently in a renewal term. If the management agreement is terminated and no suitable replacement is found to manage us, we may not be able to execute our business plan. Moreover, our Manager is not obligated to dedicate certain of its personnel exclusively to us nor is it obligated to dedicate any specific portion of its time to our business.
There are conflicts of interest in our relationship with our Manager and Invesco, which could result in decisions that are not in the best interests of our stockholders.
We are subject to conflicts of interest arising out of our relationship with Invesco and our Manager. Specifically, each of our officers and certain members of our board of directors are employees of our Manager or one of its affiliates. Our Manager and our executive officers may have conflicts between their duties to us and their duties to, and interests in, Invesco. We compete for investment opportunities directly with other clients of our Manager or Invesco and its subsidiaries. A substantial number of separate accounts managed by our Manager have exposure to our target assets. In addition, in the future our Manager may have additional clients or fund products that compete directly with us for investment opportunities.
Our Manager and our executive officers may choose to allocate favorable investments to other clients of Invesco instead of to us. Further, when there are turbulent conditions in the mortgage markets, distress in the credit markets or other times when we will need focused support and assistance from our Manager, Invesco or entities for which our Manager also acts as an investment manager will likewise require greater focus and attention, placing our Manager’s resources in high demand. In such situations, we may not receive the level of support and assistance that we may receive if we were internally managed or if our Manager did not act as a manager for other entities. Our Manager has investment allocation policies in place intended to enable us to share equitably with the other clients and fund products of our Manager or Invesco and its subsidiaries. There is no assurance that our Manager’s allocation policies that address some of the conflicts relating to our access to investment and financing sources will be adequate to address all of the conflicts that may arise. Therefore, we may compete for investment or financing opportunities sourced by our Manager and, as a result, we may either not be presented with the opportunity or have to compete with other clients and fund products of our Manager or clients and fund products of Invesco and its subsidiaries to acquire these investments or have access to these sources of financing.


 
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Our Manager would have a conflict in recommending our participation in any equity investment it manages.
Our Manager has a conflict of interest in recommending our participation in any equity investment it manages because the fees payable to it may be greater than the fees payable by us under the management agreement. With respect to equity investments we have made in partnerships managed by an affiliate of our Manager, our Manager has agreed to waive base management fees at the equity investment level to avoid duplication. To address any potential conflict of interest, we require the terms of any equity investment managed by our Manager to be approved by our audit committee consisting of our independent directors. However, there can be no assurance that all conflicts of interest will be eliminated.
The management agreement with our Manager was not negotiated on an arm’s-length basis and may not be as favorable to us as if it had been negotiated with an unaffiliated third party and may be costly and difficult to terminate.
Our executive officers and certain members of our board of directors are employees of our Manager or one of its affiliates. Our management agreement with our Manager was negotiated between related parties and its terms, including fees payable, may not be as favorable to us as if it had been negotiated with an unaffiliated third party.
Termination of the management agreement with our Manager without cause is difficult and costly. Our independent directors review our Manager’s performance and the management fees annually and the management agreement may be terminated annually upon the affirmative vote of at least two-thirds of our independent directors based upon: (1) our Manager’s unsatisfactory performance that is materially detrimental to us, or (2) a determination that the management fees payable to our Manager are not fair, subject to our Manager’s right to prevent termination based on unfair fees by accepting a reduction of management fees agreed to by at least two-thirds of our independent directors. Additionally, upon such a termination, the management agreement provides that we will pay our Manager a termination fee equal to three times the sum of our average annual management fee during the 24-month period before termination, calculated as of the end of the most recently completed fiscal quarter. These provisions may increase the cost of terminating the management agreement and adversely affect our ability to terminate our Manager without cause. If the management agreement is terminated and no suitable replacement is found to manage us, we may not be able to execute our business plan.
Pursuant to the management agreement, our Manager does not assume any responsibility other than to render the services called for thereunder and is not responsible for any action of our board of directors in following or declining to follow its advice or recommendations. Our Manager maintains a contractual, as opposed to a fiduciary, relationship with us. Under the terms of the management agreement, our Manager, its officers, stockholders, members, managers, partners, directors and personnel, any person controlling or controlled by our Manager and any person providing sub-advisory services to our Manager will not be liable to us, any subsidiary of ours, our directors, our stockholders or any subsidiary’s stockholders or partners for acts or omissions performed in accordance with and pursuant to the management agreement, except because of acts constituting bad faith, willful misconduct, gross negligence, or reckless disregard of their duties under the management agreement, as determined by a final non-appealable order of a court of competent jurisdiction. We have agreed to indemnify our Manager, its officers, stockholders, members, managers, directors and personnel, any person controlling or controlled by our Manager and any person providing sub-advisory services to our Manager with respect to all expenses, losses, damages, liabilities, demands, charges and claims arising from acts of our Manager not constituting bad faith, willful misconduct, gross negligence, or reckless disregard of duties, performed in good faith in accordance with and pursuant to the management agreement.
Our board of directors approved very broad investment guidelines for our Manager and does not approve each investment and financing decision made by our Manager.
Our Manager is authorized to follow very broad investment guidelines. Our board of directors will periodically review our investment guidelines and our investment portfolio but does not, and is not required to, review all of our proposed investments, except that an investment in a security structured or issued by an entity managed by Invesco must be approved by a majority of our independent directors prior to such investment. In addition, in conducting periodic reviews, our board of directors may rely primarily on information provided to them by our Manager. Furthermore, our Manager may use complex strategies, and transactions entered into by our Manager may be costly, difficult or impossible to unwind by the time they are reviewed by our board of directors. Our Manager has great latitude within the broad parameters of our investment guidelines in determining the types and amounts of RMBS, CMBS, GSE CRT, mortgage loans and financing arrangements it may decide are attractive investments for us, which could result in investment returns that are substantially below expectations or that result in losses, which would materially and adversely affect our business operations and results.


 
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Risks Related to Our Capital Stock
We have not established a minimum dividend payment level, and we cannot assure our stockholders of our ability to pay dividends in the future.
We pay quarterly dividends to our stockholders in an amount such that we distribute all or substantially all of our REIT taxable income in each year, subject to certain adjustments. We have not established a minimum dividend payment level and our ability to pay dividends may be adversely affected by a number of factors, including the risk factors described in this Report. All dividends will be made at the discretion of our board of directors and will depend on our earnings, our financial condition, debt covenants, maintenance of our REIT qualification, applicable provisions of Maryland law and other factors as our board of directors may deem relevant from time to time. We believe that a change in any one of the following factors and other factors described in the risk factors in this Report could adversely affect our results of operations and impair our ability to pay dividends to our stockholders:
•our ability to make profitable investments;
•margin calls or other expenses that reduce our cash flow;
•defaults in our asset portfolio or decreases in the value of our portfolio; and
•the fact that anticipated operating expense levels may not prove accurate, as actual results may vary from estimates.
We cannot assure our stockholders that we will achieve investment results that will allow us to make a specified level of cash distributions or increases in cash distributions in the future. In addition, some of our distributions may include a return of capital.
The market price and trading volume of our capital stock may be volatile.
The market price of our capital stock may be highly volatile and be subject to wide fluctuations. In addition, the trading volume in our capital stock may fluctuate and cause significant price variations to occur. If the market price of our capital stock declines significantly, our stockholders may be unable to resell their shares at or above the price our stockholders paid for their shares. We cannot assure you that the market price of our capital stock will not fluctuate or decline significantly in the future. Some of the factors that could negatively affect our share price or result in fluctuations in the price or trading volume of our capital stock are included in the risk factors described in this Report.
Common stock eligible for future sale may have adverse effects on our share price.
We cannot predict the effect, if any, of future sales of our common stock, or the availability of shares for future sales, on the market price of our common stock. Sales of substantial amounts of common stock or the perception that such sales could occur may adversely affect the prevailing market price for our common stock. Also, we may issue additional shares in public offerings or private placements to make new investments or for other purposes. We are not required to offer any such shares to existing stockholders on a preemptive basis. Therefore, it may not be possible for existing stockholders to participate in such future share issuances, which may dilute existing stockholders’ interests in us.
Investing in our capital stock may involve a high degree of risk.
The investments we make in accordance with our investment objectives may carry a high amount of risk when compared to alternative investment options, and may lead to volatility or loss of principal. Our investments may be highly speculative and aggressive, and therefore an investment in our capital stock may not be suitable for someone with lower risk tolerance.
A change in market interest rates may cause a material decrease in the market price of our capital stock.
One of the factors that investors may consider in deciding whether to buy or sell shares of our capital stock is our distribution rate as a percentage of our share price relative to market interest rates. If the market price of our capital stock is based primarily on the earnings and return that we derive from our investments and income with respect to our investments and our related distributions to stockholders, and not from the market value of the investments themselves, then interest rate fluctuations and capital market conditions are likely to adversely affect the market price of our capital stock. For instance, if market rates rise without an increase in our distribution rate, the market price of our capital stock could decrease as potential investors may require a higher distribution yield or seek other securities paying higher distributions or interest.
Future offerings of debt or equity securities that would rank senior to our common stock may adversely affect the market price of our common stock.
We have issued Series A Preferred Stock, Series B Preferred Stock and Series C Preferred Stock. If we decide to issue debt or equity securities in the future that would rank senior to our common stock, it is likely that they will be governed by an indenture or other instrument containing covenants restricting our operating flexibility. Any convertible or exchangeable securities that we issue in the future may have rights, preferences and privileges more favorable than those of our common


 
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stock and may result in dilution to owners of our common stock. For example, our preferred shares have a preference on liquidating distributions and a preference on dividend payments that could limit our ability to make a distribution to the holders of our common stock. We and, indirectly, our stockholders, will bear the cost of issuing and servicing such securities. Because our decision to issue debt or equity securities in any future offering will depend on market conditions and other factors beyond our control, we cannot predict or estimate the amount, timing or nature of our future offerings.
Holders of our common stock are not entitled to preemptive rights or other protections against dilution. Thus holders of our common stock will bear the risk of our future offerings reducing the market price of our common stock and diluting the value of their stock holdings in us. In addition, future issuances and sales of preferred stock on parity to our Series A Preferred Stock, Series B Preferred Stock or the Series C Preferred Stock, or the perception that such issuances and sales could occur, may also cause prevailing market prices for the Series A Preferred Stock, Series B Preferred Stock, Series C Preferred Stock and our common stock to decline and may adversely affect our ability to raise additional capital in the financial markets at times and prices favorable to us.
Risks Related to Our Organization and Structure
Certain provisions of Maryland law could inhibit changes in control.
Certain provisions of the Maryland General Corporation Law (the “MGCL”), may have the effect of deterring a third party from making a proposal to acquire us or of impeding a change in control under circumstances that otherwise could provide the holders of our common stock with the opportunity to realize a premium over the then-prevailing market price of our common stock. Under the MGCL, certain “business combinations” between us and an “interested stockholder” (defined generally as any person who beneficially owns 10% or more of our then outstanding voting capital stock) or an affiliate thereof are prohibited for five years after the most recent date on which the stockholder becomes an interested stockholder. Pursuant to the statute, our board of directors has by resolution exempted business combinations between us and any other person, provided that such business combination is first approved by our board of directors (including a majority of our directors who are not affiliates or associates of such person).
The “control share” provisions of the MGCL provide that “control shares” of a Maryland corporation have no voting rights except to the extent approved by our stockholders by the affirmative vote of at least two-thirds of all the votes entitled to be cast on the matter, excluding votes entitled to be cast by the acquiror of control shares, our officers and our employees who are also our directors. Our bylaws contain a provision exempting from the control share acquisition statute any and all acquisitions by any person of shares of our stock. There can be no assurance that this provision will not be amended or eliminated at any time in the future.
The “unsolicited takeover” provisions of the MGCL permit our board of directors, without stockholder approval and regardless of what is currently provided in our charter or bylaws, to implement takeover defenses, some of which (for example, a classified board) we do not yet have. These provisions may have the effect of inhibiting a third party from making an acquisition proposal for us or of delaying, deferring or preventing a change in control of us under circumstances that otherwise could provide the holders of shares of common stock with the opportunity to realize a premium over the then current market price. Our charter contains a provision whereby we have elected to be subject to the provisions of Title 3, Subtitle 8 of the MGCL relating to the filling of vacancies on our board of directors.
Ownership limitations may restrict change of control of business combination opportunities in which our stockholders might receive a premium for their shares.
In order for us to qualify as a REIT, no more than 50% in value of our outstanding capital stock may be owned, directly or indirectly, by five or fewer individuals during the last half of any calendar year. To preserve our REIT qualification, among other purposes, our charter generally prohibits any person from directly or indirectly owning more than 9.8% in value or in number of shares, whichever is more restrictive, of the outstanding shares of our capital stock or more than 9.8% in value or in number of shares, whichever is more restrictive, of the outstanding shares of our common stock. This ownership limitation could have the effect of discouraging a takeover or other transaction in which holders of our common stock might receive a premium for their shares over the then prevailing market price or which holders might believe to be otherwise in their best interests.
Our authorized but unissued shares of capital stock may prevent a change in our control.
Our charter authorizes us to issue additional authorized but unissued shares of common or preferred stock. In addition, our board of directors may, without stockholder approval, amend our charter to increase the aggregate number of our shares of stock or the number of shares of stock of any class or series that we have authority to issue and classify or reclassify any unissued shares of common or preferred stock and set the preferences, rights and other terms of the classified or reclassified shares. As a result, our board of directors may establish a series of shares of common or preferred stock that could delay or


 
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prevent a transaction or a change in control that might involve a premium price for our shares of common stock or otherwise be in the best interest of our stockholders.
The change of control conversion feature of our Series A Preferred Stock, Series B Preferred Stock, and Series C Preferred Stock may make it more difficult for a party to acquire us or discourage a party from acquiring us.
The change of control conversion feature of our Series A Preferred Stock, Series B Preferred Stock and Series C Preferred Stock may have the effect of discouraging a third party from making an acquisition proposal for us or of delaying, deferring or preventing certain of our change of control transactions under circumstances that otherwise could provide the holders of our common stock, Series A Preferred Stock, Series B Preferred Stock and Series C Preferred Stock with the opportunity to realize a premium over the then-current market price of such stock or that stockholders may otherwise believe is in their best interests.
We are the sole general partner of our Operating Partnership and could become liable for the debts and other obligations of our Operating Partnership beyond the amount of our initial expenditure.
We are the sole general partner of our Operating Partnership and directly or indirectly conduct all of our business activities through the Operating Partnership and its subsidiaries. As the sole general partner, we are liable for our Operating Partnership’s debts and other obligations. Therefore, if our Operating Partnership is unable to pay its debts and other obligations, we will be liable for such debts and other obligations beyond the amount of our expenditure for ownership interests in our Operating Partnership. These obligations could include unforeseen contingent liabilities and could materially adversely affect our financial condition, operating results and ability to pay dividends to our stockholders.
Tax Risks
Investment in our capital stock has various U.S. federal income tax risks.
This summary of certain tax risks is limited to the U.S. federal tax risks addressed below. Additional risks or issues may exist that are not addressed in this Report and that could affect the U.S. federal income tax treatment of us or our stockholders.
We strongly urge you to seek advice based on your particular circumstances from an independent tax advisor concerning the effects of U.S. federal, state and local income tax law on an investment in our capital stock and on your individual tax situation.
Our failure to qualify as a REIT would subject us to U.S. federal income tax and potentially increased state and local taxes, which would reduce the amount of cash available for distribution to our stockholders.
We believe that we have been organized and operated, and we intend to continue to operate, in a manner that enables us to qualify as a REIT for U.S. federal income tax purposes. However, qualification as a REIT involves the application of highly technical and complex Internal Revenue Code provisions for which only a limited number of judicial and administrative interpretations exist. Even an inadvertent or technical mistake could jeopardize our REIT status. Our continued qualification as a REIT will depend on our satisfaction of certain asset, income, organizational, distribution, stockholder ownership and other requirements on a continuing basis.
Moreover, new legislation, court decisions or administrative guidance, in each case possibly with retroactive effect, may make it more difficult or impossible for us to qualify as a REIT. Thus, while we intend to operate so that we will qualify as a REIT, given the highly complex nature of the rules governing REITs, the ongoing importance of factual determinations, and the possibility of future changes in our circumstances, no assurance can be given that we will so qualify for any particular year.
If we fail to qualify as a REIT in any taxable year, and we do not qualify for certain statutory relief provisions, we would be required to pay U.S. federal income tax at regular corporate income tax rates on our taxable income, which would be determined without a deduction for dividends distributed to our stockholders. In such a case, we might need to borrow money or sell assets in order to pay our taxes. Our payment of income tax would decrease the amount of our income available for distribution to our stockholders or for investment and could have a significant adverse effect on the value of our stockholders' equity. Furthermore, if we fail to maintain our qualification as a REIT, the distribution requirements for REIT qualification would no longer be relevant and could affect our distribution decisions. In addition, unless we were eligible for certain statutory relief provisions, we could not re-elect to qualify as a REIT until the fifth calendar year following the year in which we failed to qualify.
Legislative, regulatory or administrative changes could adversely affect us or our stockholders.
Legislative, regulatory or administrative changes could be enacted or promulgated at any time, with either prospective or retroactive effect, and may adversely affect us and/or our stockholders.


 
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On December 22, 2017, tax legislation commonly referred to as the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act was signed into law, generally applying in taxable years beginning after December 31, 2017. The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act makes significant changes to the U.S. federal income tax rules for taxation of individuals and corporations that may affect our stockholders and may directly or indirectly affect us. Most of the changes applicable to individuals are temporary and apply only to taxable years beginning after December 31, 2017 and before January 1, 2026, including the 20% deduction generally available to non-corporate taxpayers with respect to REIT dividends that are not capital gain dividends or qualified dividend income.
The IRS has issued significant guidance under the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, but guidance on additional issues, finalization of proposed guidance and possible technical corrections legislation may adversely affect us or our stockholders. In addition, further changes to the tax laws, unrelated to the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, are possible. In particular, the federal income taxation of REITs may be modified, possibly with retroactive effect, by legislative, administrative or judicial action at any time.
You are urged to consult with your tax advisor with respect to the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act and other legislative, regulatory or administrative developments and proposals and their potential effect on investment in our common stock.
Complying with REIT requirements may force us to liquidate otherwise attractive investments.
To qualify as a REIT, we generally must ensure that at the end of each calendar quarter at least 75% of the value of our total assets consists of cash, cash items, government securities, including GSE CRT securities, and qualifying real estate assets, including certain MBS and certain mortgage loans. The remainder of our investments in securities (other than government securities, securities of our TRSs and qualifying real estate assets) generally cannot include more than 10% of the outstanding voting securities of any one issuer or more than 10% of the total value of the outstanding securities of any one issuer. In addition, no more than 5% of the value of our assets can consist of the securities of any one issuer (other than government securities, securities of our TRSs and qualifying real estate assets), no more than 20% of the value of our total securities can be represented by securities of one or more TRSs, and no more than 25% of the value of our assets may consist of “nonqualified publicly offered REIT debt instruments.” If we fail to comply with these requirements at the end of any quarter, we must correct the failure within 30 days after the end of such calendar quarter or qualify for certain statutory relief provisions to avoid losing our REIT qualification and suffering adverse tax consequences. As a result, we may be required to dispose of otherwise attractive investments. These actions could have the effect of reducing our income and amounts available for distribution to our stockholders.
REIT distribution requirements could adversely affect our ability to execute our business plan and may require us to incur debt, sell assets or take other actions to make such distributions.
To qualify as a REIT, we must distribute dividends equal to at least 90% of our REIT taxable income (including certain items of non-cash income) to our stockholders each calendar year, determined without regard to the deduction for dividends paid and excluding net capital gains. To the extent that we satisfy the 90% distribution requirement, but distribute less than 100% of our taxable income, including our net capital gain, we will be subject to U.S. federal corporate income tax on our undistributed taxable income. In addition, we will incur a 4% nondeductible excise tax on the amount, if any, by which our distributions in any calendar year are less than a minimum amount specified under U.S. federal income tax laws. We intend to distribute sufficient dividends to our stockholders to satisfy the 90% distribution requirement and to avoid both corporate income tax and the 4% nondeductible excise tax.
Our taxable income may be substantially different from our cash flow. Differences in timing between the recognition of taxable income and the actual receipt of cash may occur. For example, we may invest in debt instruments requiring us to accrue original issue discount (“OID”) or recognize market discount income that generate taxable income in excess of economic income or in advance of the corresponding cash flow. We may also acquire distressed debt investments that are subsequently modified by agreement with the borrower. If amendments to the outstanding debt are “significant modifications” under applicable Treasury Regulations, the modified debt may be considered to have been reissued to us in a debt-for-debt exchange with the borrower, with a gain recognized by us to the extent that the principal amount of the modified debt exceeds our cost of purchasing it prior to modification. Under the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, we may be required to take certain amounts in income no later than the time such amounts are reflected on certain financial statements. Finally, we may be required under the terms of the indebtedness that we incur, to use cash received from interest payments to make principal payment on that indebtedness, with the effect that we will recognize income but will not have a corresponding amount of cash available for distribution to our stockholders.
As a result of the foregoing, we may find it difficult or impossible to meet the REIT distribution requirements in certain circumstances. In such circumstances, we may be required to (1) sell assets in adverse market conditions, (2) borrow on unfavorable terms, (3) distribute amounts that would otherwise be invested or used to repay debt, or (4) make a taxable distribution of our shares of common stock in order to comply with the REIT distribution requirements. Thus, compliance with the REIT distribution requirements may hinder our ability to grow, which could adversely affect the value of our common stock.


 
29
 

We may choose to pay dividends in our own stock, in which case our stockholders may be required to pay income taxes in excess of the cash dividends received.
Under IRS Revenue Procedure 2017-45, as a publicly offered REIT, we may give stockholders a choice, subject to various limits and requirements, of receiving a dividend in cash or in common stock of the REIT. As long as at least 20% of the total dividend is available in cash and certain other requirements are satisfied, the IRS will treat the stock distribution as a dividend (to the extent applicable rules treat such distribution as being made out of the REIT’s earnings and profits). Taxable stockholders receiving stock will be required to include in income, as a dividend, the full value of such stock, to the extent of our current and accumulated earnings and profits for federal income tax purposes. As a result, a U.S. stockholder may be required to pay income taxes with respect to such dividends in excess of the cash dividends received. If a U.S. stockholder sells the stock it receives as a dividend in order to pay this tax, the sales proceeds may be less than the amount included in income with respect to the dividend, depending on the market price of our stock at the time of the sale. Furthermore, with respect to non-U.S. stockholders, we may be required to withhold U.S. tax with respect to such dividends, including in respect of all or a portion of such dividend that is payable in stock. In addition, if a significant number of our stockholders determine to sell shares of our common stock in order to pay taxes owed on dividends, it may put downward pressure on the trading price of our common stock.
Our ownership of and relationship with any TRS that we may form or acquire is subject to limitations, and a failure to comply with the limits would jeopardize our REIT qualification and may result in the application of a 100% excise tax.
A REIT may own up to 100% of the stock of one or more TRSs. A TRS may earn income that would not be qualifying income if earned directly by the parent REIT. Both the subsidiary and the REIT must jointly elect to treat the subsidiary as a TRS. Overall, no more than 20% of the value of a REIT’s assets may consist of stock or securities of one or more TRSs at the end of any calendar quarter. In addition, the TRS rules impose a 100% excise tax on certain transactions between a TRS and its parent REIT that are not conducted on an arm’s length basis. There can be no assurance that we will be able to comply with the TRS limitations or to avoid application of the 100% excise tax discussed above.
Our domestic TRSs would pay U.S. federal, state and local income tax on their taxable income, and their after-tax net income would be available for distribution to us but would not be required to be distributed to us. If we were to organize a TRS as a non-U.S. corporation (or non-U.S. entity treated as a corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes), we may generate income inclusions relating to the earnings of the non-U.S. TRS. Dividends from TRSs and deemed inclusions from non-U.S. TRSs, together with other income that is not treated as qualifying income for purposes of the 75% gross income test, cannot exceed 25% of our gross income in any year
Liquidation of our assets to repay obligations to our lenders may jeopardize our REIT qualification.
To qualify as a REIT, we must comply with requirements regarding our assets and our sources of income. If we are compelled to liquidate our investments to repay obligations to our lenders, we may be unable to comply with these requirements, ultimately jeopardizing our qualification as a REIT.
Characterization of the repurchase agreements we enter into to finance our investments as sales for tax purposes rather than as secured borrowing transactions, or the failure of our mezzanine loans to qualify as real estate assets, could adversely affect our ability to qualify as a REIT.
We have entered into repurchase agreements with a variety of counterparties to finance assets in which we invest. When we enter into a repurchase agreement, we generally sell assets to our counterparty to the agreement and receive cash from the counterparty. The counterparty is obligated to resell the assets back to us at the end of the term of the transaction. We believe that, for U.S. federal income tax purposes, we will be treated as the owner of the assets that are the subject of repurchase agreements and that the repurchase agreements will be treated as secured borrowing transactions notwithstanding that such agreements may transfer record ownership of the assets to the counterparty during the term of the agreement. It is possible, however, that the IRS could successfully assert that we did not own these assets during the term of the repurchase agreements, in which case we could fail to qualify as a REIT.
In addition, we currently hold a mezzanine loan that is secured by an equity interest in a partnership that directly owns real property. In Revenue Procedure 2003-65, the IRS provided a safe harbor pursuant to which a mezzanine loan, if it meets each of the requirements contained in the Revenue Procedure, will be treated by the IRS as a real estate asset for purposes of the REIT asset tests, and interest derived from the mezzanine loan will be treated as qualifying mortgage interest for purposes of the 75% gross income test. Although the Revenue Procedure provides a safe harbor on which taxpayers may rely, it does not prescribe rules of substantive tax law. We may acquire or originate mezzanine loans that do not meet all of the requirements for reliance on this safe harbor. The IRS could challenge treatment of such loans as real estate assets for purposes of the REIT asset and gross income tests, and if such a challenge were sustained, we could fail to qualify as a REIT.


 
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The tax on prohibited transactions will limit our ability to engage in transactions, including certain methods of securitizing mortgage loans, which would be treated as sales for federal income tax purposes.
A REIT’s net income from prohibited transactions is subject to a 100% tax. In general, prohibited transactions are sales or other dispositions of property, other than foreclosure property, but including mortgage loans, held primarily for sale to customers in the ordinary course of business. We might be subject to this tax if we were to dispose of or securitize loans in a manner that was treated as a sale of the loans for federal income tax purposes. Therefore, in order to avoid the prohibited transactions tax, we may choose not to engage in certain sales of loans at the REIT level and may limit the structures we utilize for our securitization transactions, even though the sales or such structures might otherwise be beneficial to us.
Complying with REIT requirements may limit our ability to hedge effectively.
The REIT provisions of the Internal Revenue Code limit our ability to enter into hedging transactions. In order to qualify as a REIT, we must satisfy two gross income tests annually. For these purposes, income with respect to certain hedges of our liabilities or foreign currency risks will be disregarded. Income from other hedges will be non-qualifying income for purposes of both gross income tests. As a result, we might have to limit our use of advantageous hedging techniques or implement those hedges through a TRS. This could increase the cost of our hedging activities or expose us to greater risks associated with changes in interest rates than we would otherwise want to bear.
Purchases of mortgages at a discount may affect our ability to satisfy the REIT asset and gross income tests.
Whether our loan holdings are treated as real estate assets and interest income thereon is treated as qualifying income for purposes of the 75% gross income test depends on whether the loans are adequately secured by real property. If a mortgage loan is secured by both real property and personal property, the value of the personal property exceeds 15% of the value of all property securing such loan, and the value of the real property at the time the REIT commits to make or acquire the loan is less than the highest principal amount (i.e., the face amount) of the loan during the year, interest on the loan will be treated as qualifying income only in proportion to the ratio of the value of the real property at the time the REIT commits to make or acquire the loan to the highest principal amount of the loan during the year.
Our qualification as a REIT could be jeopardized as a result of our interests in joint ventures or investment funds.
We currently own, and may continue to acquire, interests in partnerships or limited liability companies that are joint ventures or investment funds. We may not have timely access to information from such partnerships and limited liability companies related to monitoring and managing our REIT qualification. If a partnership or limited liability company in which we own an interest but do not control takes or expects to take actions that could jeopardize our REIT qualification or require us to pay tax, we may be forced to dispose of our interest in such entity. It is possible that a partnership or limited liability company could take an action which could cause us to fail a REIT gross income or asset test and that we would not become aware of such action in time to dispose of our interest in the partnership or limited liability company or take other corrective action on a timely basis. In that case, we could fail to qualify as a REIT unless we are able to qualify for a statutory REIT “savings” provision, which may require us to pay a significant penalty tax to maintain our REIT qualification.
We may be required to report taxable income for certain investments in excess of the economic income we ultimately realize from them.
We acquire debt instruments in the secondary market for less than their face amount. The discount at which such debt instruments are acquired may reflect doubts about their ultimate collectibility rather than current market interest rates. The amount of such discount will nevertheless generally be treated as “market discount” for federal income tax purposes. Accrued market discount is reported as income when, and to the extent that, any payment of principal of the debt instrument is made. If we collect less on the debt instrument than our purchase price plus the market discount we had previously reported as income, we may not be able to benefit from any offsetting loss deductions.
Some of the debt instruments that we acquire may have been issued with original issue discount. We will be required to report such original issue discount based on a constant yield method and will be taxed based on the assumption that all future projected payments due on such debt instruments will be made. If such debt instruments or MBS and GSE CRT turn out not to be fully collectible, an offsetting loss deduction will become available only in the later year that uncollectibility is provable.
In addition, we may acquire debt instruments that are subsequently modified by agreement with the borrower. If the amendments to the outstanding instrument are “significant modifications” under the applicable Treasury regulations, the modified instrument will be considered to have been reissued to us in a debt-for-debt exchange with the borrower. In that event, we may be required to recognize taxable gain to the extent the principal amount of the modified instrument exceeds our adjusted tax basis in the unmodified instrument, even if the value of the instrument or the payment expectations have not changed. Following such a taxable modification, we would hold the modified loan with a cost basis equal to its principal amount for federal tax purposes.


 
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Finally, in the event that any debt instruments acquired by us are delinquent as to mandatory principal and interest payments, or in the event payments with respect to a particular instrument are not made when due, we may nonetheless be required to continue to recognize the unpaid interest as taxable income as it accrues, despite doubt as to its ultimate collectibility. Similarly, we may be required to accrue interest income with respect to debt instruments at its stated rate regardless of whether corresponding cash payments are received or are ultimately collectible. In each case, while we would in general ultimately have an offsetting loss deduction available to us when such interest was determined to be uncollectible, the utility of that deduction could depend on our having taxable income in that later year or thereafter.
Even if we qualify as a REIT, we may face tax liabilities that reduce our cash flow.
Even if we qualify as a REIT, we may be subject to certain U.S. federal, state and local taxes on our income and assets, including taxes on any undistributed income, tax on income from some activities conducted as a result of a foreclosure, and state or local income, franchise, property and transfer taxes, including mortgage-related taxes. In addition, our domestic TRSs will be subject to federal corporate income tax on their taxable incomes.
Dividends paid by REITs do not qualify for the reduced tax rates that apply to other corporate dividends.
The maximum tax rate for “qualified dividends” paid by corporations to individuals is currently 20%. Dividends paid by REITs, however, generally are not “qualified dividends” and generally are treated as ordinary income. For taxable years beginning before January 1, 2026, non-corporate taxpayers will be entitled to a 20% deduction for ordinary REIT dividends received, that combined with the current top individual tax rate of 37%, results in a maximum tax rate of 29.6% on ordinary REIT dividends. The more favorable rates applicable to qualified dividends could cause potential investors who are individuals to perceive investments in REITs to be relatively less attractive than investments in the stocks of non-REIT corporations that pay qualified dividends, which could adversely affect the value of the stock of REITs, including our capital stock.
Dividends paid by REITs may be subject to Medicare tax on net investment income.
High-income U.S. individuals, estates, and trusts will be subject to an additional 3.8% tax on net investment income. For these purposes, net investment income includes dividends and gains from sales of stock. In the case of an individual, the tax will be 3.8% of the lesser of the individuals’ net investment income or the excess of the individuals’ modified adjusted gross income over $250,000 in the case of a married individual filing a joint return or a surviving spouse, $125,000 in the case of a married individual filing a separate return, or $200,000 in the case of a single individual. The 20% deduction for qualified REIT dividends is not taken into account for these purposes.
Tax-exempt stockholders may realize unrelated business taxable income if we generate excess inclusion income.
If we acquire REMIC residual interests or equity interests in taxable mortgage pools (in a manner consistent with our REIT qualification) and generate “excess inclusion income,” a portion of our dividends received by a tax-exempt stockholder will be treated as unrelated business taxable income. Excess inclusion income would also be subject to adverse federal income tax rules in the case of U.S. taxable stockholders and non-U.S. stockholders.
Changing the nature of our assets may complicate our ability to satisfy the REIT gross income and asset tests.
We have large holdings of RMBS that are qualifying assets for purposes of the REIT asset tests and generate interest income that is qualifying income for purposes of the REIT gross income tests. The REIT asset tests do not require that all assets be qualifying assets, nor do the REIT gross income tests require that all income be qualifying income. Our substantial RMBS holdings have given us room to make investments that may not qualify, all or in part, as real estate assets or that may generate income that may not qualify, all or in part, under one or both of the gross income tests. Reductions in our RMBS holdings would reduce our room for non-qualifying assets and income. In addition, if the market value or income potential of real estate-related investments declines as a result of increased interest rates, prepayment rates or other factors, we may need to increase our real estate investments and gross income therefrom and/or liquidate our non-qualifying assets in order to maintain our REIT qualification or exemption from the 1940 Act. If the decline in real estate asset values and/or income occurs quickly, this may be especially difficult to accomplish. This difficulty may be exacerbated by the illiquid nature of certain assets that we may own. We may have to make investment decisions that we otherwise would not make absent the REIT and Investment Company Act considerations. Furthermore, we may make investments in which the proper application of the REIT gross income and assets tests may not be clear. Mistakes in classifying assets or income for REIT purposes or in projecting the amount of qualifying and non-qualifying income could cause us to fail to qualify as a REIT.
Our qualification as a REIT may depend upon the accuracy of legal opinions or advice rendered or given or statements by the issuers of assets we acquire.
When purchasing securities, we may rely on opinions or advice of counsel for the issuer of such securities, or statements made in related offering documents, for purposes of determining, among other things, whether such securities represent debt or equity securities for U.S. federal income tax purposes, the value of such securities, and the extent to which those securities


 
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constitute qualified real estate assets for purposes of the REIT asset tests and produce qualified income for purposes of the 75% gross income test. The inaccuracy of any such opinions, advice or statements may adversely affect our ability to qualify as a REIT.
Uncertainty exists with respect to the treatment of our TBAs for purposes of the REIT asset and income tests.
There is no direct authority with respect to the qualification of TBAs as real estate assets or U.S. government securities for purposes of the 75% asset test or the qualification of income or gains from dispositions of TBAs as gains from the sale of real property (including interests in real property and interests in mortgages on real property) or other qualifying income for purposes of the 75% gross income test. In the event that TBAs were determined not to be qualifying assets for purposes of the 75% asset test or income or gains from dispositions of TBAs were determined not to be qualifying income for purposes of the 75% gross income test, we could fail to qualify as a REIT if, taking into account other nonqualifying assets or gross income, we failed the 75% asset test or the 75% gross income test.
There may be tax consequences to any modifications to our borrowings, our hedging transactions and other contracts to replace references to LIBOR.
The publication of LIBOR rates may be discontinued by 2022. We are parties to financial instruments indexed to USD-LIBOR. We may have to renegotiate such LIBOR-based instruments to replace references to LIBOR. Under current law, certain modifications of terms of LIBOR-based instruments may have tax consequences, including deemed taxable exchanges of the pre-modification instrument for the modified instrument. Proposed Treasury Regulations have been issued that would treat certain modifications that would be taxable events under current law as non-taxable events. The proposed Treasury Regulations also would permit REMICs to make certain modifications without losing REMIC qualification. The proposed Treasury Regulations do not discuss REIT-specific issues of modifications to LIBOR-based instruments. It is not clear when the proposed Treasury Regulations will be finalized or what, if any, changes will be made to the proposed Treasury Regulations in final Treasury Regulations. We will attempt to migrate to a post-LIBOR environment without jeopardizing our REIT qualification or suffering other adverse tax consequences but can give no assurances that we will succeed.
Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments.
None.
Item 2. Properties.
Our principal executive office is located at 1555 Peachtree Street, NE, Suite 1800, Atlanta, Georgia 30309. As part of our management agreement, our Manager is responsible for providing office space and office services required in rendering services to us.
Item 3. Legal Proceedings.
From time to time, we may be involved in various claims and legal actions arising in the ordinary course of business. As of December 31, 2019, we were not involved in any such legal proceedings.
Item 4. Mine and Safety Disclosures.
Not applicable.


 
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PART II
Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities.
Market Information
Our common stock is traded on the NYSE under the symbol “IVR.”
Holders
As of February 18, 2020, there were 115 common stockholders of record.
Performance Graph
The following graph matches the cumulative 5-year total return of holders of Invesco Mortgage Capital Inc.'s common stock with the cumulative total returns of the S&P 500 index and the FTSE NAREIT Mortgage REITs index. The graph assumes that the value of the investment in our common stock and in each of the indices (including reinvestment of dividends) was $100 on December 31, 2014 and tracks it through December 31, 2019.
 
CHART-36746D22C95D598CBE7.JPG

Index
 
12/31/2014
12/31/2015
12/31/2016
12/31/2017
12/31/2018
12/31/2019
Invesco Mortgage Capital Inc.
 
100.00
90.23
119.23
160.44
145.16
187.03
S&P 500
 
100.00
101.38
113.51
138.29
132.23
173.86
FTSE NAREIT Mortgage REITs
 
100.00
91.12
111.95
134.10
130.71
158.60
The stock price performance included in this graph is not necessarily indicative of future stock price performance.


 
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Use of Proceeds
We used the net proceeds from our common and preferred stock offerings to acquire our target assets in accordance with our objectives and strategies described in Item 1, Business - Investment Strategy. We focus on purchasing our target assets, subject to our investment guidelines and to the extent consistent with maintaining our REIT qualification and exclusion from the requirements of the 1940 Act. Our Manager determines the percentage of our stockholders' equity that will be invested in each of our target assets.
Repurchases of Equity Securities
In December 2011, our board of directors approved a share repurchase program with no stated expiration date. As of December 31, 2019, there were 18,163,982 common shares available for repurchase under the program. The shares may be repurchased from time to time through privately negotiated transactions or open market transactions, including under a trading plan in accordance with Rules 10b5-1 and 10b-18 under the Exchange Act or by any combination of such methods. The manner, price, number and timing of share repurchases will be subject to a variety of factors, including market conditions and applicable SEC rules.
Equity Compensation Plans
We will provide the equity compensation plan information required in Item 201(d) of Regulation S-K in our definitive Proxy Statement or in an amendment to this Report not later than 120 days after the end of the fiscal year covered by this Report and incorporate into this Item 5 by reference.
Item 6. Selected Financial Data.
The selected historical financial information as of and for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018, 2017, 2016 and 2015 presented in the tables below have been derived from our audited financial statements. The information presented below is not necessarily indicative of the trends in our performance.
The information presented below is only a summary and does not provide all of the information contained in our historical financial statements, including the related notes. You should read the information below in conjunction with “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and our historical financial statements, including the related notes, included elsewhere in this Report.
Balance Sheet Data
 
As of December 31,
$ in thousands
2019
 
2018
 
2017
 
2016
 
2015
Mortgage-backed and credit risk transfer securities, at fair value
21,771,786

 
17,396,642

 
18,190,754

 
14,981,331

 
16,065,935

Commercial loans, held-for-investment (1)
24,055

 
31,582

 
191,808

 
273,355

 
209,062

Total assets
22,346,545

 
17,813,505

 
18,657,256

 
15,706,238

 
16,767,309

Repurchase agreements
17,532,303

 
13,602,484

 
14,080,801

 
11,160,669

 
12,126,048

Secured loans
1,650,000

 
1,650,000

 
1,650,000

 
1,650,000

 
1,650,000

Exchangeable senior notes
—

 
—

 
143,231

 
397,041

 
394,573

Total stockholders’ equity
2,931,899

 
2,286,697

 
2,630,491

 
2,241,560

 
2,241,035

Non-controlling interest
—

 
—

 
26,387

 
28,624

 
25,873

Total equity
2,931,899

 
2,286,697

 
2,656,878

 
2,270,184

 
2,266,908

(1)Commercial loans, held-for-investment are included in other assets on the consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2019 and 2018.



 
35
 

Statements of Operations Data
 
For the Years ended December 31,
$ in thousands, except share amounts
2019
 
2018
 
2017
 
2016
 
2015
Interest income
778,367

 
643,016

 
545,055

 
478,682

 
650,132

Interest expense
472,320

 
338,868

 
196,591

 
157,354

 
277,973

Net interest income
306,047

 
304,148

 
348,464

 
321,328

 
372,159

(Reduction in) provision for loan losses
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
(213
)
Net interest income after provision for loan losses
306,047

 
304,148

 
348,464

 
321,328

 
372,372

Other income (loss)
104,228

 
(326,892
)
 
49,339

 
(21,824
)
 
(203,697
)
Total expenses
46,174

 
47,792

 
44,746

 
41,806

 
54,620

Net income (loss)
364,101

 
(70,536
)
 
353,057

 
257,698

 
114,055

Net income (loss) attributable to non-controlling interest
—

 
254

 
4,450

 
3,287

 
1,344

Net income (loss) attributable to Invesco Mortgage Capital Inc.
364,101

 
(70,790
)
 
348,607

 
254,411

 
112,711

Dividends to preferred stockholders
44,426

 
44,426

 
28,080

 
22,864

 
22,864

Net income (loss) attributable to common stockholders
319,675

 
(115,216
)
 
320,527

 
231,547

 
89,847

Earnings per share:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Net income (loss) attributable to common stockholders
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Basic
2.42

 
(1.03
)
 
2.87

 
2.07

 
0.74

Diluted
2.42

 
(1.03
)
 
2.75

 
1.98

 
0.74

Dividends declared per common share
1.85

 
1.68

 
1.63

 
1.60

 
1.70

Weighted average number of shares of common stock:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Basic
132,305,568

 
111,637,035

 
111,610,393

 
111,973,404

 
121,377,585

Diluted
132,317,853

 
111,637,035

 
123,040,827

 
130,254,003

 
122,843,838

Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.
The following discussion should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and the accompanying notes to our consolidated financial statements, which are included in Part IV, Item 15 of this Report.

Overview
We are a Maryland corporation primarily focused on investing in, financing and managing residential and commercial mortgage-backed securities (“MBS”) and other mortgage-related assets. Our objective is to provide attractive risk-adjusted returns to our stockholders, primarily through dividends and secondarily through capital appreciation. To achieve this objective, we primarily invest in the following:
•
Residential mortgage-backed securities (“RMBS”) that are guaranteed by a U.S. government agency such as the Government National Mortgage Association (“Ginnie Mae”) or a federally chartered corporation such as the Federal National Mortgage Association (“Fannie Mae”) or the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation (“Freddie Mac”) (collectively “Agency RMBS”);
•
Commercial mortgage-backed securities (“CMBS”) that are guaranteed by a U.S. government agency such as Ginnie Mae or a federally chartered corporation such as Fannie Mae or Freddie Mac”) (collectively “Agency CMBS”);
•
RMBS that are not guaranteed by a U.S. government agency or a federally chartered corporation (“non-Agency RMBS”);
•
CMBS that are not guaranteed by a U.S. government agency or a federally chartered corporation (“non-Agency CMBS”);


 
36
 

•
Credit risk transfer securities that are unsecured obligations issued by government-sponsored enterprises (“GSE CRT”);
•
Residential and commercial mortgage loans; and
•
Other real estate-related financing arrangements.
We conduct our business through IAS Operating Partnership L.P. (our “Operating Partnership”). We are externally managed and advised by Invesco Advisers, Inc. (our “Manager”), an indirect wholly owned subsidiary of Invesco Ltd.
We have elected to be taxed as a real estate investment trust (“REIT”) for U.S. federal income tax purposes under the provisions of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986. To maintain our REIT qualification, we are generally required to distribute at least 90% of our REIT taxable income to our stockholders annually. We operate our business in a manner that permits our exclusion from the definition of an “Investment Company” under the 1940 Act.
Capital Activities
On December 16, 2019, we declared the following dividends:
•
a dividend of $0.50 per share of common stock payable on January 28, 2020 to stockholders of record as of the close of business on December 27, 2019;
•
a dividend of $0.4844 per share of Series A Preferred Stock payable on January 27, 2020 to stockholders of record as of the close of business on January 1, 2020;
On February 7, 2019, we completed a public offering of 16,100,000 shares of common stock at the price of $15.73 per share. Total net proceeds were approximately $249.5 million after deducting offering expenses.
On August 16, 2019, we completed a public offering of 14,000,000 shares of common stock at the price of $15.86 per share. Total net proceeds were approximately $219.3 million after deducting offering expenses.
On February 6, 2020, we completed a public offering of 20,700,000 shares of common stock at the price of $16.78 per share. Total net proceeds were approximately $347.0 million after deducting estimated offering costs.
We may sell up to 17,000,000 shares of our common stock from time to time in at-the-market or privately negotiated transactions under our equity distribution agreement. These shares are registered with the SEC under our shelf registration statement (as amended and/or supplemented). During the year ended December 31, 2019, we issued 2,540,260 shares of common stock under our equity distribution agreement for proceeds of $40.1 million, net of approximately $846,000 in commissions and fees.
We may sell up to 7,000,000 shares of our preferred stock from time to time in at-the-market or privately negotiated transactions. These shares are registered with the SEC under our shelf registration statement (as amended and/or supplemented). As of December 31, 2019, we have not sold any shares of preferred stock under the equity distribution agreement.
During the year ended December 31, 2019, we did not repurchase any shares of our common stock.
Factors Impacting Our Operating Results
Our operating results can be affected by a number of factors and primarily depend on the level of our net interest income and the market value of our assets. Our net interest income, which includes the amortization of purchase premiums and accretion of purchase discounts, varies primarily as a result of changes in market interest rates and prepayment speeds, as measured by the constant prepayment rate (“CPR”) on our target assets. Interest rates and prepayment speeds vary according to the type of investment, conditions in the financial markets, competition and other factors, none of which can be predicted with any certainty. The market value of our assets can be impacted by credit spread premiums (yield advantage over U.S. Treasury notes) and the supply of, and demand for, target assets in which we invest.
Market Conditions
Macroeconomic factors that affect our business include interest rate spread premiums, governmental policy initiatives, residential and commercial real estate prices, credit availability, consumer personal income and spending, corporate earnings, employment conditions, financial conditions and inflation.
Financial conditions eased considerably during 2019, as the heightened volatility that negatively impacted financial markets during the latter part of 2018 dissipated. U.S. equities rallied sharply, with the S&P 500 Index increasing by 29% for the year and the Nasdaq gaining 35%. The fourth quarter was particularly strong with the S&P 500 and Nasdaq climbing 8.5% and 12%, respectively. Investor confidence was bolstered as the Federal Open Market Committee (“FOMC”) signaled that


 
37
 

monetary policy would be on hold as the economic expansion continues with few signs of persistent inflation. Investor sentiment was also helped as trade tensions between the U.S. and China eased in the fourth quarter. Commodity prices ended the year higher, as the CRB Commodity Price Index increased by 6.8% during the fourth quarter, bringing the increase to 9.4% for 2019. The price of oil rose 25.6% for the year, with most of that increase (14.5%) coming in the fourth quarter as tensions flared in the Middle East.
The U.S. economy continues to grow at a moderate pace, and the labor market remained positive throughout 2019. Monthly gains in non-farm payrolls averaged 175,000 for the year, with the fourth quarter averaging 184,000. The unemployment rate ended the year at a multi-year low of 3.5%. The consensus forecast for GDP growth in 2020 is 1.8%, with the consensus estimate for 2021 at 1.9%.
Inflation remained generally subdued throughout 2019. The U.S. Personal Consumption Expenditure Core Price Index remained below the Federal Reserve’s inflation target of 2%, while the Consumer Price Index ended the year at 2.3% as the impact of increased tariffs were felt. Implied breakeven rates on Treasury Inflation Protected securities, which reflect the market's expectation of future inflation rates, rose throughout 2019, but remain lower than the Federal Reserve’s inflation target of 2%. The implied two- and five-year inflation rates ended the year at 1.47% and 1.70%, respectively. The FOMC lowered the benchmark Federal Funds rate by 25 basis points three times during 2019 before pausing during the fourth quarter. As of year-end, the pricing of federal funds futures contracts implied that the FOMC will cut the Federal Funds rate one more time over the course of 2020 and 2021. Treasury rates fell across the maturity spectrum during 2019, with the two-year Treasury rate falling 92 basis points during the year to 1.57% and the 10-year Treasury rate falling 77 basis points to 1.92%. After undergoing a period of volatility during the third quarter due to a number of technical factors, the markets for repurchase agreements stabilized in the fourth quarter after the Federal Reserve intervened.
Structured securities performed well during 2019. Agency mortgages outperformed similar duration Treasuries for the full year, and in particular, agency RMBS backed by prepayment protected specified pools performed extremely well. The outlook for Agency RMBS is mixed, as prepayments have slowed off of their recent highs, but the to-be-announced (“TBA”) market remains difficult to navigate and investors are forced to pay higher premiums for specified pools.
During 2019, spreads (defined as the yield in excess of risk-free rates) on CMBS and GSE CRT securities tightened throughout the year, as investor demand remains robust and fundamentals in both commercial and residential real estate remain on solid footing. Despite the volatility during the third quarter, financing markets were accommodative throughout 2019, with repurchase agreement rates moving lower in line with decreases in the Federal Funds rate.
As we move into 2020, investor concerns around slowing economic growth, uncertain Federal Reserve policy and expanding trade disputes have all eased. We expect the U.S. will continue to experience moderate, albeit slowing, economic growth, and that core inflation will remain close to the Federal Reserve’s policy objective of 2%. Threats to the positive outlook include a reigniting of trade disputes between the U.S. and China, increased tensions in the Middle East and developments surrounding the 2020 presidential elections.
In addition, the regulatory landscape for our repurchase agreement counterparties continues to evolve, which may affect funding methods and lending practices. While we are not directly subject to compliance with the implementation of rules regarding financial institutions, the effect of these regulations and others could impact our ability to finance our assets in the future.
Proposed Changes to LIBOR
In July 2017, the U.K. Financial Conduct Authority (the “FCA”), which regulates LIBOR, announced that the FCA will no longer persuade or compel banks to submit rates for the calculation of the LIBOR benchmark after 2021. This announcement indicates that the continuation of LIBOR on the current basis cannot and will not be guaranteed after 2021, and it appears likely that LIBOR will be phased out or the methodology for determining LIBOR will be modified by 2021. The Alternative Reference Rates Committee (“ARRC”) has proposed that the Secured Overnight Financing Rate (“SOFR”) is the rate that represents best practice as the alternative to USD-LIBOR for use in derivatives and other financial contracts that are currently indexed to USD-LIBOR. ARRC has proposed a paced market transition plan to SOFR from USD-LIBOR, and organizations are currently working on industry wide and company specific transition plans as it relates to derivatives and cash markets exposed to USD-LIBOR.
SOFR is an overnight rate instead of a term rate, making SOFR an inexact replacement for LIBOR. There is currently no perfect way to create robust, forward-looking, SOFR term rates. Market participants are still considering how various types of financial instruments and securitization vehicles should react to a discontinuation of LIBOR. It is possible that not all of our assets and liabilities will transition away from LIBOR at the same time, and it is possible that not all of our assets and liabilities will transition to the same alternative reference rate, in each case increasing the difficulty of hedging. Switching existing financial instruments and hedging transactions from LIBOR to SOFR requires calculations of a spread. Industry organizations are attempting to structure the spread calculation in a manner that minimizes the possibility of value transfer between


 
38
 

counterparties, borrowers, and lenders by virtue of the transition, but there is no assurance that the calculated spread will be fair and accurate or that all asset types and all types of securitization vehicles will use the same spread. We and other market participants have less experience understanding and modeling SOFR-based assets and liabilities than LIBOR-based assets and liabilities, increasing the difficulty of investing, hedging, and risk management.
We have material contracts that are indexed to USD-LIBOR and are monitoring this activity and evaluating the related risks. However, it is not possible to predict the effect of any of these developments, and any future initiatives to regulate, reform or change the manner of administration of LIBOR could result in adverse consequences to the rate of interest payable and receivable on, market value of and market liquidity for LIBOR-based financial instruments.
Our Manager is finalizing its global assessment of exposure in relation to our LIBOR-based instruments and benchmarks and is prioritizing the mitigation of risks associated with the forecasted changes to financial instruments and performance benchmarks referencing existing LIBOR rates.
In October 2019, the IRS and Treasury proposed regulations that are expected to provide taxpayers relief from adverse impacts resulting from the transition away from LIBOR to an alternative reference rate. The proposed regulations make clear that a change in the reference rate (and associated alterations to payment terms) of a financial instrument is generally not considered a taxable event, provided the fair value of the modified instrument is substantially equivalent to the fair value of the unmodified instrument.
Investment Activities
The table below shows the allocation of our stockholders' equity as of December 31, 2019 and 2018:
 
As of December 31,


2019
 
2018
Agency RMBS
44
%
 
46
%
Agency CMBS
16
%
 
3
%
Commercial Credit (1)
28
%
 
33
%
Residential Credit (2)
12
%
 
18
%
Total
100
%
 
100
%
(1)
Commercial credit includes non-Agency CMBS, Multifamily GSE CRTs, commercial loans and investments in unconsolidated ventures.
(2)
Residential credit includes non-Agency RMBS, Single Family GSE CRTs and a loan participation interest.
The table below shows the breakdown of our investment portfolio as of December 31, 2019 and 2018:
$ in thousands
As of December 31,
 
2019
 
2018
Agency RMBS:
 
 
 
30 year fixed-rate, at fair value
10,524,220

 
9,772,769

15 year fixed-rate, at fair value
292,414

 
424,254

Hybrid ARM, at fair value
56,893

 
659,948

Agency CMO, at fair value
427,512

 
267,691

Agency CMBS, at fair value
4,767,930

 
1,002,510

Non-Agency CMBS, at fair value
3,823,474

 
3,286,459

Non-Agency RMBS, at fair value
955,671

 
1,163,682

GSE CRT, at fair value
923,672

 
819,329

Loan participation interest, at fair value
44,654

 
54,981

Commercial loans, at amortized cost
24,055

 
31,582

Investments in unconsolidated ventures
21,998

 
24,012

Total investment portfolio
21,862,493

 
17,507,217

During 2019, we purchased $4.7 billion of newly issued fixed-rate Agency RMBS, $3.7 billion of Agency CMBS, $452.0 million of non-Agency CMBS, $113.1 million of non-Agency RMBS and $233.6 million of GSE CRT. We funded these


 
39
 

purchases by leveraging the proceeds of our February 2019 and August 2019 common stock issuances and with cash proceeds from paydowns and sales of securities. During 2019, our sales consisted primarily of 30 year fixed-rate Agency RMBS and Hybrid ARM securities.
As of December 31, 2019 our holdings of 30 year fixed-rate Agency RMBS represented 48% of our total investment portfolio versus 56% of our total investment portfolio as of December 31, 2018. We have purchased newly issued 30 year fixed-rate Agency RMBS over the past 12 months as the return on equity profile for these securities is attractive as valuations have been impacted by higher interest rate volatility, reduced Federal Reserve demand and expectations for increased supply, in addition to lower funding costs given changes in the outlook for short-term interest rates. We have focused our purchases on 30 year specified pools priced at modest pay-ups to generic Agency RMBS because these securities have characteristics that reduce prepayment risk.
As of December 31, 2019 our holdings of Agency CMBS represented approximately 22% of our total investment portfolio versus 6% as of December 31, 2018. Our Agency CMBS holdings as of December 31, 2019 include unsettled TBA securities with an amortized cost of approximately $99.3 million. We began investing in Agency CMBS issued by Freddie Mac and Fannie Mae in the second quarter of 2018 and began investing in Agency CMBS issued by Ginnie Mae in the third quarter of 2019. We have increased our holdings of Agency CMBS in 2019 because these securities benefit from prepayment protection characteristics and have an attractive return on equity profile. Agency CMBS benefit from a guarantee of principal and interest payments from governmental agencies and federally chartered corporations. Further, the hedging costs are less sensitive to interest rate risk given limited extension beyond initial expected maturity dates and underlying loan prepayment protection.
Our investments that have credit exposure include non-Agency CMBS, non-Agency RMBS, GSE CRTs, a commercial real estate loan, and a loan participation interest. Rather than relying on the rating agencies, we utilize proprietary models as well as third party applications to quantify and monitor the credit risk associated with these holdings. Our analysis generally begins at the underlying asset level, where we gather detailed information on loan, borrower, and property characteristics that inform our expectations for future performance. In addition to base case cash flow projections, we perform a range of scenario stresses to gauge the sensitivity of returns to potential deviations in underlying asset behavior. We perform this detailed credit analysis at the time of initial purchase and regularly throughout the holding period of each investment.
As of December 31, 2019, our holdings of non-Agency CMBS represented approximately 17% of our total investment portfolio versus 19% as of December 31, 2018. Our non-Agency CMBS portfolio is collateralized by loans secured by various property types located across the United States. Property types include but are not limited to office, retail, multifamily, industrial warehouse and hotel. The largest property geographic locations include California, New York, Texas, Florida and Illinois. The majority of our non-Agency CMBS portfolio is comprised of fixed-rate credits that are rated investment grade by a nationally recognized statistical rating organization. Over 80% of our non-Agency CMBS portfolio is collateralized by loans originated after 2009 and before 2017. These seasoned investments generally benefit from property price appreciation, growing credit enhancement and, in some instances, rating agency upgrades. The remainder of our assets were originated during and after 2017. We continue to identify attractive opportunities in this sector given our expectation for commercial real estate property rent growth, further property price appreciation and strong loan performance. 
Our non-Agency RMBS portfolio represents approximately 4% of our total investment portfolio as of December 31, 2019 versus 7% as of December 31, 2018. We primarily invest in non-Agency RMBS securities collateralized by prime and Alt-A loans. In addition, we have invested in re-securitizations of real estate mortgage investment conduit (“Re-REMIC”) RMBS and securitizations of reperforming mortgage loans that we expect to provide attractive risk adjusted returns.
We also invest in GSE CRTs, which have the added benefit of paying a floating rate coupon and reduce our need to hedge interest rate risk. GSE CRTs are unsecured general obligations of the GSEs that are structured to provide credit protection to the issuer with respect to defaults and other credit events within pools of mortgage loans secured by single family properties that collateralize Agency RMBS issued and guaranteed by the GSEs (“Single Family GSE CRT”) or within pools of mortgage loans secured by multifamily properties that collateralize Agency CMBS issued and guaranteed by the GSEs (“Multifamily GSE CRT”). The majority of our GSE CRT holdings are concentrated in 2013 and 2014 vintages, where reference loans have significant embedded home price appreciation. From a fundamental perspective, we continue to view GSE CRT as an attractive asset class based on the strength of the U.S. housing market and the strong performance of reference mortgage loans to date.
During the third quarter of 2018, we acquired a participation interest in a secured loan collateralized by mortgage servicing rights associated with Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac, and Ginnie Mae loans. The secured loan matures in August 2020 and has a one year extension at the borrower's option. We have funded $44.7 million of the loan as of December 31, 2019 and have committed to fund up to an additional $30.3 million.


 
40
 

As of December 31, 2019, we have invested in one commercial real estate mezzanine loan that matures in February 2021 and has a loan-to-value ratio of approximately 68.6%. The loan had an average earning asset yield of 10.90% during the year ended December 31, 2019.
We have invested in two unconsolidated ventures that are managed by an affiliate of our Manager. The unconsolidated ventures invest in our target assets.
Portfolio Characteristics
The table below illustrates the vintage distribution of our non-Agency RMBS, GSE CRT and non-Agency CMBS portfolio as of December 31, 2019 as a percentage of fair value:
 
 
2003-2007

 
2008-2010

 
2011
 
2012
 
2013
 
2014
 
2015
 
2016
 
2017
 
2018
 
2019
 
Total
Prime
 
16.7
%
 
0.7
%
 
—
%
 
—
%
 
14.1
%
 
7.0
 %
 
—
%
 
0.4
%
 
—
%
 
15.3
%
 
8.8
%
 
63.0
%
Alt-A
 
28.4
%
 
—
%
 
—
%
 
—
%
 
—
%
 
—
 %
 
—
%
 
—
%
 
—
%
 
—
%
 
—
%
 
28.4
%
Re-REMIC (1)
 
0.6
%
 
4.3
%
 
1.7
%
 
1.3
%
 
0.6
%
 
—
 %
 
—
%
 
—
%
 
—
%
 
—
%
 
—
%
 
8.5
%
Subprime/reperforming
 
0.1
%
 
—
%
 
—
%
 
—
%
 
—
%
 
—
 %
 
—
%
 
—
%
 
—
%
 
—
%
 
—
%
 
0.1
%
Total Non-Agency RMBS
 
45.8
%
 
5.0
%
 
1.7
%
 
1.3
%
 
14.7
%
 
7.0
 %
 
—
%
 
0.4
%
 
—
%
 
15.3
%
 
8.8
%
 
100.0
%
GSE CRT
 
—
%
 
—
%
 
—
%
 
—
%
 
23.0
%
 
28.5
 %
 
4.3
%
 
18.3
%
 
3.2
%
 
5.8
%
 
16.9
%
 
100.0
%
Non-Agency CMBS
 
—
%
 
2.2
%
 
14.5
%
 
10.0
%
 
12.0
%
 
29.1
 %
 
7.2
%
 
5.6
%
 
8.6
%
 
5.5
%
 
5.3
%
 
100.0
%
(1)
Reflects the year in which the resecuritizations were issued. The vintage distribution of the securities that collateralize our Re-REMIC investments is 4.3% for 2005, 0.4% for 2006 and 95.3% for 2007.
The following table summarizes the credit enhancement provided to our Re-REMIC holdings as of December 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018.
  
Percentage of Re-REMIC 
Holdings at Fair Value
Re-REMIC Subordination(1)
December 31, 2019
 
December 31, 2018
0% - 10%
57.1
%
 
49.8
%
10% - 20%
2.7
%
 
3.4
%
20% - 30%
19.6
%
 
16.9
%
30% - 40%
10.1
%
 
14.9
%
40% - 50%
0.2
%
 
1.8
%
50% - 60%
10.3
%
 
12.5
%
60% - 70%
—
%
 
0.7
%
Total
100.0
%
 
100.0
%
(1)
Subordination refers to the credit enhancement provided to the Re-REMIC tranche held by us by any junior Re-REMIC tranche or tranches in a resecuritization. This figure reflects the percentage of the balance of the underlying securities represented by any junior tranche or tranches at the time of resecuritization. Generally, principal losses on the underlying securities in excess of the subordination amount would result in principal losses on the Re-REMIC tranche held by us. As of December 31, 2019, 76.8% of our Re-REMIC holdings are not senior tranches.


 
41
 

The tables below represent the geographic concentration of the underlying collateral for our non-Agency RMBS, GSE CRT and non-Agency CMBS portfolio as of December 31, 2019:
Non-Agency RMBS
State
 
Percentage
 
GSE CRT
State
 
Percentage
 
Non-Agency CMBS
State
 
Percentage
California
 
44.4
%
 
California
 
18.0
%
 
California
 
14.9
%
New York
 
8.5
%
 
Texas
 
6.5
%
 
New York
 
14.9
%
Florida
 
6.4
%
 
Florida
 
5.0
%
 
Texas
 
8.7
%
New Jersey
 
3.9
%
 
New York
 
4.7
%
 
Florida
 
6.3
%
Virginia
 
3.1
%
 
Virginia
 
4.0
%
 
Illinois
 
4.6
%
Washington
 
2.9
%
 
Illinois
 
3.7
%
 
New Jersey
 
3.7
%
Maryland
 
2.8
%
 
Washington
 
3.5
%
 
Pennsylvania
 
3.6
%
Colorado
 
2.7
%
 
New Jersey
 
3.2
%
 
Ohio
 
3.2
%
Massachusetts
 
2.7
%
 
Massachusetts
 
3.1
%
 
Virginia
 
3.0
%
Illinois
 
2.4
%
 
Pennsylvania
 
3.1
%
 
Michigan
 
2.9
%
Other
 
20.2
%
 
Other
 
45.2
%
 
Other
 
34.2
%
Total
 
100.0
%
 
 
 
100.0
%
 
Total
 
100.0
%
Financing and Other Liabilities.
We enter into repurchase agreements to finance the majority of our target assets. These agreements are secured by our mortgage-backed and credit risk transfer securities and an investment in a loan participation interest. Repurchase agreements are generally settled on a short-term basis, usually ranging from one to six months, and bear interest at rates that have historically moved in close relationship to LIBOR. At each settlement date, we refinance each repurchase agreement at the market interest rate at that time. As of December 31, 2019, we had entered into repurchase agreements totaling $17.5 billion (2018: $13.6 billion).
Our wholly-owned subsidiary, IAS Services LLC, is a member of the FHLBI. As a member of the FHLBI, IAS Services LLC has borrowed funds from the FHLBI in the form of secured loans. As of December 31, 2019, IAS Services LLC had $1.65 billion in outstanding secured loans. For the year ended December 31, 2019, IAS Services LLC had weighted average borrowings of $1.65 billion with a weighted average borrowing rate of 2.52% and a weighted average maturity of 4.3 years. We repaid $300.0 million of secured loans from the FHLBI upon their maturity on February 11, 2020 through a combination of available cash and additional repurchase agreement borrowings.
In January 2016, new FHFA rules were adopted that exclude captive insurance companies from Federal Home Loan Bank membership. Under the new rules, IAS Services LLC is permitted to remain a member of the Federal Home Loan Bank until February 2021, and the FHLBI is permitted to honor the contractual maturity of our existing advances. Accordingly, we do not expect there to be any impact to our existing FHLBI borrowings under the FHFA Rule.
The following table presents the amount of collateralized borrowings outstanding under repurchase agreements and secured loans as of the end of each quarter, the average amount outstanding during the quarter and the maximum balance outstanding during the quarter:
$ in thousands
Collateralized borrowings under repurchase agreements and secured loans
Quarter Ended
Quarter-end balance
 
Average quarterly balance
 
Maximum balance
March 31, 2018
15,561,137

 
15,536,093

 
15,561,137

June 30, 2018
15,352,321

 
15,275,972

 
15,352,321

September 30, 2018
16,028,518

 
15,973,428

 
16,078,388

December 31, 2018
15,252,484

 
15,836,597

 
16,144,062

March 31, 2019
18,474,387

 
17,229,809

 
18,474,387

June 30, 2019
18,725,065

 
19,019,503

 
19,365,413

September 30, 2019
19,722,032

 
19,535,263

 
19,898,863

December 31, 2019
19,182,303

 
19,842,868

 
20,377,801

In 2013, our Operating Partnership issued $400.0 million in Exchangeable Senior Notes (the “Notes”). We retired a portion of the Notes prior to their maturity and fully retired the notes upon their maturity on March 15, 2018.


 
42
 

We have invested in and partially funded our portion of a commitment in a loan participation. The remainder of our commitment under the agreement will be funded over the remaining term of the loan based upon the financing needs of the borrower. As of December 31, 2019, we have an unfunded commitment of $30.3 million.
We have also committed to invest up to $125.2 million in unconsolidated ventures that are sponsored by an affiliate of our Manager. At December 31, 2019, $118.8 million of our commitment to these unconsolidated ventures has been called. We are committed to fund $6.4 million in additional capital to fund future investments and cover future expenses should they occur.
Hedging Instruments.
We generally hedge as much of our interest rate and foreign exchange risk as we deem prudent in light of market conditions. No assurance can be given that our hedging activities will have the desired beneficial impact on our results of operations or financial condition. Our investment policies do not contain specific requirements as to the percentages or amount of risk that we are required to hedge.
Hedging may fail to protect or could adversely affect us because, among other things:
•
available interest rate hedging may not correspond directly with the interest rate risk for which protection is sought;
•
the duration of the hedges may not match the duration of the related liabilities;
•
our counterparty in the hedging transaction may default on its obligation to pay;
•
the credit quality of our counterparty on the hedge may be downgraded to such an extent that it impairs our ability to sell or assign our side of the hedging transaction; and
•
the value of derivatives used for hedging may be adjusted from time-to-time in accordance with accounting rules to reflect changes in fair value.
As of December 31, 2019, we had entered into interest rate swap agreements designed to mitigate the effects of increases in interest rates under a portion of our borrowings. Under these swap agreements, we pay fixed interest rates and receive floating interest rates indexed off of one- or three-month LIBOR, effectively fixing the floating interest rates on $14.0 billion (2018: $12.4 billion) of borrowings. As of December 31, 2019, we received interest based on one-month LIBOR on $10.7 billion of our swaps and interest based on three-month LIBOR on $3.3 billion of our swaps.
During 2019, we terminated existing swaps with a notional amount of $25.3 billion and entered into new swaps with a notional amount of $27.0 billion to hedge repurchase agreement debt associated with purchases of Agency RMBS and Agency CMBS securities. We actively manage our swap portfolio by terminating and entering into new swaps as the size and composition of our investment portfolio changes. As of December 31, 2019, our interest rate swap portfolio had a weighted average fixed pay rate of 1.47% (December 31, 2018: 2.46%) and a weighted average years to maturity of 5.2 years (December 31, 2018: 3.7 years). We extended the weighted average maturity of our interest rate swaps to take advantage of declining swap rates during the year by securing lower, more attractive borrowing costs for a longer period of time. In addition, we executed new interest rate swaps to replace terminated futures contracts that served to hedge longer duration assets, in order to more efficiently achieve our targeted duration profile. Daily variation margin payment for interest rate swaps is characterized as settlement of the derivative itself rather than collateral and is recorded as a realized gain or loss in our consolidated statement of operations. We realized a net loss of $440.6 million on interest rate swaps during the year ended December 31, 2019 primarily due to falling interest rates in 2019.
As of December 31, 2019, we were not a party to any futures contracts. During the year ended December 31, 2019, we settled futures contracts with a notional amount of $5.3 billion and realized a net loss of $157.9 million due to falling interest rates in 2019. Daily variation margin payment for futures is characterized as settlement of the derivative itself rather than collateral and is recorded as a realized gain or loss in our consolidated statement of operations.
We enter into currency forward contracts to help mitigate the potential impact of changes in foreign currency exchange rates on investments denominated in foreign currencies. As of December 31, 2019, we had €20.8 million or $23.1 million (2018: €20.3 million or $23.1 million) of notional amount of forward contracts related to our investment in an unconsolidated venture. During the year ended December 31, 2019, we settled currency forward contracts of €89.8 million or $101.6 million (2018: €202.9 million or $262.4 million) in notional amount and realized a net gain of $1.5 million (2018: $2.1 million net gain).


 
43
 

Book Value per Diluted Common Share
We calculate book value per diluted common share as follows:
 
Years Ended December 31,
In thousands except per share amounts
2019
 
2018
 
2017
Numerator (adjusted equity):
 
 
 
 
 
Total equity
2,931,899

 
2,286,697

 
2,656,878

Less: Liquidation preference of Series A Preferred Stock
(140,000
)
 
(140,000
)
 
(140,000
)
Less: Liquidation preference of Series B Preferred Stock
(155,000
)
 
(155,000
)
 
(155,000
)
Less: Liquidation preference of Series C Preferred Stock
(287,500
)
 
(287,500
)
 
(287,500
)
Total adjusted equity
2,349,399

 
1,704,197

 
2,074,378

 
 
 
 
 
 
Denominator (number of shares - diluted):
 
 
 
 
 
Common stock outstanding
144,256

 
111,585

 
111,624

Non-controlling interest OP units (1)
—

 
—

 
1,425

Number of shares - diluted
144,256


111,585

 
113,049

 
 
 
 
 
 
Book value per diluted common share
16.29

 
15.27

 
18.35

(1)
The Company redeemed all OP Units of the non-controlling interest holder in November 2018 as discussed in Note 14 - "Non-Controlling Interest - Operating Partnership".

Our book value per diluted common share increased 6.7% as of December 31, 2019 compared to December 31, 2018 primarily due to interest rate spread tightening in both Agency and credit assets. Monetary policy eased notably in 2019, as the Federal Reserve pivoted from increasing in the Federal Funds rate in 2018 to an easing policy through a pause in the first half of 2019 and cutting the Federal Funds rate in the second half of 2019. This shift in monetary policy supported risk assets, with additional steps by the Federal Reserve, such as increasing the size of its balance sheet via asset purchases and supporting the repurchase market through temporary open market operations, supporting market liquidity.

The reduction in the Federal Reserve’s balance sheet contributed to wider spreads in Agency MBS in 2018, while higher interest rates more than offset modest spread tightening to drive lower valuations of our residential and commercial credit investments. Although our interest rate hedges partially mitigated the impact of higher interest rates during the year, the company’s positive duration gap and underperformance in Agency MBS led to a decline in book value per diluted common share of 16.8% in 2018.
Refer to Item 7A. “Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk” for interest rate risk and its impact on fair value.


 
44
 

Critical Accounting Policies
Our consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP, which requires the use of estimates and assumptions that involve the exercise of judgment and use of assumptions as to future uncertainties. Accounting estimates and assumptions discussed in this section are those that we consider to be the most critical to an understanding of our financial statements because they involve significant judgments and uncertainties. All of these estimates reflect our best judgment about current, and for some estimates, future economic and market conditions and their effects based on information available as of the date of these financial statements. If conditions change from those expected, it is possible that the judgments and estimates described below could change, which may result in a change in valuation of our investment portfolio, future impairments of our MBS and GSE CRTs, change in our interest income recognition, and a change in our tax liability among other effects.
Mortgage-Backed and Credit Risk Transfer Securities. We have elected the fair value option for all of our MBS purchased on or after September 1, 2016; our GSE CRTs purchased on or after August 24, 2015; and all of our RMBS IOs. Under the fair value option, changes in fair value are recognized in the consolidated statement of operations. In our view, the fair value option election more appropriately reflects the results of our operations because MBS and GSE CRT fair value changes are accounted for in the same manner as fair value changes in economic hedging instruments. As of December 31, 2019, $17.4 billion (December 31, 2018: $11.6 billion) or 80% (December 31, 2018: 67%) of our MBS and GSE CRT are accounted for under the fair value option.
We record our MBS purchased prior to September 1, 2016, as available-for-sale and report these MBS at fair value. We record our GSE CRTs purchased prior to August 24, 2015 as hybrid financial instruments and report these GSE CRTs at fair value.
We determine the fair value of our MBS and GSE CRTs by obtaining valuations from an independent source. If the fair value of a security is not available from a third-party pricing service, we may estimate the fair value of the security using a variety of methods including other pricing services, discounted cash flow analysis, matrix pricing, option adjusted spread models and other fundamental analysis of observable market factors. It is possible that changes in these inputs could change the valuation estimate and lead to impairment of our MBS and GSE CRT portfolio.
Further information is provided in Note 2 - “Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” and Note 4 - “Mortgage-Backed and Credit Risk Transfer Securities.”
Other-than-temporary Impairment. We regularly review our available-for-sale portfolio for other-than-temporary impairment. This determination involves both qualitative and quantitative data. It is possible that estimates may be incorrect, economic conditions may change or we may be forced to sell the investment before recovery of our amortized cost. Further information is provided in Note 2 - “Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” and Note 4 - “Mortgage-Backed and Credit Risk Transfer Securities.”
Interest Income Recognition. Interest income on MBS is accrued based on the outstanding principal or notional balance of the securities and their contractual terms. Premiums or discounts are amortized or accreted into interest income over the life of the investment using the effective interest method.
Interest income on our MBS where we may not recover substantially all of our initial investment is based on estimated future cash flows. We estimate future expected cash flows at the time of purchase and determine the effective interest rate based on these estimated cash flows and our purchase price. Over the life of the investments, we update these estimated future cash flows and compute a revised yield based on the current amortized cost of the investment. In estimating these future cash flows, there are a number of assumptions that are subject to uncertainties and contingencies, including but not limited to the rate and timing of principal payments (prepayments, repurchases, defaults and liquidations), the pass through or coupon rate, and interest rate fluctuations. These uncertainties and contingencies are difficult to predict and are subject to future events that may impact our estimate and our interest income. Changes in our original or most recent cash flow projections may result in a prospective change in interest income recognized on these securities, or the amortized cost of these securities. For non-Agency RMBS not of high credit quality, when actual cash flows vary from expected cash flows, the difference is recorded as an adjustment to the amortized cost of the security and the security's yield is revised prospectively.
For Agency RMBS and Agency CMBS that cannot be prepaid in such a way that we would not recover substantially all of our initial investment, interest income recognition is based on contractual cash flows. We do not estimate prepayments in applying the effective interest method.
Interest income on GSE CRTs purchased prior to August 24, 2015 is accrued based on the coupon rate of the debt host contract which reflects the credit risk of GSE unsecured senior debt with a similar maturity. Premiums or discounts associated with the purchase of credit risk transfer securities are amortized or accreted into interest income over the life of the debt host contract using the effective interest method. Interest income on GSE CRTs purchased on or after August 24, 2015 is based on estimated future cash flows.


 
45
 

Interest income from our commercial and other loans is recognized when earned and deemed collectible or until a loan becomes past due based on the terms of the loan agreement.
Accounting for Derivative Financial Instruments. We use derivatives to manage interest rate and currency exchange risk. We record all derivatives on our consolidated balance sheets at fair value. Effective December 31, 2013, we voluntarily discontinued hedge accounting for our interest rate swap agreements by de-designating the interest rate swaps as cash flow hedges. As a result of discontinuing hedge accounting, changes in the fair value of the interest rate swaps are recorded in gain (loss) on derivative instruments, net in our consolidated statement of operations, rather than in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss). Further information is provided in Note 8 - “Derivatives and Hedging Activities.”
Income Taxes. We have elected to be taxed as a REIT. Accordingly, we generally will not be subject to U.S. federal and applicable state and local corporate income tax to the extent that we make qualifying distributions and provided we satisfy on a continuing basis, through actual investment and operating results, the REIT requirements including certain asset, income, distribution and stock ownership tests. The REIT qualifications rules are complex and failure to apply them correctly could subject us to U.S. federal, state and local income taxes.
Expected Impact of New Authoritative Guidance on Future Financial Information
In June 2016, new accounting guidance was issued for reporting credit losses for assets measured at amortized cost and available-for-sale securities. The new guidance significantly changes how entities will measure credit losses for most financial assets, including loans, that are not measured at fair value through net income. The guidance replaces the existing “incurred loss” model with an “expected loss” model for instruments measured at amortized cost and requires entities to record allowances for available-for-sale debt securities rather than reduce the carrying amount, as they do today under the other-than-temporary impairment model. The new guidance also simplifies the accounting model for purchased credit-impaired debt securities and loans. We are required to adopt the new guidance as of January 1, 2020.
The new guidance specifically excludes available-for-sale securities measured at fair value through net income. The Company elected the fair value option for all MBS purchased on or after September 1, 2016 and GSE CRTs purchased on or after August 24, 2015. Accordingly, the impact of the new guidance on accounting for our debt securities is limited to the approximately $4.4 billion of MBS and GSE CRT securities that we purchased prior to election of the fair value option and hold as of December 31, 2019. We are not required to record an allowance for credit losses on January 1, 2020 for our purchased credit deteriorated securities because all of our purchased credit deteriorated securities were in an unrealized gain position as of December 31, 2019.
We have one commercial loan as of December 31, 2019 that is carried at amortized cost. We will implement the new guidance for this loan on a modified retrospective basis by electing the fair value option. The implementation of the new guidance will not have a material impact on our financial statements.



 
46
 

Results of Operations
Our consolidated results of operations for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017 are summarized below:
 
Years Ended December 31,
$ in thousands except share data
2019
 
2018
 
2017
Interest Income
 
 
 
 
 
Mortgage-backed and credit risk transfer securities
772,657

 
631,478

 
521,547

Commercial and other loans
5,710

 
11,538

 
23,508

Total interest income
778,367

 
643,016

 
545,055

Interest Expense
 
 
 
 
 
Repurchase agreements
430,697

 
301,794

 
163,881

Secured loans
41,623

 
35,453

 
19,370

Exchangeable senior notes
—

 
1,621

 
13,340

Total interest expense
472,320

 
338,868

 
196,591

Net interest income
306,047

 
304,148

 
348,464

Other income (loss)
 
 
 
 
 
Gain (loss) on investments, net
624,466

 
(327,700
)
 
(19,704
)
Equity in earnings (losses) of unconsolidated ventures
2,224

 
3,402

 
(1,327
)
Gain (loss) on derivative instruments, net
(534,755
)
 
(5,277
)
 
18,155

Realized and unrealized credit derivative income (loss), net
8,343

 
(151
)
 
51,648

Net loss on extinguishment of debt
—

 
(26
)
 
(6,814
)
Other investment income (loss), net
3,950

 
2,860

 
7,381

Total other income (loss)
104,228

 
(326,892
)
 
49,339

Expenses
 
 
 
 
 
Management fee — related party
38,173

 
40,722

 
37,556

General and administrative
8,001

 
7,070

 
7,190

Total expenses
46,174

 
47,792

 
44,746

Net income (loss)
364,101

 
(70,536
)
 
353,057

Net income (loss) attributable to non-controlling interest
—

 
254

 
4,450

Net income (loss) attributable to Invesco Mortgage Capital Inc.
364,101

 
(70,790
)
 
348,607

Dividends to preferred stockholders
44,426

 
44,426

 
28,080

Net income (loss) attributable to common stockholders
319,675

 
(115,216
)
 
320,527

Earnings (loss) per share:
 
 
 
 
 
Net income (loss) attributable to common stockholders
 
 
 
 
 
Basic
2.42

 
(1.03
)
 
2.87

Diluted
2.42

 
(1.03
)
 
2.75

Weighted average number of shares of common stock:
 
 
 
 
 
Basic
132,305,568

 
111,637,035

 
111,610,393

Diluted
132,317,853

 
111,637,035

 
123,040,827

 



 
47
 

Interest Income and Average Earning Asset Yields
The table below presents information related to our average earning assets and earning asset yields as of and for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017. 
 
As of and for the Years Ended
 
December 31,
$ in thousands
2019
 
2018
 
2017
Average Earning Asset Balances (1):
 
 
 
 
 
Agency RMBS:
 
 
 
 
 
15 year fixed-rate, at amortized cost
328,404

 
1,911,511

 
3,297,267

30 year fixed-rate, at amortized cost
11,757,662

 
8,867,942

 
5,874,757

Hybrid ARM, at amortized cost
129,396

 
1,531,077

 
2,237,032

Agency-CMO, at amortized cost
378,253

 
258,457

 
302,060

Agency CMBS, at amortized cost
2,522,256

 
339,816

 
—

Non-Agency CMBS, at amortized cost
3,532,202

 
3,226,174

 
2,818,244

Non-Agency RMBS, at amortized cost
980,775

 
1,055,682

 
1,441,527

GSE CRT, at amortized cost
863,080

 
767,220

 
784,203

Commercial loans, at amortized cost
25,007

 
110,461

 
270,314

Loan participation interest
49,220

 
20,503

 
—

Average earning assets
20,566,255

 
18,088,843

 
17,025,404

 
 
 
 
 
 
Average Earning Asset Yields (2):
 
 
 
 
 
Agency RMBS:
 
 
 
 
 
15 year fixed-rate
3.34
%
 
2.23
%
 
1.98
%
30 year fixed-rate
3.26
%
 
3.09
%
 
2.79
%
Hybrid ARM
3.27
%
 
2.40
%
 
2.27
%
Agency-CMO
3.41
%
 
3.01
%
 
1.54
%
Agency CMBS
3.32
%
 
3.30
%
 
—
%
Non-Agency CMBS
5.06
%
 
4.91
%
 
4.50
%
Non-Agency RMBS
6.73
%
 
7.11
%
 
6.22
%
GSE CRT (3)
3.39
%
 
3.40
%
 
2.58
%
Commercial loans
10.90
%
 
9.54
%
 
8.70
%
Loan participation interest
6.04
%
 
6.10
%
 
—
%
Average earning asset yields
3.78
%
 
3.55
%
 
3.20
%
(1)
Average balances for each period are based on weighted month-end average earning assets.
(2)
Average earning asset yields for the period were calculated by dividing interest income, including amortization of premiums and discounts, by the average month-end earning assets based on the amortized cost of the investments. All yields are annualized.
(3)
GSE CRT average earning asset yields exclude coupon interest associated with embedded derivatives on securities not accounted for under the fair value option that is recorded as realized and unrealized credit derivative income (loss), net under U.S. GAAP.
Our primary source of income is interest earned on our investment portfolio. We had average earning assets of approximately $20.6 billion during the year ended December 31, 2019 (2018: $18.1 billion; 2017: $17.0 billion). Average earning assets increased during the year ended December 31, 2019 compared to 2018 primarily because we invested and leveraged $508.9 million in net proceeds from 2019 common stock issuances and $168.5 million in proceeds from commercial loan repayments since the beginning of 2018 into newly issued 30 year fixed-rate Agency RMBS and Agency CMBS securities.
Average earning assets increased during the year ended December 31, 2018 compared to 2017 primarily due to a change in asset mix. During 2018, we reinvested $160.9 million of commercial loan repayments into newly issued 30 year fixed-rate Agency RMBS and Agency CMBS securities. We finance our Agency securities with repurchase agreement borrowings and commercial loans with equity.


 
48
 

We earned interest income of $778.4 million (2018: $643.0 million; 2017: $545.1 million) during 2019. Our interest income consists of coupon interest and net premium amortization on MBS and GSE CRTs as well as interest income on commercial and other loans as shown in the table below.
 
Years Ended December 31,
$ in thousands
2019
 
2018
 
2017
Interest Income
 
 
 
 
 
MBS and GSE CRT - coupon interest
833,376

 
689,240

 
616,697

MBS and GSE CRT - net premium amortization
(60,719
)
 
(57,762
)
 
(95,150
)
MBS and GSE CRT - interest income
772,657

 
631,478

 
521,547

Commercial and other loans
5,710

 
11,538

 
23,508

Total interest income
778,367

 
643,016

 
545,055


MBS and GSE CRT interest income increased $141.2 million during the year ended December 31, 2019 compared to 2018 primarily due to higher coupon interest rates on our higher average earning assets. Interest income on commercial and other loans decreased $5.8 million during 2019 primarily due to commercial loan payoffs.
Total interest income increased $98.0 million during the year ended December 31, 2018 compared to 2017 primarily due to the full year impact of investing the proceeds from our August 2017 Series C Preferred Stock offering and lower premium amortization. Net premium amortization decreased $37.4 million during 2018 primarily due to slower prepayments speeds on 30 year fixed-rate Agency RMBS and purchases of non-Agency CMBS securities at a discount during 2018. Interest income on commercial and other loans decreased $12.0 million during 2018 primarily due to commercial loan payoffs.
The yield on our average earning assets during the year ended December 31, 2019 was 3.78% (2018: 3.55%; 2017: 3.20%). Our average earning asset yields increased during the year ended December 31, 2019 compared to 2018 primarily due to purchases of new securities at higher yields and higher index rates on floating and adjustable assets.
Our average earning asset yields increased during the year ended December 31, 2018 compared to 2017 primarily due to purchases of new securities at higher yields, slower prepayment speeds and higher index rates on floating and adjustable rate assets.



 
49
 

Prepayment Speeds
Our RMBS and GSE CRT portfolio is subject to inherent prepayment risk primarily driven by changes in interest rates, which impacts the amount of premium and discount on the purchase of these securities that is recognized into interest income. Expected future prepayment speeds on our RMBS and GSE CRT portfolio are estimated on a quarterly basis. Generally, in an environment of falling interest rates, prepayment speeds will increase as homeowners are more likely to prepay their existing mortgage and refinance into a lower borrowing rate. If the actual prepayment speed during the period is faster than estimated, the amortization on securities purchased at a premium to par value will be accelerated, resulting in lower interest income recognized. Conversely, for securities purchased at a discount to par value, interest income will be reduced in periods where prepayment speeds were slower than expected. The standard measure of prepayment speeds is the constant prepayment rate, also known as the conditional prepayment rate or “CPR”. CPR measures prepayments as a percentage of the current outstanding loan balance and is expressed as a compound annual rate. The following tables provide the three month CPR for our RMBS and GSE CRTs throughout 2019, 2018 and 2017.
 
Three Months Ended
 
December 31,
2019
 
September 30,
2019
 
June 30,
2019
 
March 31,
2019
15 year fixed-rate Agency RMBS
12.5

 
12.3

 
11.1

 
7.1

30 year fixed-rate Agency RMBS
18.1

 
13.8

 
8.5

 
4.9

Hybrid ARM RMBS
28.7

 
29.2

 
18.2

 
15.7

Non-Agency RMBS
17.2

 
16.1

 
11.4

 
8.3

GSE CRT
20.1

 
15.0

 
9.8

 
6.6

Weighted average CPR
18.1

 
14.1

 
9.0

 
5.7

 
Three Months Ended
 
December 31,
2018
 
September 30,
2018
 
June 30,
2018
 
March 31,
2018
15 year fixed-rate Agency RMBS
8.8

 
10.9

 
10.6

 
9.2
30 year fixed-rate Agency RMBS
6.2

 
7.4

 
8.2

 
7.1
Hybrid ARM RMBS
13.8

 
16.6

 
15.7

 
14.4
Non-Agency RMBS
9.1

 
10.5

 
12.0

 
11.6
GSE CRT
8.7

 
10.9

 
9.8

 
9.5
Weighted average CPR
7.3

 
8.9

 
10.2

 
9.2
 
Three Months Ended
 
December 31,
2017
 
September 30,
2017
 
June 30,
2017
 
March 31,
2017
15 year fixed-rate Agency RMBS
9.3

 
10.2

 
9.5

 
8.1

30 year fixed-rate Agency RMBS
7.9

 
9.3

 
9.2

 
10.8

Hybrid ARM RMBS
14.9

 
18.6

 
16.3

 
15.7

Non-Agency RMBS
11.8

 
15.3

 
12.6

 
13.3

GSE CRT
11.8

 
12.4

 
9.7

 
13.1

Weighted average CPR
9.9

 
12.2

 
11.2

 
11.7



 
50
 


The following table presents net (premium amortization) discount accretion recognized on our MBS and GSE CRT portfolio during 2019, 2018 and 2017.
 
Years Ended December 31,
$ in thousands, except share data
2019
 
2018
 
2017
Agency RMBS
(76,676
)
 
(80,750
)
 
(107,702
)
Agency CMBS
(4,712
)
 
(591
)
 
—

Non-Agency CMBS
15,347

 
6,682

 
(4,268
)
Non-Agency RMBS
13,164

 
19,968

 
18,769

GSE CRT
(7,842
)
 
(3,071
)
 
(1,949
)
Net (premium amortization) discount accretion
(60,719
)
 
(57,762
)
 
(95,150
)
Net premium amortization increased $3.0 million during 2019 primarily due to purchases of Agency CMBS at premiums and faster prepayment speeds on Agency RMBS and GSE CRTs. Higher premium amortization was partially offset by changes in asset mix and discount accretion on non-Agency RMBS and non-Agency CMBS.
Net premium amortization decreased $37.4 million during 2018 primarily due to slower prepayments speeds on 30 year fixed-rate Agency RMBS and purchases of non-Agency CMBS securities at a discount during 2018.
Our interest income is subject to interest rate risk. Refer to Item 7A. “Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk” for more information relating to interest rate risk and its impact on our operating results.
Interest Expense and Cost of Funds
The table below presents the components of interest expense for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017.
 
For the Years Ended
 
December 31,
$ in thousands
2019
 
2018
 
2017
Interest Expense
 
 
 
 
 
Interest expense on repurchase agreement borrowings
454,426

 
327,633

 
189,425

Amortization of net deferred (gain) loss on de-designated interest rate swaps
(23,729
)
 
(25,839
)
 
(25,544
)
Repurchase agreements interest expense
430,697

 
301,794

 
163,881

Secured loans
41,623

 
35,453

 
19,370

Exchangeable senior notes
—

 
1,621

 
13,340

Total interest expense
472,320

 
338,868

 
196,591


Our interest expense on repurchase agreement borrowings rose $126.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2019 compared to 2018 primarily due to higher average borrowings and a higher average cost of funds in 2019. We increased our average borrowings in 2019 after investing and leveraging $508.9 million in net proceeds from 2019 common stock issuances and $168.5 million in proceeds from commercial loan repayments since the beginning of 2018 primarily into newly issued 30 year fixed-rate Agency RMBS and Agency CMBS.
Our interest expense on repurchase agreement borrowings rose $138.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2018 compared to 2017 primarily due to a $1.1 billion increase in average borrowings and increases in the federal funds rate during 2018. We reinvested $160.9 million of commercial loan repayments into newly issued 30 year fixed-rate Agency RMBS and Agency CMBS securities during 2018 and financed these purchases with repurchase agreement borrowings. Our commercial loans were financed with equity.
Our repurchase agreements interest expense includes amortization of deferred gains and losses on de-designated interest rate swaps as summarized in the table above. Amounts recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income (“AOCI”) before we discontinued cash flow hedge accounting for our interest rate swaps are reclassified to interest expense on repurchase agreements on the consolidated statements of operations as interest is accrued and paid on the related repurchase agreements


 
51
 

over the remaining life of the interest rate swap agreements. Amortization of net deferred gains on de-designated interest rate swaps decreased our total interest expense by $23.7 million, $25.8 million and $25.5 million during the years ended December 31, 2019, December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively. During the next twelve months, we estimate that $23.8 million of net deferred gains on de-designated interest rate swaps will be reclassified from other comprehensive income and recorded as a decrease to interest expense.
Interest expense for our secured loans increased for the year ended December 31, 2019 compared to 2018 primarily due to higher borrowing rates as a result of increases in the federal funds target interest rate. Borrowing rates on our secured loans are based on the three-month FHLB swap rate plus a spread. For the year ended December 31, 2019, our secured loans had a weighted average borrowing rate of 2.52% as compared to 2.15% for the year ended December 31, 2018.
Interest expense on our secured loans increased for the year ended December 31, 2018 compared to 2017 primarily due to higher borrowing rates as a result of increases in the federal funds target interest rate. For the year ended December 31, 2018, our secured loans had a weighted average borrowing rate of 2.15% as compared to 1.17% for the year ended December 31, 2017.
During 2019, we did not incur interest expense on exchangeable senior notes (the “Notes”) because the Notes were retired on March 15, 2018. We retired $143.4 million of the "Notes" in 2018 and $256.6 million of the Notes in 2017. Accordingly, interest expense on the Notes decreased in 2018 compared to the same period in 2017.
Our total interest expense during the year ended December 31, 2019 increased $133.5 million compared to 2018 primarily due to a $133.0 million increase in interest expense on repurchase agreement borrowings and secured loans that was partially offset by a $1.6 million decrease in interest expense on exchangeable senior notes.
Our total interest expense increased $142.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2018 compared to 2017 primarily due to a $154.3 million increase in interest expense on repurchase agreement borrowings and secured loans that was partially offset by a $11.7 million decrease in interest expense on exchangeable senior notes.



 
52
 

The table below presents our average borrowings and cost of funds as of and for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017.
 
As of and for the Years Ended
 
December 31,
$ in thousands
2019
 
2018
 
2017
Average Borrowings (1):
 
 
 
 
 
Agency RMBS (2)
11,697,604

 
11,178,636

 
10,494,355

Agency CMBS
2,476,770

 
311,024

 
—

Non-Agency CMBS (2)
2,920,840

 
2,586,509

 
2,323,689

Non-Agency RMBS
865,353

 
887,132

 
1,142,769

GSE CRT
751,361

 
677,545

 
643,070

Exchangeable senior notes
—

 
28,646

 
228,846

Loan participation interest
36,915

 
15,377

 
—

Total average borrowings
18,748,843

 
15,684,869

 
14,832,729

Maximum borrowings during the period (3)
20,377,801

 
16,144,062

 
15,959,127

Average Cost of Funds (4):
 
 
 
 
 
Agency RMBS (2)
2.52
%
 
2.10
%
 
1.18
%
Agency CMBS
2.40
%
 
2.31
%
 
—
%
Non-Agency CMBS (2)
3.00
%
 
2.74
%
 
1.73
%
Non-Agency RMBS
3.28
%
 
3.25
%
 
2.49
%
GSE CRT
3.25
%
 
3.19
%
 
2.55
%
Exchangeable senior notes
—
%
 
5.58
%
 
5.83
%
Loan participation interest
3.99
%
 
4.04
%
 
—
%
Cost of funds
2.52
%
 
2.16
%
 
1.33
%
Effective cost of funds (non-GAAP measure) (5)
2.46
%
 
2.45
%
 
2.02
%
(1)
Average borrowings for each period are based on weighted month-end balances.
(2)
Agency RMBS and non-Agency CMBS average borrowings and average cost of funds include borrowings under repurchase agreements and secured loans.
(3)
Amount represents the maximum borrowings at month-end during each of the respective periods.
(4)
Average cost of funds is calculated by dividing annualized interest expense excluding amortization of net deferred gain (loss) on de-designated interest rate swaps by our average borrowings.
(5)
For a reconciliation of cost of funds to effective cost of funds, see “Non-GAAP Financial Measures”.
Total average borrowings rose $3.1 billion in 2019 compared to 2018 because we entered into repurchase agreements to finance our increased holdings of 30 year fixed-rate Agency RMBS, Agency CMBS, and non-Agency CMBS.
Total average borrowings rose $852.1 million in 2018 compared to 2017. Total average borrowings increased primarily due to a change in asset mix. During 2018, we reinvested $160.9 million of commercial loan repayments into newly issued 30 year fixed-rate Agency RMBS and Agency CMBS securities.
The increase in our cost of funds for 2019 versus 2018 and 2018 versus 2017 was primarily due to increases in the federal funds rate throughout 2018.



 
53
 

Net Interest Income
The table below presents the components of net interest income for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017.
 
For the Years Ended
 
December 31,
$ in thousands
2019
 
2018
 
2017
Interest Income
 
 
 
 
 
Mortgage-backed and credit risk transfer securities
772,657

 
631,478

 
521,547

Commercial and other loans
5,710

 
11,538

 
23,508

Total interest income
778,367

 
643,016

 
545,055

Interest Expense
 
 
 
 
 
Interest expense on repurchase agreement borrowings
454,426

 
327,633

 
189,425

Amortization of net deferred (gain) loss on de-designated interest rate swaps
(23,729
)
 
(25,839
)
 
(25,544
)
Repurchase agreements interest expense
430,697

 
301,794

 
163,881

Secured loans
41,623

 
35,453

 
19,370

Exchangeable senior notes
—

 
1,621

 
13,340

Total interest expense
472,320

 
338,868

 
196,591

Net interest income
306,047

 
304,148

 
348,464

Net interest rate margin
1.26
%
 
1.39
%
 
1.87
%
Our net interest income, which equals total interest income less total interest expense, totaled $306.0 million (2018: $304.1 million; 2017: $348.5 million) for the year ended December 31, 2019. The increase in net interest income for the year ended December 31, 2019 compared to 2018 was primarily due to an increase in interest income driven by higher average assets that exceeded the increase in interest expense driven by higher average borrowings.
The decrease in net interest income for the year ended December 31, 2018 compared to 2017 was primarily driven by increases in interest rates that had a greater impact on total interest expense on variable rate debt than interest income on floating and variable rate assets.
Our net interest rate margin, which equals the yield on our average assets for the period less the average cost of funds for the period, was 1.26% (2018: 1.39%; 2017: 1.87%) for the year ended December 31, 2019. The decrease in net interest rate margin for 2019 versus 2018 was primarily due to increases in the federal funds rate throughout 2018 that had a greater impact on our average cost of funds than on our average earning asset yields. The decrease in net interest rate margin for 2018 versus 2017 was primarily driven by increases in interest rates that had a greater impact on variable rate debt than interest income on floating and variable rate assets.
Provision for Loan Losses
We evaluate the collectibility of our commercial loans held-for investment using the factors described in Note 2 - “Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” of our consolidated financial statements in Part IV, Item 15 of this Report. We determined that no provision for loan losses for our commercial loans was required as of December 31, 2019 and 2018.



 
54
 

Gain (Loss) on Investments, net
The table below summarizes the components of gain (loss) on investments, net for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017.
 
Years Ended December 31,
$ in thousands
2019
 
2018
 
2017
Net realized gains (losses) on sale of investments
8,039

 
(218,136
)
 
(1,665
)
Other-than-temporary impairment losses
(7,731
)
 
(7,846
)
 
(11,962
)
Net unrealized gains (losses) on MBS accounted for under the fair value option
626,104

 
(95,327
)
 
(21,368
)
Net unrealized gains (losses) on GSE CRT accounted for under the fair value option
(1,946
)
 
(6,370
)
 
15,269

Net unrealized gains (losses on trading securities)
—

 
(21
)
 
22

Total gain (loss) on investments, net
624,466

 
(327,700
)
 
(19,704
)
As part of our investment process, all of our mortgage-backed and credit risk transfer securities are continuously reviewed to determine if they continue to meet our risk and return targets. This process involves looking at changing market assumptions and the impact those assumptions will have on the individual securities. During 2019, we continued to actively manage our investment portfolio and sold $3.3 billion of mortgage-backed securities (2018: $5.0 billion) and realized net gains of $8.0 million (2018: net losses of $218.1 million). Our sales primarily consisted of 30 year fixed-rate Agency and Hybrid ARM securities.
We assess our investment securities for other-than-temporary impairment on a quarterly basis. Our determination of whether or not a security is other-than-temporarily impaired involves judgment and assumptions based on subjective and objective factors. We consider (i) whether we intend to sell the security and whether it is more likely than not that we will be required to sell the security before recovery of its amortized cost and (ii) the financial condition and near-term prospects of recovery of fair value of the security. This includes a determination of estimated future cash flows through an evaluation of the characteristics of the underlying loans and the structural features of the investment. When the fair value of an investment is less than its amortized cost at the balance sheet date of the reporting period for which impairment is assessed, the impairment is designated as either “temporary” or “other-than-temporary”. For additional information regarding our assessment analysis of other-than temporary impairment on our investment securities, refer to Note 4 – “Mortgage-Backed and Credit Risk Transfer Securities” of our consolidated financial statements in Part IV of this Report. We recorded $7.7 million in other-than-temporary-impairments (“OTTI”) on RMBS interest-only and non-Agency RMBS securities for the year ended December 31, 2019 (2018: $7.8 million; 2017: $12.0 million).
We have elected the fair value option for all of our MBS purchased on or after September 1, 2016 and all of our GSE CRTs purchased on or after August 24, 2015. Prior to September 1, 2016, we had also elected the fair value option for our RMBS IOs. Under the fair value option, changes in fair value are recognized in income in the consolidated statements of operations. As of December 31, 2019, $17.4 billion or 80% (December 31, 2018: $11.6 billion or 67%) of our MBS and GSE CRT are accounted for under the fair value option. We recorded net unrealized gains on our MBS portfolio accounted for under the fair value option of $626.1 million in 2019 compared to net unrealized losses of $95.3 million in the 2018. Net unrealized gains in 2019 reflect lower interest rates, tighter interest rate spreads on the Company's credit assets and Agency CMBS, and valuation gains in the Company's specified pool Agency RMBS. Most of our holdings of 30 year fixed-rate Agency RMBS are in specified pools with attractive prepayment characteristics.



 
55
 

Equity in Earnings (Losses) of Unconsolidated Ventures
For the year ended December 31, 2019, we recorded equity in earnings of unconsolidated ventures of $2.2 million (2018: equity in earnings of $3.4 million; 2017: equity in losses of $1.3 million). We recorded equity in earnings for the year ended December 31, 2019 primarily due to realized and unrealized gains on portfolio investments. We recorded equity in earnings for the year ended December 31, 2018 primarily due to realized gains on portfolio investments.
Gain (Loss) on Derivative Instruments, net
We record all derivatives on our consolidated balance sheets at fair value. Changes in the fair value of our derivatives are recorded in gain (loss) on derivative instruments, net in our consolidated statements of operations. Net interest paid or received under our interest rate swaps is also recognized in gain (loss) on derivative instruments, net in our consolidated statements of operations.
The tables below summarize the components of our gain (loss) on derivative instruments, net for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017:
$ in thousands
Year ended December 31, 2019
Derivative
not designated as
hedging instrument
Realized gain (loss) on derivative instruments, net
 
 Contractual net
interest income (expense)
 
Unrealized
gain (loss), net
 
Gain (loss) on derivative instruments, net
Interest Rate Swaps
(440,626
)
 
35,840

 
18,826

 
(385,960
)
Futures Contracts
(157,929
)
 
—

 
7,836

 
(150,093
)
Currency Forward Contracts
1,478

 
—

 
(180
)
 
1,298

Total
(597,077
)
 
35,840

 
26,482

 
(534,755
)

$ in thousands
Year ended December 31, 2018
Derivative
not designated as
hedging instrument
Realized gain (loss) on derivative instruments, net
 
 Contractual net
interest income (expense)
 
Unrealized
gain (loss), net
 
Gain (loss) on derivative instruments, net
Interest Rate Swaps
81,417

 
(20,015
)
 
24,358

 
85,760

Futures Contracts
(86,318
)
 
—

 
(7,836
)
 
(94,154
)
Currency Forward Contracts
2,088

 
—

 
1,046

 
3,134

TBAs
(17
)
 
—

 
—

 
(17
)
Total
(2,830
)
 
(20,015
)
 
17,568

 
(5,277
)

$ in thousands
Year ended December 31, 2017
Derivative
not designated as
hedging instrument
Realized gain (loss) on derivative instruments, net
 
 Contractual net
interest income (expense)
 
Unrealized
gain (loss), net
 
Gain (loss) on derivative instruments, net
Interest Rate Swaps
72,894

 
(77,076
)
 
28,316

 
24,134

Currency Forward Contracts
(5,056
)
 
—

 
(923
)
 
(5,979
)
Total
67,838

 
(77,076
)
 
27,393

 
18,155

As of December 31, 2019 and 2018, we held the following interest rate swaps whereby we receive interest at a one-month or three-month LIBOR rate:
$ in thousands
December 31, 2019
 
December 31, 2018
Derivative instrument
Notional Amounts
 
Average Fixed Pay Rate
 
Average Receive Rate
 
Average Maturity (Years)
 
Notional Amounts
 
Average Fixed Pay Rate
 
Average Receive Rate
 
Average Maturity (Years)
Interest Rate Swaps
14,000,000

 
1.47
%
 
1.79
%
 
5.2
 
12,370,000

 
2.46
%
 
2.55
%
 
3.7


 
56
 


During the year ended December 31, 2019, we terminated existing swaps with a notional amount of $25.3 billion and entered into new swaps with a notional amount of $27.0 billion to hedge repurchase agreement debt associated with purchases of Agency RMBS and Agency CMBS securities. Daily variation margin for interest rate swaps is characterized as settlement of the derivative itself rather than collateral and is recorded as a realized gain or loss in our consolidated statements of operations. We realized a net loss of $440.6 million on interest rate swaps in 2019 primarily due to falling interest rates. We recognized contractual net interest income on swaps of $35.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2019 compared to contractual net interest expense of $20.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2018 primarily as a result of higher average LIBOR. Our average interest rate swap receive rate was 2.29% for the year ended December 31, 2019 versus 2.10% for the year ended December 31, 2018. We also repositioned our interest rate swap portfolio as LIBOR declined in the second half of 2019 to take advantage of lower interest rate swap fixed pay rates. Our average interest swap fixed pay rate was 2.03% for the year ended December 31, 2019 versus 2.30% for the year ended December 31, 2018.
During the year ended December 31, 2018, we increased the notional amount of our swaps from $8.6 billion as of December 31, 2017 to $12.4 billion as of December 31, 2018. Contractual net interest expense decreased from $77.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2017 to $20.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2018 primarily as a result of higher LIBOR. Our average interest rate swap receive rate was 2.55% for the year ended December 31, 2018 versus 1.48% for the year ended December 31, 2017.
During the year ended December 31, 2017, we entered into swaps with a notional amount of $2.6 billion. Contractual net interest expense decreased from $104.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2016 to $77.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2017 primarily as a result of higher LIBOR. Our average receive rate was 1.48% for the year ended December 31, 2017 versus 0.79% for the year ended December 31, 2016.
As of December 31, 2019, we were not a party to any futures contracts. During the years ended December 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, we realized net losses of $157.9 million and $86.3 million, respectively, on the settlement of futures contracts due to falling interest rates. Daily variation margin payment for futures is characterized as settlement of the derivative itself rather than collateral and is recorded as a realized gain or loss in our consolidated statement of operations.
Realized and Unrealized Credit Derivative Income (Loss), net
The table below summarizes the components of realized and unrealized credit derivative income (loss), net for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017. 
 
Years Ended December 31,
$ in thousands
2019
 
2018
 
2017
GSE CRT embedded derivative coupon interest
20,833

 
22,478

 
23,343

Change in fair value of GSE CRT embedded derivatives
(12,490
)
 
(22,629
)
 
28,305

Total realized and unrealized credit derivative income (loss), net
8,343

 
(151
)
 
51,648

During the year ended December 31, 2019, we recorded an unrealized loss on the change in the fair value of our GSE CRT embedded derivatives of $12.5 million because the decreases in the valuation of the GSE CRT debt host contracts exceeded the decreases in valuation of the hybrid financial instruments.
During the year ended December 31, 2018, we recorded an unrealized loss on the change in the fair value of our GSE CRT embedded derivatives of $22.6 million because the decreases in valuations of the hybrid financial instruments exceeded the decreases in the valuation of the debt host contracts.
Net Loss on Extinguishment of Debt
During the year ended December 31, 2018, we retired $143.4 million of the Notes for a repurchase price of $143.4 million and realized a net loss on extinguishment of debt of $26,000. During the year ended December 31, 2017, we retired $256.6 million of the Notes for a repurchase price of $262.1 million and realized a net loss on extinguishment of debt of $6.8 million.


 
57
 

Other Investment Income (Loss), net
Other investment income (loss), net in 2019 primarily consists of quarterly dividends from FHLBI stock. Other investment income (loss), net in 2018 and 2017 primarily consists of (i) quarterly dividends from FHBLI stock and an investment in an exchange-traded fund and (ii) foreign exchange rate gains and losses related to a commercial loan investment denominated in a foreign currency. The table below summarizes the components of other investment income (loss), net for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017. 
 
Years Ended December 31,
$ in thousands
2019
 
2018
 
2017
Dividend income
3,944

 
3,790

 
3,247

Gain (loss) on foreign currency transactions, net
6

 
(930
)
 
4,134

Total
3,950

 
2,860

 
7,381

We are required to purchase and hold a certain amount of FHLBI stock, which is based, in part, upon the outstanding principal balance of secured advances from the FHLBI. We earn dividend income on our investment in FHLBI stock, and the amount of our dividend income varies based upon the number of shares that we are required to own and the dividend declared per share.
We incurred foreign currency losses on the revaluation of a commercial loan investment (notional amount of £34.5 million) for the year ended December 31, 2018 due to a decline in the Pound Sterling/U.S. Dollar foreign exchange rate. This commercial loan was repaid by the borrower during 2018. We incurred foreign currency gains on the revaluation of this commercial loan investment for the year ended December 31, 2017 due to an improvement in the Pound Sterling/U.S. Dollar foreign exchange rate. We enter into currency forward contracts as an economic hedge against our foreign currency exposure. Changes in the fair value of our currency forward contracts are recognized in gain (loss) derivative instruments, net in the consolidated statements of operations. During the year ended December 31, 2018, we recognized net gains of $3.1 million on our currency forward contracts (2017: net losses of $6.0 million).
Expenses
For the year ended December 31, 2019, we incurred management fees of $38.2 million (2018: $40.7 million), which are payable to our Manager under our management agreement. Management fees decreased for the year ended December 31, 2019 compared to 2018 due to a lower stockholders' equity management fee base in 2019. The calculation of the management fee was amended in the fourth quarter of 2019. Refer to Note 11 – “Related Party Transactions” of our consolidated financial statements in Part IV of this Report for a discussion of our relationship with our Manager and a description of how our fees are calculated.
For the year ended December 31, 2018, we incurred management fees of $40.7 million (2017: $37.6 million). Management fees increased for the year ended December 31, 2018 compared to 2017 primarily due to the full year impact of issuing Series C Preferred Stock in August 2017.
For the year ended December 31, 2019, our general and administrative expenses not covered under our management agreement amounted to $8.0 million (2018: $7.1 million; 2017: $7.2 million). General and administrative expenses not covered under our management agreement primarily consist of directors and officers insurance, legal costs, accounting, auditing and tax services, filing fees and miscellaneous general and administrative costs. General and administrative costs were higher for the year ended December 31, 2019 compared to 2018 primarily due to higher fees for derivative transactions in 2019 and the write-off of previously deferred costs associated with the Company's at-the-market program in the first quarter of 2019.



 
58
 

Net Income (Loss) attributable to Common Stockholders
For the year ended December 31, 2019, our net income attributable to common stockholders was $319.7 million (2018: $115.2 million net loss attributable to common stockholders; 2017: $320.5 million net income attributable to common stockholders) or $2.42 basic and diluted net income per average share available to common stockholders (2018: $1.03 basic and diluted net loss per average share available to common stockholders; 2017: $2.87 basic and $2.75 diluted net income per average share available to common stockholders).
For the year ended December 31, 2019, we reported net income attributable to common stockholders compared to net loss attributable to common stockholders in 2018 due to: (i) net gains on investment of $624.5 million versus net losses on investments of $327.7 million in the 2018 period; (ii) net losses on derivative instruments of $534.8 million versus $5.3 million in the 2018 period; (iii) net gains on credit derivatives of $8.3 million versus net losses on credit derivatives of $151,000 in the 2018 period; and (iv) higher net interest income of $306.0 million versus $304.1 million in the 2018 period.
For the year ended December 31, 2018, we reported a net loss attributable to common stockholders compared to net income in 2017 due to: (i) net losses on investments of $327.7 million versus $19.7 million in the 2017 period; (ii) net losses on credit derivatives of $151,000 versus net gains on credit derivatives of $51.6 million in the 2017 period; (iii) lower net interest income of $304.1 million versus $348.5 million in the 2017 period; and higher dividends to preferred stockholders of $44.4 million compared to $28.1 million in the 2017 period.
For further information on the changes in net gain (loss) on investments, net gain (loss) on derivative instruments, realized and unrealized credit derivative income (loss), net and changes in net interest income in the 2019, 2018 and 2017 periods, see preceding discussion under “Gain (loss) on Investments, net”, “Gain (Loss) on Derivative Instruments, net”, “Realized and Unrealized Credit Derivative Income (Loss), net” and “Net Interest Income”.
Non-GAAP Financial Measures
We use the following non-GAAP financial measures to analyze the Company's operating results and believe these financial measures are useful to investors in assessing our performance as further discussed below:
•
core earnings (and by calculation, core earnings per common share),
•
effective interest income (and by calculation, effective yield),
•
effective interest expense (and by calculation, effective cost of funds),
•
effective net interest income (and by calculation, effective interest rate margin), and
•
repurchase agreement debt-to-equity ratio. 
The most directly comparable U.S. GAAP measures are:
•
net income (loss) attributable to common stockholders (and by calculation, basic earnings (loss) per common share),
•
total interest income (and by calculation, earning asset yields),
•
total interest expense (and by calculation, cost of funds),
•
net interest income (and by calculation, net interest rate margin), and
•
debt-to-equity ratio. 
The non-GAAP financial measures used by management should be analyzed in conjunction with U.S. GAAP financial measures and should not be considered substitutes for U.S. GAAP financial measures. In addition, the non-GAAP financial measures may not be comparable to similarly titled non-GAAP financial measures of our peer companies.
Core Earnings
We calculate core earnings as U.S. GAAP net income (loss) attributable to common stockholders adjusted for (gain) loss on investments, net; realized (gain) loss on derivative instruments, net; unrealized (gain) loss on derivative instruments, net; realized and unrealized (gain) loss on GSE CRT embedded derivatives, net; (gain) loss on foreign currency transactions, net; amortization of net deferred (gain) loss on de-designated interest rate swaps; net loss on extinguishment of debt; and cumulative adjustments attributable to non-controlling interest. We may add and have added additional reconciling items to our core earnings calculation as appropriate.


 
59
 

We believe the presentation of core earnings provides a consistent measure of operating performance by excluding the impact of gains and losses described above from operating results. We exclude the impact of gains and losses because gains and losses are not accounted for consistently under U.S. GAAP. Under U.S. GAAP, certain gains and losses are reflected in net income whereas other gains and losses are reflected in other comprehensive income. For example, a portion of our mortgage-backed securities are classified as available-for-sale securities, and we record changes in the valuation of these securities in other comprehensive income on our consolidated balance sheets. We elected the fair value option for our mortgage-backed securities purchased on or after September 1, 2016, and changes in the valuation of these securities are recorded in other income (loss) in our consolidated statements of operations. In addition, certain gains and losses represent one-time events.
We believe that providing transparency into core earnings enables our investors to consistently measure, evaluate and compare our operating performance to that of our peers over multiple reporting periods. However, we caution that core earnings should not be considered as an alternative to net income (determined in accordance with U.S. GAAP), or as an indication of our cash flow from operating activities (determined in accordance with U.S. GAAP), a measure of our liquidity, or as an indication of amounts available to fund our cash needs, including our ability to make cash distributions.
The table below provides a reconciliation of U.S. GAAP net income (loss) attributable to common stockholders to core earnings for the following periods:
 
Years Ended December 31,
$ in thousands, except per share data
2019
 
2018
 
2017
Net income (loss) attributable to common stockholders
319,675

 
(115,216
)
 
320,527

Adjustments:
 
 
 
 
 
(Gain) loss on investments, net
(624,466
)
 
327,700

 
19,704

Realized (gain) loss on derivative instruments, net (1)
597,077

 
2,830

 
(67,838
)
Unrealized (gain) loss on derivative instruments, net (1)
(26,482
)
 
(17,568
)
 
(27,393
)
Realized and unrealized (gain) loss on GSE CRT embedded derivatives, net (2)
12,490

 
22,629

 
(28,305
)
(Gain) loss on foreign currency transactions, net (3)
(6
)
 
930

 
(4,134
)
Amortization of net deferred (gain) loss on de-designated interest rate swaps (4)
(23,729
)
 
(25,839
)
 
(25,544
)
Net loss on extinguishment of debt
—

 
26

 
6,814

Subtotal
(65,116
)
 
310,708

 
(126,696
)
Cumulative adjustments attributable to non-controlling interest
—

 
(2,536
)
 
1,597

Preferred stock dividend declared but not accumulated (5)
—

 
—

 
(2,870
)
Core earnings attributable to common stockholders
254,559

 
192,956

 
192,558

Basic earnings (loss) per common share
2.42

 
(1.03
)
 
2.87

Core earnings per share attributable to common stockholders (6)
1.92

 
1.73

 
1.73


(1)
U.S. GAAP gain (loss) on derivative instruments, net on the consolidated statements of operations includes the following components:
 
Years Ended December 31,
$ in thousands
2019
 
2018
 
2017
Realized gain (loss) on derivative instruments, net
(597,077
)
 
(2,830
)
 
67,838

Unrealized gain (loss) on derivative instruments, net
26,482

 
17,568

 
27,393

Contractual net interest income (expense) on interest rate swaps
35,840

 
(20,015
)
 
(77,076
)
Gain (loss) on derivative instruments, net
(534,755
)
 
(5,277
)
 
18,155




 
60
 

(2)
U.S. GAAP realized and unrealized credit derivative income (loss), net on the consolidated statements of operations includes the following components:
 
Years Ended December 31,
$ in thousands
2019
 
2018
 
2017
Realized and unrealized gain (loss) on GSE CRT embedded derivatives, net
(12,490
)
 
(22,629
)
 
28,305

GSE CRT embedded derivative coupon interest
20,833

 
22,478

 
23,343

Realized and unrealized credit derivative income (loss), net
8,343

 
(151
)
 
51,648


(3)
U.S. GAAP other investment income (loss), net on the consolidated statements of operations includes the following components:
 
Years Ended December 31,
$ in thousands
2019
 
2018
 
2017
Dividend income
3,944

 
3,790

 
3,247

Gain (loss) on foreign currency transactions, net
6

 
(930
)
 
4,134

Other investment income (loss), net
3,950

 
2,860

 
7,381


(4)
U.S. GAAP repurchase agreements interest expense on the consolidated statements of operations includes the following components:
 
Years Ended December 31,
$ in thousands
2019
 
2018
 
2017
Interest expense on repurchase agreements outstanding
454,426

 
327,633

 
189,425

Amortization of net deferred (gain) loss on de-designated interest rate swaps
(23,729
)
 
(25,839
)
 
(25,544
)
Repurchase agreements interest expense
430,697

 
301,794

 
163,881


(5)
Cumulative dividends are charged to retained earnings when declared or earned under U.S. GAAP. Prior to 2017, we declared quarterly dividends on Series B Preferred Stock prior to dividends accumulating.  In December 2017, the Company deferred declaring its next dividend on Series B Preferred Stock to February 2018. We reduced core earnings for the year ended December 31, 2017 for the cumulative impact of deferring the Series B Preferred Stock declaration date to February 2018 because we consider all dividends accumulated during a year a current component of our capital costs regardless of the dividend declaration date.
(6)
Core earnings per share attributable to common stockholders is equal to core earnings divided by the basic weighted average number of common shares outstanding.
The components of core income for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017 are:
 
Years Ended December 31,
$ in thousands
2019
 
2018
 
2017
Effective net interest income(1)
338,991

 
280,772

 
269,187

Dividend income
3,944

 
3,790

 
3,247

Equity in earnings (losses) of unconsolidated ventures
2,224

 
3,402

 
(1,327
)
Total expenses
(46,174
)
 
(47,792
)
 
(44,746
)
Total core earnings
298,985

 
240,172

 
226,361

Dividends to preferred stockholders
(44,426
)
 
(44,426
)
 
(28,080
)
Preferred stock dividend declared but not accumulated
—

 
—

 
(2,870
)
Core earnings attributable to non-controlling interest
—

 
(2,790
)
 
(2,853
)
Core earnings attributable to common stockholders
254,559

 
192,956

 
192,558

(1)
See below for a reconciliation of net interest income to effective net interest income, a non-GAAP measure.


 
61
 

Core earnings for the year ended December 31, 2019 increased $61.6 million from 2018 primarily due to a $58.2 million increase in effective net interest income. Effective net interest income increased primarily due to earning contractual net interest income on interest rate swaps of $35.8 million in 2019 compared to incurring contractual net interest expense on interest rate swaps of $20.0 million in 2018 primarily due to higher LIBOR in 2019.
Core earnings for the year ended December 31, 2018 increased $398,000 from 2017 primarily due to (i) an $11.6 million increase in effective net interest income and (ii) equity in earnings of unconsolidated ventures of $3.4 million in 2018 compared to equity in losses of $1.3 million in 2017 that was offset by (i) a $13.5 million increase in accumulated preferred stock dividends and (ii) a $3.0 million increase in management fees and other expenses. Higher preferred dividends and management fees in 2018 are due to the full year impact of the Company's Series C Preferred Stock offering in August 2017.
See below for a discussion of changes in effective net interest income from 2017 through 2019.

Effective Interest Income / Effective Yield/ Effective Interest Expense / Effective Cost of Funds / Effective Net Interest Income / Effective Interest Rate Margin
We calculate effective interest income (and by calculation, effective yield) as U.S. GAAP total interest income adjusted for GSE CRT embedded derivative coupon interest that is recorded as realized and unrealized credit derivative income (loss), net. We include our GSE CRT embedded derivative coupon interest in effective interest income because GSE CRT coupon interest is not accounted for consistently under U.S. GAAP. We account for GSE CRTs purchased prior to August 24, 2015 as hybrid financial instruments, but we have elected the fair value option for GSE CRTs purchased on or after August 24, 2015. Under U.S. GAAP, coupon interest on GSE CRTs accounted for using the fair value option is recorded as interest income, whereas coupon interest on GSE CRTs accounted for as hybrid financial instruments is recorded as realized and unrealized credit derivative income (loss). We add back GSE CRT embedded derivative coupon interest to our total interest income because we consider GSE CRT embedded derivative coupon interest a current component of our total interest income irrespective of whether we elected the fair value option for the GSE CRT or accounted for the GSE CRT as a hybrid financial instrument.
We calculate effective interest expense (and by calculation, effective cost of funds) as U.S. GAAP total interest expense adjusted for contractual net interest income (expense) on our interest rate swaps that is recorded as gain (loss) on derivative instruments, net and the amortization of net deferred gains (losses) on de-designated interest rate swaps that is recorded as repurchase agreements interest expense. We view our interest rate swaps as an economic hedge against increases in future market interest rates on our floating rate borrowings. We add back the net payments on our interest rate swap agreements to our total U.S. GAAP interest expense because we use interest rate swaps to add stability to interest expense. We exclude the amortization of net deferred gains (losses) on de-designated interest rate swaps from our calculation of effective interest expense because we do not consider the amortization a current component of our borrowing costs.
We calculate effective net interest income (and by calculation, effective interest rate margin) as U.S. GAAP net interest income adjusted for contractual net interest income (expense) on our interest rate swaps that is recorded as gain (loss) on derivative instruments, the amortization of net deferred gains (losses) on de-designated interest rate swaps that is recorded as repurchase agreement interest expense and GSE CRT embedded derivative coupon interest that is recorded as realized and unrealized credit derivative income (loss), net.
We believe the presentation of effective interest income, effective yield, effective interest expense, effective cost of funds, effective net interest income and effective interest rate margin measures, when considered together with U.S. GAAP financial measures, provide information that is useful to investors in understanding our borrowing costs and operating performance.
The following table reconciles total interest income to effective interest income and yield to effective yield for the following periods:
 
Years Ended December 31,
$ in thousands
2019
 
2018
 
2017
$ in thousands
Reconciliation
 
Yield/Effective Yield
 
Reconciliation
 
Yield/Effective Yield
 
Reconciliation
 
Yield/Effective Yield
Total interest income
778,367

 
3.78
%
 
643,016

 
3.55
%
 
545,055

 
3.20
%
Add: GSE CRT embedded derivative coupon interest recorded as realized and unrealized credit derivative income (loss), net
20,833

 
0.11
%
 
22,478

 
0.13
%
 
23,343

 
0.14
%
Effective interest income
799,200

 
3.89
%
 
665,494

 
3.68
%
 
568,398

 
3.34
%


 
62
 


Our effective interest income increased for the year ended December 31, 2019 versus 2018 primarily due to higher average earning assets and higher effective yield. Our average earning assets increased to $20.6 billion for the year ended December 31, 2019 from $18.1 billion for the year ended December 31, 2018 primarily because we invested and leveraged $508.9 million in net proceeds from 2019 common stock issuances and $168.5 million in proceeds from commercial loan repayments since the beginning of 2018 into newly issued 30 year fixed-rate Agency RMBS and Agency CMBS securities. The increase in effective yield for the year ended December 31, 2019 versus 2018 was primarily due to the purchase of new securities at higher yields and higher index rates on floating and adjustable rate assets.
Our effective interest income increased for the year ended December 31, 2018 versus 2017 primarily due to higher average earning assets and higher effective yield. Our average earning assets increased to $18.1 billion for the year ended December 31, 2018 from $17.0 billion for the year ended December 31, 2017 primarily due to a change in asset mix. During 2018, we reinvested $160.9 million of commercial loan repayments into newly issued 30 year fixed-rate Agency RMBS and Agency CMBS securities. Our effective yield for the year ended December 31, 2018 versus 2017 rose 34 basis points primarily due to slower prepayment speeds and higher index rates on floating and adjustable rate assets.
The following table reconciles total interest expense to effective interest expense and cost of funds to effective cost of funds for the following periods:
 
Years Ended December 31,
 
2019
 
2018
 
2017
$ in thousands
Reconciliation
 
Cost of Funds / Effective Cost of Funds
 
Reconciliation
 
Cost of Funds / Effective Cost of Funds
 
Reconciliation
 
Cost of Funds / Effective Cost of Funds
Total interest expense
472,320

 
2.52
 %
 
338,868

 
2.16
%
 
196,591

 
1.33
%
Add: Amortization of net deferred gain (loss) on de-designated interest rate swaps
23,729

 
0.13
 %
 
25,839

 
0.16
%
 
25,544

 
0.17
%
Add (Less): Contractual net interest expense (income) on interest rate swaps recorded as gain (loss) on derivative instruments, net
(35,840
)
 
(0.19
)%
 
20,015

 
0.13
%
 
77,076

 
0.52
%
Effective interest expense
460,209

 
2.46
 %
 
384,722

 
2.45
%
 
299,211

 
2.02
%
Our effective interest expense and effective cost of funds increased for the year ended December 31, 2019 compared to the same period in 2018 primarily due to increased borrowings and increases in the federal funds rate throughout 2018. Effective interest expense was also impacted by a change in contractual net interest expense (income) on interest rate swaps from $20.0 million of contractual net interest expense for the year ended December 31, 2018 to $35.8 million of contractual net interest income for the year ended December 31, 2019 primarily as a result of higher LIBOR. Our average interest rate swap receive rate was 2.29% for the year ended December 31, 2019 versus 2.10% for the year ended December 31, 2018.
Our effective interest expense and effective cost of funds for the year ended December 31, 2018 increased primarily due to higher average borrowings and increases in the federal funds rate. Effective interest expense was also impacted by a decrease in contractual net interest expense on interest rate swaps from $77.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2017 to $20.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2018 primarily as a result of higher LIBOR. Our average interest rate swap receive rate was 2.55% for the year ended December 31, 2018 versus 1.48% for the year ended December 31, 2017.
See the preceding caption “Interest Expense and Cost of Funds” for further discussion of these variances.









 
63
 

The following table reconciles net interest income to effective net interest income and net interest rate margin to effective interest rate margin for the following periods:
 
Years Ended December 31,
 
2019
 
2018
 
2017
$ in thousands
Reconciliation
 
Net Interest Rate Margin / Effective Interest Rate Margin
 
Reconciliation
 
Net Interest Rate Margin / Effective Interest Rate Margin
 
Reconciliation
 
Net Interest Rate Margin / Effective Interest Rate Margin
Net interest income
306,047

 
1.26
 %
 
304,148

 
1.39
 %
 
348,464

 
1.87
 %
Less: Amortization of net deferred (gain) loss on de-designated interest rate swaps
(23,729
)
 
(0.13
)%
 
(25,839
)
 
(0.16
)%
 
(25,544
)
 
(0.17
)%
Add: GSE CRT embedded derivative coupon interest recorded as realized and unrealized credit derivative income (loss), net
20,833

 
0.11
 %
 
22,478

 
0.13
 %
 
23,343

 
0.14
 %
Add (Less): Contractual net interest income (expense) on interest rate swaps recorded as gain (loss) on derivative instruments, net
35,840

 
0.19
 %
 
(20,015
)
 
(0.13
)%
 
(77,076
)
 
(0.52
)%
Effective net interest income
338,991

 
1.43
 %
 
280,772

 
1.23
 %
 
269,187

 
1.32
 %
Effective net interest income and effective interest rate margin for the year ended December 31, 2019 increased primarily due to earning contractual net interest income on interest rate swaps of $35.8 million compared to incurring contractual net interest expense on interest rate swaps of $20.0 million in the same period in 2018, primarily as a result of higher LIBOR rates in 2019.
Effective net interest income increased from $269.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2017 to $280.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2018. The increase in effective net interest income was primarily due to a $57.1 million decrease in contractual net interest expense on interest rate swaps that more than offset the $44.3 million decrease in net interest income. Our effective interest rate margin declined to 1.23% for the year ended December 31, 2018 from 1.32% in the same period in 2017 primarily due to increases in the federal funds interest rate. The increase in the federal funds rate in 2018 had more impact on our short term repurchase agreement cost of funds than on our longer term asset yields.


 
64
 

Repurchase Agreement Debt-to-Equity Ratio
The tables below show the allocation of our stockholders' equity to our target assets, our debt-to-equity ratio, and our repurchase agreement debt-to-equity ratio as of December 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018. Our debt-to-equity ratio is calculated in accordance with U.S. GAAP and is the ratio of total debt (sum of repurchase agreements and secured loans) to total stockholders' equity. We present a repurchase agreement debt-to-equity ratio, a non-GAAP financial measure of leverage, because the mortgage REIT industry primarily uses repurchase agreements, which typically mature within one year, to finance investments. We believe that presenting our repurchase agreement debt-to-equity ratio, when considered together with our U.S. GAAP financial measure of debt-to-equity ratio, provides information that is useful to investors in understanding our refinancing risks, and gives investors a comparable statistic to those other mortgage REITs who almost exclusively borrow using short-term repurchase agreements that are subject to refinancing risk.
December 31, 2019
$ in thousands
Agency RMBS
Agency CMBS
Commercial Credit (1)
Residential Credit (2)
Total
Mortgage-backed and credit risk transfer securities
11,301,037

4,767,930

3,829,031

1,873,788

21,771,786

Cash and cash equivalents (3)
73,927

27,881

51,092

19,607

172,507

Restricted cash(4)
81,830

34,441

724

—

116,995

Derivative assets, at fair value (4)
13,034

5,499

—

—

18,533

Other assets
94,525

12,460

110,122

49,617

266,724

Total assets
11,564,353

4,848,211

3,990,969

1,943,012

22,346,545

 
 
 
 
 
 
Repurchase agreements
9,666,964

4,246,359

2,041,968

1,577,012

17,532,303

Secured loans (5)
540,299

—

1,109,701

—

1,650,000

Derivative liabilities, at fair value (4)
—

—

352

—

352

Other liabilities
65,353

124,305

29,727

12,606

231,991

Total liabilities
10,272,616

4,370,664

3,181,748

1,589,618

19,414,646

 
 
 
 
 
 
Total stockholders' equity (allocated)
1,291,737

477,547

809,221

353,394

2,931,899

Adjustments to calculate repurchase agreement debt-to-equity ratio:
 
 
 
 
 
Net stockholders' equity in unsecured assets (6)
—

—

(46,053
)
—

(46,053
)
Collateral pledged against secured loans
(621,667
)
—

(1,276,822
)
—

(1,898,489
)
Secured loans
540,299

—

1,109,701

—

1,650,000

Stockholders' equity related to repurchase agreement debt
1,210,369

477,547

596,047

353,394

2,637,357

Debt-to-equity ratio (7)
7.9

8.9

3.9

4.5

6.5

Repurchase agreement debt-to-equity ratio (8)
8.0

8.9

3.4

4.5

6.6

(1)
Investments in non-Agency CMBS, Multifamily GSE CRT, commercial loans and unconsolidated joint ventures are included in commercial credit.
(2)
Investments in non-Agency RMBS, Single Family GSE CRT and a loan participation interest are included in residential credit.
(3)
Cash and cash equivalents is allocated based on a percentage of stockholders' equity for each asset class.
(4)
Restricted cash, derivative assets and derivative liabilities are allocated based on the hedging strategy for each asset class.
(5)
Secured loans are allocated based on amount of collateral pledged.
(6)
Net stockholders' equity in unsecured assets includes commercial loans and investments in unconsolidated joint ventures.
(7)
Debt-to-equity ratio is calculated as the ratio of total debt (sum of repurchase agreements and secured loans) to total stockholders' equity.
(8)
Repurchase agreement debt-to-equity ratio is calculated as the ratio of repurchase agreements to stockholders' equity related to repurchase agreement debt.





 
65
 

December 31, 2018
$ in thousands
Agency RMBS
Agency CMBS
Commercial Credit (1)
Residential Credit (2)
Total
Mortgage-backed and credit risk transfer securities
11,124,663

1,002,510

3,286,459

1,983,010

17,396,642

Cash and cash equivalents (3)
64,908

3,781

45,632

21,296

135,617

Derivative assets, at fair value (4)
13,842

1,247

—

—

15,089

Other assets
84,452

4,065

115,908

61,732

266,157

Total assets
11,287,865

1,011,603

3,447,999

2,066,038

17,813,505

 
 
 
 
 
 
Repurchase agreements
9,529,352

810,450

1,616,473

1,646,209

13,602,484

Secured loans (5)
600,856

—

1,049,144

—

1,650,000

Derivative liabilities, at fair value (4)
21,300

1,919

171

—

23,390

Other liabilities
74,162

137,895

25,819

13,058

250,934

Total liabilities
10,225,670

950,264

2,691,607

1,659,267

15,526,808

 
 
 
 
 
 
Total stockholders' equity (allocated)
1,062,195

61,339

756,392

406,771

2,286,697

Adjustments to calculate repurchase agreement debt-to-equity ratio:
 
 
 
 
 
Net stockholders' equity in unsecured assets (6)
—

—

(55,594
)
—

(55,594
)
Collateral pledged against secured loans
(702,952
)
—

(1,227,412
)
—

(1,930,364
)
Secured loans
600,856

—

1,049,144

—

1,650,000

Stockholders' equity related to repurchase agreement debt
960,099

61,339

522,530

406,771

1,950,739

Debt-to-equity ratio (7)
9.5

13.2

3.5

4.0

6.7

Repurchase agreement debt-to-equity ratio (8)
9.9

13.2

3.1

4.0

7.0

(1)
Investments in non-Agency CMBS, commercial loans and unconsolidated joint ventures are included in commercial credit.
(2)
Investments in non-Agency RMBS, Single Family GSE CRT and a loan participation interest are included in residential credit.
(3)
Cash and cash equivalents are allocated based on a percentage of stockholders' equity for each asset class.
(4)
Derivative assets and liabilities are allocated based on the hedging strategy for each asset class.
(5)
Secured loans are allocated based on amount of collateral pledged.
(6)
Net stockholders' equity in unsecured assets includes commercial loans and investments in unconsolidated joint ventures.
(7)
Debt-to-equity ratio is calculated as the ratio of total debt (sum of repurchase agreements and secured loans) to total stockholders' equity.
(8)
Repurchase agreement debt-to-equity ratio is calculated as the ratio of repurchase agreements to stockholders' equity related to repurchase agreement debt.

Liquidity and Capital Resources
Liquidity is a measurement of our ability to meet potential cash requirements, including ongoing commitments to pay dividends, fund investments, repayment of borrowings and other general business needs. Our primary sources of funds for liquidity consist of the net proceeds from our common and preferred equity offerings, net cash provided by operating activities, proceeds from repurchase agreements and other financing arrangements and future issuances of equity and/or debt securities.
We currently believe that we have sufficient liquidity and capital resources available for the acquisition of additional investments, repayments on borrowings, margin requirements and the payment of cash dividends as required for continued qualification as a REIT. We generally maintain liquidity to pay down borrowings under repurchase arrangements to reduce borrowing costs and otherwise efficiently manage our long-term investment capital. Because the level of these borrowings can be adjusted on a daily basis, the level of cash and cash equivalents carried on our consolidated balance sheets is significantly less important than our potential liquidity available under borrowing arrangements. However, there can be no assurance that we will maintain sufficient levels of liquidity to meet any margin calls.
We held cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash of $289.5 million at December 31, 2019 (2018: $135.6 million). Our cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash increased due to normal fluctuations in cash balances related to the timing of principal and interest payments, repayments of debt, and asset purchases and sales. Our operating activities provided net cash of approximately $343.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2019 (2018: $304.3 million; 2017: $290.6 million).


 
66
 

Our investing activities used net cash of $4.3 billion for the year ended December 31, 2019 (2018: provided net cash of $621.6 million; 2017: used net cash of $3.1 billion). During the year ended December 31, 2019, we used cash to purchase $9.2 billion of MBS and GSE CRT securities. Purchases were partially funded by principal payments from MBS and GSE CRT securities of $2.2 billion, proceeds from MBS and GSE CRT sales of $3.3 billion, and through investing and leveraging proceeds of common stock offerings.
During the year ended December 31, 2018, we used cash to purchase $6.2 billion of MBS and GSE CRT securities. Purchases were partially funded by principal payments from MBS and GSE CRT securities of $2.0 billion, proceeds from MBS and GSE CRT sales of $4.7 billion, and principal payments from commercial loans held-for investment of $160.9 million.
During the year ended December 31, 2017, we used cash to purchase $6.3 billion of MBS and GSE CRT securities. Purchases were partially funded by principal payments from MBS and GSE CRT securities of $2.4 billion, proceeds from MBS and GSE CRT sales of $625.5 million, and principal payments from commercial loans held-for investment of $90.7 million.
Our financing activities provided net cash of $4.1 billion for the year ended December 31, 2019 (2018: used net cash of $879.2 million; 2017: provided net cash of $2.7 billion).
Our financing activities for the year ended December 31, 2019 primarily consisted of net principal repayments on our repurchase agreements of $3.9 million. We also raised proceeds of $509.1 million from the issuance of common stock and paid dividends of $271.2 million.
Our financing activities for the year ended December 31, 2018 primarily consisted of net principal repayments on our repurchase agreements of $478.3 million. We used cash of $143.4 million to extinguish our exchangeable senior notes that matured in March 2018. In addition, we paid dividends of $234.4 million and redeemed OP units of $21.8 million.
Our financing activities for the year ended December 31, 2017 was net proceeds from our repurchase agreements of $2.9 billion and net proceeds from issuance of Series C Preferred Stock of $278.2 million. We used cash of $262.1 million to extinguish a portion of our exchangeable senior notes maturing in 2018 and to pay dividends of $212.7 million.
As of December 31, 2019, our wholly-owned subsidiary, IAS Services LLC, had $1.65 billion in outstanding secured loans from the FHLBI. The FHLBI secured loans were collateralized by non-Agency CMBS and Agency RMBS with a fair value of $1.3 billion and $621.5 million, respectively. We repaid $300.0 million of secured loans from the FHLBI upon their maturity on February 11, 2020 through a combination of available cash and additional repurchase agreement borrowings.
As of December 31, 2019, the average margin requirement (weighted by borrowing amount), or the percentage amount by which the collateral value must exceed the loan amount (also refered to as the “haircut”) under our repurchase agreements was 5.1% for Agency RMBS, 5.2% for Agency CMBS, 17.7% for non-Agency RMBS, 19.2% for GSE CRT, and 20.0% for non-Agency CMBS. Across our repurchase agreement facilities, the haircuts range from a low of 4% to a high of 20% for Agency RMBS, a low of 5% to a high of 10% for Agency CMBS, a low of 8% to a high of 35% for non-Agency RMBS, a low of 13% to a high of 30% for GSE CRT, and a low of 10% to a high of 40% for non-Agency CMBS. Declines in the value of our securities portfolio can trigger margin calls by our lenders under our repurchase agreements. An event of default or termination event would give some of our counterparties the option to terminate all repurchase transactions existing with us and require any amount due by us to the counterparties to be payable immediately.
Effects of Margin Requirements, Leverage and Credit Spreads
Our securities have values that fluctuate according to market conditions and, as discussed above, the market value of our securities will decrease as prevailing interest rates or credit spreads increase. When the value of the securities pledged to secure a repurchase loan or a secured loan decreases to the point where the positive difference between the collateral value and the loan amount is less than the haircut, our lenders may issue a “margin call,” which means that the lender will require us to pay cash or pledge additional collateral. Under our repurchase facilities and secured loans, our lenders have full discretion to determine the value of the securities we pledge to them. Most of our lenders will value securities based on recent trades in the market. Lenders also issue margin calls as the published current principal balance factors change on the pool of mortgages underlying the securities pledged as collateral when scheduled and unscheduled paydowns are announced monthly.
We experience margin calls and increased collateral requirements in the ordinary course of our business. In seeking to effectively manage the margin requirements established by our lenders, we maintain a position of cash and unpledged securities. We refer to this position as our liquidity. The level of liquidity we have available to meet margin calls is directly affected by our leverage levels, our haircuts and the price changes on our securities. If interest rates increase as a result of a yield curve shift or for another reason or if credit spreads widen, then the prices of our collateral (and our unpledged assets that constitute our liquidity) will decline, we will experience margin calls, and we will use our liquidity to meet the margin calls. There can be no assurance that we will maintain sufficient levels of liquidity to meet any margin calls or increased collateral


 
67
 

requirements. If our haircuts increase, our liquidity will proportionately decrease. In addition, if we increase our borrowings, our liquidity will decrease by the amount of additional haircut on the increased level of indebtedness.
We intend to maintain a level of liquidity in relation to our assets that enables us to meet reasonably anticipated margin calls and increased collateral requirements but that also allows us to be substantially invested in securities. We may misjudge the appropriate amount of our liquidity by maintaining excessive liquidity, which would lower our investment returns, or by maintaining insufficient liquidity, which would force us to liquidate assets into unfavorable market conditions and harm our results of operations and financial condition.
We are subject to financial covenants in connection with our lending, derivatives and other agreements we enter into in the normal course of our business. We intend to continue to operate in a manner which complies with all of our financial covenants. Our lending and derivative agreements provide that we may be declared in default of our obligations if our leverage ratio exceeds certain thresholds and we fail to maintain stockholders’ equity or market value above certain thresholds over specified time periods.
Forward-Looking Statements Regarding Liquidity
Based upon our current portfolio, leverage rate and available borrowing arrangements, we believe that cash flow from operations and available borrowing capacity will be sufficient to enable us to meet anticipated short-term (one year or less) liquidity requirements to fund our investment activities, pay fees under our management agreement, fund our distributions to stockholders and for other general corporate expenses.
Our ability to meet our long-term (greater than one year) liquidity and capital resource requirements will be subject to obtaining additional debt financing. We may increase our capital resources by obtaining long-term credit facilities or through public or private offerings of equity or debt securities, possibly including classes of preferred stock, common stock, and senior or subordinated notes. Such financing will depend on market conditions for capital raises and our ability to invest such offering proceeds. If we are unable to renew, replace or expand our sources of financing on substantially similar terms, it may have an adverse effect on our business and results of operations.
Contractual Obligations
We have entered into an agreement with our Manager under which our Manager is entitled to receive a management fee and the reimbursement of certain operating expenses incurred on our behalf. The management fee is calculated and payable quarterly in arrears in an amount equal to 1.50% of our stockholders’ equity, per annum. Refer to Note 11 – “Related Party Transactions” of our consolidated financial statements in Part IV of this Report for additional information on how our management fee is calculated. Our Manager uses the proceeds from its management fee in part to pay compensation to its officers and personnel who, notwithstanding that certain of those individuals are also our officers, receive no cash compensation directly from us. We are required to reimburse our Manager for operating expenses related to us incurred by our Manager, including certain salary expenses and other expenses relating to legal, accounting, due diligence and other services. Our reimbursement obligation is not subject to any dollar limitation. Refer to Note 11 – “Related Party Transactions” of our consolidated financial statements in Part IV of this Report for details of our reimbursements to our Manager.
As of December 31, 2019, we had the following contractual obligations:
 
Payments Due by Period
$ in thousands
Total
 
Less than 1
year
 
1-3 years
 
3-5 years
 
After 5
years
Repurchase agreements
17,532,303

 
17,532,303

 
—

 
—

 
—

Secured loans (1)
1,650,000

 
300,000

 
100,000

 
—

 
1,250,000

Interest expense on repurchase agreements (2)
80,932

 
80,932

 
—

 
—

 
—

Interest expense on secured loans (2)
141,272

 
27,276

 
48,944

 
48,725

 
16,327

Total contractual obligations (3)
19,404,507

 
17,940,511

 
148,944

 
48,725

 
1,266,327

(1)
We repaid $300.0 million of secured loans upon their maturity on February 11, 2020 through a combination of available cash and additional repurchase agreement borrowings.
(2)
Interest expense is calculated based on variable rates in effect at December 31, 2019.
(3)
Excluded from total contractual obligations are the amounts due to our Manager under our management agreement, as those obligations do not have fixed and determinable payments.

The above table does not include total commitments of approximately $99.6 million to fund the purchase of Agency CMBS TBA securities because these commitments are reported as an investment related payable in our condensed consolidated


 
68
 

balance sheet as of December 31, 2019. These TBA purchases will be funded with a combination of stockholders' equity and debt, including paydowns of securities, proceeds from security sales and repurchase agreements.
Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
We have committed to invest up to $125.2 million in unconsolidated ventures that are sponsored by an affiliate of our Manager. The unconsolidated ventures are structured as partnerships, and we invest in the partnerships as a limited partner. As of December 31, 2019, $118.8 million of our commitment has been called. We are committed to fund $6.4 million in additional capital to fund future investments and to cover future expenses should they occur.
As of December 31, 2019, we have an unfunded commitment on our loan participation interest of $30.3 million.
Dividends
We intend to continue to make regular quarterly distributions to holders of our common stock and preferred stock. U.S. federal income tax law generally requires that a REIT distribute at least 90% of its REIT taxable income annually, determined without regard to the deduction for dividends paid and excluding net capital gains, and that it pay tax at regular corporate rates to the extent that it annually distributes less than 100% of its taxable income. Before we pay any dividend, whether for U.S. federal income tax purposes or otherwise, we must first meet both our operating requirements and debt service on our repurchase agreements and other debt payable. If our cash available for distribution is less than our taxable income, we could be required to sell assets or borrow funds to make cash distributions, or we may make a portion of the required distribution in the form of a taxable stock distribution or distribution of debt securities.
As discussed above, our distribution requirements are based on REIT taxable income rather than U.S. GAAP net income. The primary differences between our REIT taxable income and U.S. GAAP net income are: (i) unrealized gains and losses on investments that we have elected the fair value option for that are included in current U.S. GAAP income but are excluded from taxable income until realized or settled; (ii) gains and losses on derivative instruments that are included in current U.S. GAAP net income but are excluded from taxable income until realized; and (iii) temporary differences related to amortization of premiums and discounts on investments. For additional information regarding the characteristics of our dividends, refer to Note 12 – “Stockholders' Equity” of our consolidated financial statements in Part IV of this Report.
Inflation
Virtually all of our assets and liabilities are sensitive to interest rates. As a result, interest rates and other factors influence our performance far more than inflation. Changes in interest rates do not necessarily correlate with inflation rates or changes in inflation rates.
Unrelated Business Taxable Income
We have not engaged in transactions that would result in a portion of our income being treated as unrelated business taxable income.


 
69
 

Exposure to Financial Counterparties
We finance a substantial portion of our investment portfolio through repurchase agreements. Under these agreements, we pledge assets from our investment portfolio as collateral. Additionally, certain counterparties may require us to provide cash collateral in the event the market value of the assets declines to maintain a contractual repurchase agreement collateral ratio. If a counterparty were to default on its obligations, we would be exposed to potential losses to the extent the fair value of collateral pledged by us to the counterparty including any accrued interest receivable on such collateral exceeded the amount loaned to us by the counterparty plus interest due to the counterparty.
As of December 31, 2019, one counterparty held collateral that exceeded the amounts borrowed under the related repurchase agreements by more than $146.6 million, or 5% of our stockholders’ equity. The following table summarizes our exposure to counterparties by geographic concentration as of December 31, 2019:
$ in thousands
Number of Counterparties
 
Repurchase Agreement Financing
 
Exposure
North America
17

 
8,218,672

 
826,222

Europe (excluding United Kingdom)
7

 
2,609,955

 
354,215

Asia
5

 
3,096,025

 
202,027

United Kingdom
4

 
3,607,651

 
222,380

Total
33

 
17,532,303

 
1,604,844

Other Matters
We believe that we satisfied each of the asset tests in Section 856(c)(4) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”) at the end of each calendar quarter in 2019. We also believe that our revenue qualifies for the 75% source of income test and for the 95% source of income test rules for the year ended December 31, 2019. Consequently, we believe we met the REIT income and asset test as of December 31, 2019. We also met all REIT requirements regarding the stock ownership and distribution of dividends of our taxable income as of December 31, 2019. Therefore, as of December 31, 2019, we believe that we qualified as a REIT under the Code.
At all times, we intend to conduct our business so that neither we nor our Operating Partnership nor the subsidiaries of our Operating Partnership are required to register as an investment company under the 1940 Act. If we were required to register as an investment company, then our use of leverage would be substantially reduced. Because we are a holding company that conducts our business through our Operating Partnership and the Operating Partnership’s wholly-owned or majority-owned subsidiaries, the securities issued by these subsidiaries that are excepted from the definition of “investment company” under Section 3(c)(1) or Section 3(c)(7) of the 1940 Act, together with any other investment securities the Operating Partnership may own, may not have a combined value in excess of 40% of the value of the Operating Partnership’s total assets (exclusive of U.S. government securities and cash items) on an unconsolidated basis. This requirement limits the types of businesses in which we are permitted to engage in through our subsidiaries. In addition, we believe neither we nor the Operating Partnership are considered an investment company under Section 3(a)(1)(A) of the 1940 Act because they do not engage primarily or hold themselves out as being engaged primarily in the business of investing, reinvesting or trading in securities. Rather, through the Operating Partnership’s wholly-owned or majority-owned subsidiaries, we and the Operating Partnership are primarily engaged in the non-investment company businesses of these subsidiaries. IAS Asset I LLC and certain of the Operating Partnership’s other subsidiaries that we may form in the future rely upon the exclusion from the definition of “investment company” under the 1940 Act provided by Section 3(c)(5)(C) of the 1940 Act, which is available for entities “primarily engaged in the business of purchasing or otherwise acquiring mortgages and other liens on and interests in real estate.” This exclusion generally requires that at least 55% of each subsidiary’s portfolio be comprised of qualifying assets and at least 80% be comprised of qualifying assets and real estate-related assets (and no more than 20% comprised of miscellaneous assets). We calculate that as of December 31, 2019, we conducted our business so as not to be regulated as an investment company under the 1940 Act.
Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk.
The primary components of our market risk are related to interest rate, principal prepayment and market value. While we do not seek to avoid risk completely, we believe the risk can be quantified from historical experience and we seek to actively manage that risk, to earn sufficient compensation to justify taking those risks and to maintain capital levels consistent with the risks we undertake.


 
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Interest Rate Risk
Interest rate risk is highly sensitive to many factors, including governmental, monetary and tax policies, domestic and international economic and political considerations, and other factors beyond our control. We are subject to interest rate risk in connection with our investments and our repurchase agreements. Our repurchase agreements are typically of limited duration and will be periodically refinanced at current market rates. We mitigate this risk through utilization of derivative contracts, primarily interest rate swap agreements, TBAs and futures contracts.
Interest Rate Effect on Net Interest Income
Our operating results depend in large part upon differences between the yields earned on our investments and our cost of borrowing and interest rate hedging activities. Most of our repurchase agreements provide financing based on a floating rate of interest calculated on a fixed spread over LIBOR. The fixed spread will vary depending on the type of underlying asset which collateralizes the financing. Accordingly, the portion of our portfolio which consists of floating interest rate assets are match-funded utilizing our expected sources of short-term financing, while our fixed interest rate assets are not match-funded. During periods of rising interest rates, the borrowing costs associated with our investments tend to increase while the income earned on our fixed interest rate investments may remain substantially unchanged. This increase in borrowing costs results in the narrowing of the net interest spread between the related assets and borrowings and may even result in losses. Further, during this portion of the interest rate and credit cycles, defaults could increase and result in credit losses to us, which could adversely affect our liquidity and operating results. Such delinquencies or defaults could also have an adverse effect on the spread between interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities.
Hedging techniques are partly based on assumed levels of prepayments of our RMBS. If prepayments are slower or faster than assumed, the life of the RMBS will be longer or shorter, which would reduce the effectiveness of any hedging strategies we may use and may cause losses on such transactions. Hedging strategies involving the use of derivative securities are highly complex and may produce volatile returns.
Interest Rate Effects on Fair Value
Another component of interest rate risk is the effect that changes in interest rates will have on the market value of the assets that we acquire. We face the risk that the market value of our assets will increase or decrease at different rates than those of our liabilities, including our hedging instruments.
We primarily assess our interest rate risk by estimating the duration of our assets and the duration of our liabilities. Duration measures the market price volatility of financial instruments as interest rates change. We generally calculate duration using various financial models and empirical data. Different models and methodologies can produce different duration numbers for the same securities.
The impact of changing interest rates on fair value can change significantly when interest rates change materially. Therefore, the volatility in the fair value of our assets could increase significantly in the event interest rates change materially. In addition, other factors impact the fair value of our interest rate-sensitive investments and hedging instruments, such as the shape of the yield curve, market expectations as to future interest rate changes and other market conditions. Accordingly, changes in actual interest rates may have a material adverse effect on us.
Spread Risk
We employ a variety of spread risk management techniques that seek to mitigate the influences of spread changes on our book value per diluted common share and our liquidity to help us achieve our investment objectives. We refer to the difference between interest rates on our investments and interest rates on risk free instruments as spreads. The yield on our investments changes over time due to the level of risk free interest rates, the creditworthiness of the security, and the price of the perceived risk. The change in the market yield of our interest rate hedges also changes primarily with the level of risk free interest rates. We manage spread risk through careful asset selection, sector allocation, regulating our portfolio value-at-risk, and maintaining adequate liquidity. Changes in spreads impact our book value per diluted common share and our liquidity and could cause us to sell assets and to change our investment strategy in order to maintain liquidity and preserve book value per diluted common share.


 
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Prepayment Risk
As we receive prepayments of principal on our investments, premiums paid on these investments are amortized against interest income. In general, an increase in prepayment rates will accelerate the amortization of purchase premiums, thereby reducing the interest income earned on the investments. Conversely, discounts on such investments are accreted into interest income. In general, an increase in prepayment rates will accelerate the accretion of purchase discounts, thereby increasing the interest income earned on the investments.
Extension Risk
We compute the projected weighted-average life of our investments based upon assumptions regarding the rate at which the borrowers will prepay the underlying mortgages. In general, when a fixed-rate or hybrid adjustable-rate security is acquired with borrowings, we may, but are not required to, enter into an interest rate swap agreement or other hedging instrument that effectively fixes our borrowing costs for a period close to the anticipated average life of the fixed-rate portion of the related assets. This strategy is designed to protect us from rising interest rates, because the borrowing costs are fixed for the duration of the fixed-rate portion of the related target asset.
However, if prepayment rates decrease in a rising interest rate environment, then the life of the fixed-rate portion of the related assets could extend beyond the term of the swap agreement or other hedging instrument. This could have a negative impact on our results from operations, as borrowing costs would no longer be fixed after the end of the hedging instrument, while the income earned on the hybrid adjustable-rate assets would remain fixed. This situation may also cause the market value of our hybrid adjustable-rate assets to decline, with little or no offsetting gain from the related hedging transactions. In extreme situations, we may be forced to sell assets to maintain adequate liquidity, which could cause us to incur losses.
Market Risk
Market Value Risk
Our available-for-sale securities are reflected at their estimated fair value with unrealized gains and losses excluded from earnings and reported in other comprehensive income in accordance with ASC Topic 320. The estimated fair value of these securities fluctuates primarily due to changes in interest rates and other factors. Generally, in a rising interest rate environment, the estimated fair value of these securities would be expected to decrease; conversely, in a decreasing interest rate environment, the estimated fair value of these securities would be expected to increase.
The sensitivity analysis table presented below shows the estimated impact of an instantaneous parallel shift in the yield curve, up and down 50 and 100 basis points, on the market value of our interest rate-sensitive investments and net interest income, including net interest paid or received under interest rate swaps, at December 31, 2019, assuming a static portfolio. When evaluating the impact of changes in interest rates, prepayment assumptions and principal reinvestment rates are adjusted based on our Manager’s expectations. The analysis presented utilized assumptions, models and estimates of our Manager based on our Manager’s judgment and experience.
Change in Interest Rates
 
Percentage Change in Projected
Net Interest Income
 
Percentage Change in Projected
Portfolio Value
+1.00%
 
(4.12
)%
 
(2.16
)%
+0.50%
 
(1.41
)%
 
(1.06
)%
-0.50%
 
(0.57
)%
 
0.45
 %
-1.00%
 
(1.49
)%
 
0.90
 %
Certain assumptions have been made in connection with the calculation of the information set forth in the foregoing interest rate sensitivity table and, as such, there can be no assurance that assumed events will occur or that other events will not occur that would affect the outcomes. The base interest rate scenario assumes interest rates at December 31, 2019. Furthermore, while we generally expect to retain such assets and the associated interest rate risk to maturity, future purchases and sales of assets could materially change our interest rate risk profile.
Given the low interest rates at December 31, 2019, we applied a floor of 0% for all anticipated interest rates included in our assumptions. Because of this floor, we anticipate that any hypothetical interest rate shock decrease would have a limited positive impact on our funding costs; however, because prepayment speeds are unaffected by this floor, we expect that any increase in our prepayment speeds (occurring as a result of any interest rate decrease or otherwise) could result in an acceleration of our premium amortization on securities purchased at a premium, and accretion of discount on our securities purchased at a discount. As a result, because this floor limits the positive impact of any interest rate decrease on our funding costs, hypothetical interest rate decreases could cause the fair value of our financial instruments and our net interest income to decline.


 
72
 

The information set forth in the interest rate sensitivity table above and all related disclosures constitutes forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act and Section 21E of the Exchange Act. Actual results could differ significantly from those estimated in the foregoing interest rate sensitivity table.
Real Estate Risk
Residential and commercial property values are subject to volatility and may be adversely affected by a number of factors, including, but not limited to: national, regional and local economic conditions (which may be adversely affected by industry slowdowns and other factors); local real estate conditions (such as the supply of housing stock); changes or continued weakness in specific industry segments; construction quality, age and design; demographic factors; and retroactive changes to building or similar codes. In addition, decreases in property values reduce the value of the collateral and the potential proceeds available to a borrower to repay our loans, which could also cause us to suffer losses.
Credit Risk
We believe that our investment strategy will generally keep our credit losses and financing costs low. However, we retain the risk of potential credit losses on all of our residential and commercial mortgage investments. We seek to manage this risk through our pre-acquisition due diligence process. In addition, we re-evaluate the credit risk inherent in our investments on a regular basis pursuant to fundamental considerations such as GDP, unemployment, interest rates, retail sales, store closings/openings, corporate earnings, housing inventory, affordability and regional home price trends. We also review key loan credit metrics including, but not limited to, payment status, current loan-to-value ratios, current borrower credit scores and debt yields. These characteristics assist in determining the likelihood and severity of loan loss as well as prepayment and extension expectations. We then perform structural analysis under multiple scenarios to establish likely cash flow profiles and credit enhancement levels relative to collateral performance projections. This analysis allows us to quantify our opinions of credit quality and fundamental value, which are key drivers of portfolio management decisions.
Foreign Exchange Rate Risk
We have an investment of €15.1 million in an unconsolidated joint venture whose net assets and results of operations are exposed to foreign currency translation risk when translated in U.S. dollars upon consolidation. We seek to hedge our foreign currency exposures by purchasing currency forward contracts.
Risk Management
To the extent consistent with maintaining our REIT qualification, we seek to manage risk exposure to protect our investment portfolio against the effects of major interest rate changes. We generally seek to manage this risk by:
•
monitoring and adjusting, if necessary, the reset index and interest rate related to our target assets and our financings;
•
attempting to structure our financing agreements to have a range of different maturities, terms, amortizations and interest rate adjustment periods;
•
using hedging instruments, primarily interest rate swap agreements but also financial futures, options, interest rate cap agreements, floors and forward sales to adjust the interest rate sensitivity of our target assets and our borrowings; and
•
actively managing, on an aggregate basis, the interest rate indices, interest rate adjustment periods, and gross reset margins of our target assets and the interest rate indices and adjustment periods of our financings.
Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.
The financial statements and supplementary data are included under Item 15 of this Report.
Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure.
None.
Item 9A. Controls and Procedures.
Disclosure Controls and Procedures
Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) of the Exchange Act. We have evaluated, with the participation of our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures as of December 31, 2019. Based upon our evaluation, our principal executive officer and principal financial officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective to provide reasonable assurance that information required to be disclosed by us in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported, within the time periods specified in the


 
73
 

applicable rules and forms, and that it is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.
There are inherent limitations to the effectiveness of any system of disclosure controls and procedures, including the possibility of human error and the circumvention or overriding of the controls and procedures. Accordingly, even effective disclosure controls and procedures can only provide reasonable assurance of achieving their control objectives.
Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting
Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as defined in the Exchange Act, Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f). Our internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
Under the supervision and with the participation of the principal executive officer and principal financial officer, management assessed the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2019. In making this assessment, management used the criteria set forth by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO) in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013). Based on this assessment, management concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2019.
Our independent registered public accounting firm, PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, audited the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2019. Their report dated February 19, 2020, which is included herein, expressed an unqualified opinion on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting.
Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting
There has been no change in our internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) of the Exchange Act) during the quarter ended December 31, 2019 that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
Item 9B. Other Information.
None.


 
74
 

PART III
Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance.
We will provide information that is responsive to certain portions of this Item 10 in our definitive proxy statement or in an amendment to this Report not later than 120 days after the end of the fiscal year covered by this Report, in either case under the captions “Information about Director Nominees,” “Information about the Executive Officers of the Company,” “Corporate Governance,” “Information about the Board and its Committees,” or under captions with similar meanings and possibly elsewhere therein. That information is incorporated into this Item 10 by reference.
Each year, the chief executive officer of each company listed on the New York Stock Exchange (“NYSE”) must certify to the NYSE that he or she is not aware of any violation by us of NYSE corporate governance listing standards as of the date of certification, qualifying the certification to the extent necessary. Our chief executive officer submitted this certification to the NYSE in 2019 as required pursuant to Section 303A of the NYSE Listed Company Manual and will submit a similar certification within 30 days of our 2020 annual stockholders’ meeting. In addition, we have filed, as exhibits to this Report, the certifications of our chief executive officer and chief financial officer required under Section 302 and 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
Item 11. Executive Compensation.
We will provide information that is responsive to this Item 11 in our definitive proxy statement or in an amendment to this Report not later than 120 days after the end of the fiscal year covered by this Report, in either case under the captions “Information About the Board and Its Committees - Director Compensation,” “Executive Compensation,” “Compensation Committee Interlocks and Insider Participation,” or under captions with similar meanings and possibly elsewhere therein. That information is incorporated into this Item 11 by reference.
Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters.
We will provide information that is responsive to this Item 12 in our definitive proxy statement or in an amendment to this Report not later than 120 days after the end of the fiscal year covered by this Report, in either case under the caption “Security Ownership of Principal Stockholders,” “Security Ownership of Management,” “Executive Compensation,” or under captions with similar meanings and possibly elsewhere therein. That information is incorporated into this Item 12 by reference.
Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence.
We will provide information that is responsive to this Item 13 in our definitive proxy statement or in an amendment to this Report not later than 120 days after the end of the fiscal year covered by this Report, in either case under the captions “Corporate Governance,” “Certain Relationships and Related Transactions,” “Information About Director Nominees,” “Related Person Transaction Policy,” or under captions with similar meanings and possibly elsewhere therein. That information is incorporated into this Item 13 by reference.
Item 14. Principal Accounting Fees and Services.
We will provide information that is responsive to this Item 14 in our definitive proxy statement or in an amendment to this Report not later than 120 days after the end of the fiscal year covered by this Report, in either case under the captions “Fees Paid to Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm,” “Pre-Approval Process and Policy,” or under captions with similar meanings and possibly elsewhere therein. That information is incorporated into this Item 14 by reference.
PART IV
Item 15. Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules.
(a)(1) Financial Statements: The financial statements contained herein are set forth on pages 81 - 129 of this Report.
(a)(2) Financial Statement Schedules: Refer to Index to Financial Statement Schedules contained herein on page 80 of this Report.
(a)(3) Exhibits: Refer to Exhibit Index starting on page 78 of this Report.
Item 16. Form 10-K Summary.
Not applicable.



 
75
 

Exhibit Index
 
Exhibit
No.
 
Description
3.1
 
 
 
 
3.2
 
 
 
 
3.3
 
 
 
 
3.4
 
 
 
 
3.5
 
 
 
 
3.6
 
 
 
 
3.7
 
 
 
 
3.8
 
 
 
 
4.1
 
 
 
 
4.2
 
 
 
 
4.3
 
 
 
 
4.4
 
 
 
 
4.5
 
 
 
 
4.6
 
 
 
 
10.1
 
 
 
 
10.2
 
 
 
 
10.3
 
 
 
 
§ 10.4
 
 
 
 


 
76
 

10.5
 
 
 
 
10.6
 
 
 
 
10.7
 
 
 
 
10.8
 
 
 
 
21.1
 
 
 
 
23.1
 
 
 
 
31.1
 
 
 
 
31.2
 
 
 
 
32.1
 
 
 
 
32.2
 
 
 
 
101
 
The following series of audited XBRL-formatted documents are collectively included herewith as Exhibit 101. The financial information is extracted from Invesco Mortgage Capital Inc.’s audited consolidated financial statements and notes that are included in this Form 10-K Report.
 
 
 
 
 
101.INS XBRL Instance Document - The instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document.
 
 
 
 
 
101.SCH XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document
 
 
 
 
 
101.CAL XBRL Taxonomy Calculation Linkbase Document
 
 
 
 
 
101.LAB XBRL Taxonomy Label Linkbase Document
 
 
 
 
 
101.PRE XBRL Taxonomy Presentation Linkbase Document
 
 
 
 
 
101.DEF XBRL Taxonomy Definition Linkbase Document
 
 
 
104
 
Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101)
§ Management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement.
(b) Exhibits: Refer to (a)(3) above.
(c) Financial Statement Schedules: Refer to (a)(2) above.


 
77
 

INDEX TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
 


INDEX TO FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES





 
78
 

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
 
To the Board of Directors and Stockholders of Invesco Mortgage Capital Inc.
Opinions on the Financial Statements and Internal Control over Financial Reporting
We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Invesco Mortgage Capital Inc. and its subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2019 and 2018, and the related consolidated statements of operations, of comprehensive income (loss), of equity and of cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2019, including the related notes and financial statement schedule listed in the accompanying index (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). We also have audited the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2019, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO).
In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2019 and 2018, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2019 in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. Also in our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2019, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the COSO.
Basis for Opinions
The Company's management is responsible for these consolidated financial statements, for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting, and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting appearing under Item 9A. Our responsibility is to express opinions on the Company’s consolidated financial statements and on the Company's internal control over financial reporting based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audits to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud, and whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects.
Our audits of the consolidated financial statements included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audits also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinions.
Definition and Limitations of Internal Control over Financial Reporting
A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (i) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (ii) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (iii) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.


 
79
 

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
Critical Audit Matters
The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the consolidated financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that (i) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the consolidated financial statements and (ii) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates.
Interest Income Recognition-Certain Mortgage-Backed Securities where the Company may not Recover Substantially all of their Initial Investment
As described in Note 2 to the consolidated financial statements, interest income on certain mortgage-backed securities (MBS) where the Company may not recover substantially all of their initial investment is based on estimated future cash flows. Interest income subject to these cash flow assumptions makes up a portion of total interest income of $778 million for the year ended December 31, 2019. These estimated future cash flows are utilized at the time of purchase in determining the effective interest rate. Over the life of the investments, management updates these estimated future cash flows to compute a revised yield based on the current amortized cost of the investment. In estimating these future cash flows, there are a number of assumptions that are subject to uncertainties and contingencies, including but not limited to the rate and timing of principal payments (prepayments, repurchases, defaults and liquidations), the pass through or coupon rate, and interest rate fluctuations.
The principal considerations for our determination that performing procedures relating to interest income recognition on certain MBS where the Company may not recover substantially all of their initial investment is a critical audit matter are (i) there was significant judgment by management to estimate the cash flows of these investments, which included significant assumptions related to the rate and timing of principal payments (prepayments, repurchases, defaults and liquidations). This in turn led to a high degree of auditor subjectivity, judgment and effort in performing procedures to evaluate the audit evidence obtained related to the cash flow estimates and related effective interest yields, and (ii) the audit effort involved the use of professionals with specialized skill and knowledge to assist in performing these procedures and evaluating the audit evidence obtained from these procedures.
Addressing the matter involved performing procedures and evaluating audit evidence in connection with forming our overall opinion on the consolidated financial statements. These procedures included testing the effectiveness of controls relating to interest income, including the updating of cash flows and related effective interest yields for these MBS where substantially all of their initial investment may not be recovered. These procedures also included, among others, testing the calculation of the effective interest yield for MBS where substantially all of their initial investment may not be recovered and testing of the classification of the investments to be categorized as such upon acquisition. For a sample of MBS securities where substantially all of their initial investment may not be recovered, professionals with specialized skill and knowledge were used to assist in developing an independent range of effective interest yields and comparison of management’s estimated yield to the independently developed ranges to evaluate the reasonableness of the estimate. Developing the independent yield involved testing the completeness, accuracy, and relevance of data provided by management and evaluating the reasonableness of management’s cash flows estimates, including assumptions related to the rate and timing of principal payments (prepayments, repurchases, defaults and liquidations).
 
 
/s/ PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP
Atlanta, Georgia
February 19, 2020
We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2016.





 
80
 

INVESCO MORTGAGE CAPITAL INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
 
As of

December 31, 2019
 
December 31, 2018
$ in thousands except share amounts
 
ASSETS
 
 
 
Mortgage-backed and credit risk transfer securities, at fair value (including pledged securities of $21,132,742 and $17,082,825, respectively)
21,771,786

 
17,396,642

Cash and cash equivalents
172,507

 
135,617

Restricted cash
116,995

 
—

Due from counterparties
32,568

 
13,500

Investment related receivable
67,976

 
66,598

Derivative assets, at fair value
18,533

 
15,089

Other assets
166,180

 
186,059

Total assets
22,346,545

 
17,813,505

LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY
 
 
 
Liabilities:
 
 
 
Repurchase agreements
17,532,303

 
13,602,484

Secured loans
1,650,000

 
1,650,000

Derivative liabilities, at fair value
352

 
23,390

Dividends payable
74,841

 
49,578

Investment related payable
99,561

 
132,096

Accrued interest payable
43,998

 
37,620

Collateral held payable
170

 
18,083

Accounts payable and accrued expenses
1,560

 
1,694

Due to affiliate
11,861

 
11,863

Total liabilities
19,414,646

 
15,526,808

Commitments and contingencies (See Note 15)

 

Stockholders' equity:
 
 
 
Preferred Stock, par value $0.01 per share; 50,000,000 shares authorized:
 
 
 
7.75% Series A Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock: 5,600,000 shares issued and outstanding ($140,000 aggregate liquidation preference)
135,356

 
135,356

7.75% Fixed-to-Floating Series B Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock: 6,200,000 shares issued and outstanding ($155,000 aggregate liquidation preference)
149,860

 
149,860

7.50% Fixed-to-Floating Series C Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock: 11,500,000 shares issued and outstanding ($287,500 aggregate liquidation preference)
278,108

 
278,108

Common Stock, par value $0.01 per share; 450,000,000 shares authorized; 144,256,357 and 111,584,996 shares issued and outstanding, respectively
1,443

 
1,115

Additional paid in capital
2,892,652

 
2,383,532

Accumulated other comprehensive income
288,963

 
220,813

Retained earnings (distributions in excess of earnings)
(814,483
)
 
(882,087
)
Total stockholders’ equity
2,931,899

 
2,286,697

Total liabilities and stockholders' equity
22,346,545

 
17,813,505


The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.


 
81
 

INVESCO MORTGAGE CAPITAL INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS
 
Years Ended December 31,
 
2019
 
2018
 
2017
$ in thousands except share data
 
 
Interest Income
 
 
 
 
 
Mortgage-backed and credit risk transfer securities
772,657

 
631,478

 
521,547

Commercial and other loans
5,710

 
11,538

 
23,508

Total interest income
778,367

 
643,016

 
545,055

Interest Expense
 
 
 
 
 
Repurchase agreements
430,697

 
301,794

 
163,881

Secured loans
41,623

 
35,453

 
19,370

Exchangeable senior notes
—

 
1,621

 
13,340

Total interest expense
472,320

 
338,868

 
196,591

Net interest income
306,047

 
304,148

 
348,464

Other income (loss)
 
 
 
 
 
Gain (loss) on investments, net
624,466

 
(327,700
)
 
(19,704
)
Equity in earnings (losses) of unconsolidated ventures
2,224

 
3,402

 
(1,327
)
Gain (loss) on derivative instruments, net
(534,755
)
 
(5,277
)
 
18,155

Realized and unrealized credit derivative income (loss), net
8,343

 
(151
)
 
51,648

Net loss on extinguishment of debt
—

 
(26
)
 
(6,814
)
Other investment income (loss), net
3,950

 
2,860

 
7,381

Total other income (loss)
104,228

 
(326,892
)
 
49,339

Expenses
 
 
 
 
 
Management fee — related party
38,173

 
40,722

 
37,556

General and administrative
8,001

 
7,070

 
7,190

Total expenses
46,174

 
47,792

 
44,746

Net income (loss)
364,101

 
(70,536
)
 
353,057

Net income (loss) attributable to non-controlling interest
—

 
254

 
4,450

Net income (loss) attributable to Invesco Mortgage Capital Inc.
364,101

 
(70,790
)
 
348,607

Dividends to preferred stockholders
44,426

 
44,426

 
28,080

Net income (loss) attributable to common stockholders
319,675

 
(115,216
)
 
320,527

Earnings (loss) per share:
 
 
 
 
 
Net income (loss) attributable to common stockholders
 
 
 
 
 
Basic
2.42

 
(1.03
)
 
2.87

Diluted
2.42

 
(1.03
)
 
2.75

Weighted average number of shares of common stock:
 
 
 
 
 
Basic
132,305,568

 
111,637,035

 
111,610,393

Diluted
132,317,853

 
111,637,035

 
123,040,827


The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.


 
82
 

INVESCO MORTGAGE CAPITAL INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS)
 
 
Years Ended December 31,
 
2019
 
2018
 
2017
In thousands
 
 
Net income (loss)
364,101

 
(70,536
)
 
353,057

Other comprehensive income (loss):
 
 
 
 
 
Unrealized gain (loss) on mortgage-backed and credit risk transfer securities, net
83,965

 
(210,424
)
 
(9,885
)
Reclassification of unrealized (gain) loss on sale of mortgage-backed and credit risk transfer securities to gain (loss) on investments, net
9,072

 
193,162

 
1,508

Reclassification of amortization of net deferred (gain) loss on de-designated interest rate swaps to repurchase agreements interest expense
(23,729
)
 
(25,839
)
 
(25,544
)
Currency translation adjustments on investment in unconsolidated venture
(1,158
)
 
(447
)
 
863

Total other comprehensive income (loss)
68,150

 
(43,548
)
 
(33,058
)
Comprehensive income (loss)
432,251

 
(114,084
)
 
319,999

Less: Comprehensive (income) loss attributable to non-controlling interest
—

 
979

 
(4,032
)
Less: Dividends to preferred stockholders
(44,426
)
 
(44,426
)
 
(28,080
)
Comprehensive income (loss) attributable to common stockholders
387,825

 
(157,531
)
 
287,887


The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.


 
83
 

INVESCO MORTGAGE CAPITAL INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF EQUITY
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Attributable to Common Stockholders
 
 
 
 
 
 
In thousands except share amounts
Series A
Preferred Stock
 
Series B
Preferred Stock
 
Series C
Preferred Stock
 
Common Stock
 
Additional
Paid in
Capital
 
Accumulated
Other
Comprehensive
Income (loss)
 
Retained earnings (Distributions
in excess
of earnings)
 
Total
Stockholders’
Equity
 
Non-
Controlling
Interest
 
Total
Equity
Shares
 
Amount
 
Shares
 
Amount
 
Shares
 
Amount
 
Shares
 
Amount
 
Balance at December 31, 2016
5,600,000

 
135,356

 
6,200,000

 
149,860

 
—

 
—

 
111,594,595

 
1,116

 
2,379,863

 
293,668

 
(718,303
)
 
2,241,560

 
28,624

 
2,270,184

Net income (loss)
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
348,607

 
348,607

 
4,450

 
353,057

Other comprehensive income (loss)
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
(32,640
)
 
—

 
(32,640
)
 
(418
)
 
(33,058
)
Proceeds from issuance of preferred stock, net of offering costs
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
11,500,000

 
278,108

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
278,108

 
—

 
278,108

Stock awards
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
29,564

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

Common stock dividends
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
(181,931
)
 
(181,931
)
 
—

 
(181,931
)
Common unit dividends
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
(2,323
)
 
(2,323
)
Preferred stock dividends
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
(27,707
)
 
(27,707
)
 
—

 
(27,707
)
Amortization of equity-based compensation
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
541

 
—

 
—

 
541

 
7

 
548

Rebalancing of ownership percentage of non-controlling interest
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
3,952

 
1

 
—

 
3,953

 
(3,953
)
 
—

Balance at December 31, 2017
5,600,000

 
135,356

 
6,200,000

 
149,860

 
11,500,000

 
278,108

 
111,624,159

 
1,116

 
2,384,356

 
261,029

 
(579,334
)
 
2,630,491

 
26,387

 
2,656,878

Net income (loss)
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
(70,790
)
 
(70,790
)
 
254

 
(70,536
)
Other comprehensive income (loss)
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
(42,315
)
 
—

 
(42,315
)
 
(1,233
)
 
(43,548
)
Repurchase of shares of common stock
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
(75,100
)
 
(1
)
 
(1,143
)
 
—

 
—

 
(1,144
)
 
—

 
(1,144
)
Stock awards
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
35,937

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

Common stock dividends
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
(187,537
)
 
(187,537
)
 
—

 
(187,537
)
Common unit dividends
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
 
 
 
 
(1,796
)
 
(1,796
)
Preferred stock dividends
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
(44,426
)
 
(44,426
)
 
—

 
(44,426
)
Amortization of equity-based compensation
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
561

 
—

 
—

 
561

 
9

 
570

Purchase of OP units from non-controlling interest
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
(798
)
 
2,100

 
—

 
1,302

 
(23,066
)
 
(21,764
)
Rebalancing of ownership percentage of non-controlling interest
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
556

 
(1
)
 
—

 
555

 
(555
)
 
—

Balance at December 31, 2018
5,600,000

 
135,356

 
6,200,000

 
149,860

 
11,500,000

 
278,108

 
111,584,996

 
1,115

 
2,383,532

 
220,813

 
(882,087
)
 
2,286,697

 
—

 
2,286,697

Net income (loss)
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
364,101

 
364,101

 
—

 
364,101

Other comprehensive income (loss)
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
68,150

 
—

 
68,150

 
—

 
68,150

Proceeds from issuance of common stock, net of offering costs
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
32,640,260

 
328

 
508,598

 
—

 
—

 
508,926

 
—

 
508,926

Stock awards
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
31,101

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

Common stock dividends
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
(252,071
)
 
(252,071
)
 
—

 
(252,071
)
Preferred stock dividends
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
(44,426
)
 
(44,426
)
 
—

 
(44,426
)
Amortization of equity-based compensation
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
522

 
—

 
—

 
522

 
—

 
522

Balance at December 31, 2019
5,600,000

 
135,356

 
6,200,000

 
149,860

 
11,500,000

 
278,108

 
144,256,357

 
1,443

 
2,892,652

 
288,963

 
(814,483
)
 
2,931,899

 
—

 
2,931,899


The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.


 
84
 

INVESCO MORTGAGE CAPITAL INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
In thousands
Years Ended December 31,
 
2019
 
2018
 
2017
Cash Flows from Operating Activities
 
 
 
 
 
Net income (loss)
364,101

 
(70,536
)
 
353,057

Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to net cash provided by operating activities:
 
 
 
 
 
Amortization of mortgage-backed and credit risk transfer securities premiums and (discounts), net
46,243

 
42,608

 
67,152

Realized and unrealized (gain) loss on derivative instruments, net
570,595

 
(14,738
)
 
(95,231
)
Realized and unrealized (gain) loss on credit derivatives, net
12,490

 
22,629

 
(28,305
)
(Gain) loss on investments, net
(624,466
)
 
327,700

 
19,704

(Gain) loss from investments in unconsolidated ventures in excess of distributions received
(490
)
 
392

 
1,972

Other amortization
(23,207
)
 
(25,184
)
 
(23,888
)
Net loss on extinguishment of debt
—

 
26

 
6,814

(Gain) loss on foreign currency transactions, net
—

 
1,038

 
(4,103
)
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
 
 
 
 
 
Increase in operating assets
(8,096
)
 
(155
)
 
(7,774
)
Increase in operating liabilities
6,189

 
20,484

 
1,203

Net cash provided by operating activities
343,359

 
304,264

 
290,601

Cash Flows from Investing Activities
 
 
 
 
 
Purchase of mortgage-backed and credit risk transfer securities
(9,244,391
)
 
(6,217,723
)
 
(6,277,918
)
Distributions from (contributions to) investments in unconsolidated ventures, net
1,346

 
1,121

 
6,220

Change in other assets
10,327

 
(51,017
)
 
(3,457
)
Principal payments from mortgage-backed and credit risk transfer securities
2,189,327

 
1,986,930

 
2,401,951

Proceeds from sale of mortgage-backed and credit risk transfer securities
3,311,884

 
4,749,807

 
625,540

Settlement (termination) of futures, forwards, swaps, and TBAs, net
(597,077
)
 
(2,830
)
 
67,838

Net change in due from counterparties and collateral held payable on derivative instruments
(3,174
)
 
(3,994
)
 
5,627

Principal payments from commercial loans held-for-investment
7,527

 
160,934

 
90,713

Origination and advances of commercial loans, net of origination fees
—

 
(1,677
)
 
(4,799
)
Net cash (used in) provided by investing activities
(4,324,231
)
 
621,551

 
(3,088,285
)
Cash Flows from Financing Activities
 
 
 
 
 
Proceeds from issuance of common stock
509,075

 
—

 
—

Repurchase of common stock
—

 
(1,144
)
 
—

Proceeds from issuance of preferred stock
—

 
—

 
278,226

Proceeds from repurchase agreements
131,624,461

 
136,573,821

 
146,886,038

Principal repayments of repurchase agreements
(127,694,642
)
 
(137,052,138
)
 
(143,964,490
)
Extinguishment of exchangeable senior notes
—

 
(143,433
)
 
(262,069
)
Net change in due from counterparties and collateral held payable on repurchase agreements
(32,557
)
 
—

 
—

Payments of deferred costs
(346
)
 
(167
)
 
(116
)
Purchase of Operating Partnership units from non-controlling interest
—

 
(21,764
)
 
—

Payments of dividends and distributions
(271,234
)
 
(234,374
)
 
(212,692
)
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities
4,134,757

 
(879,199
)
 
2,724,897

Net change in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash
153,885

 
46,616

 
(72,787
)
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash beginning of period
135,617

 
89,001

 
161,788

Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash end of period
289,502

 
135,617

 
89,001

Supplement Disclosure of Cash Flow Information
 
 
 
 
 
Interest paid
489,661

 
344,422

 
220,299

Non-cash Investing and Financing Activities Information
 
 
 
 
 
Net change in unrealized gain (loss) on mortgage-backed and credit risk transfer securities
93,037

 
(17,262
)
 
(8,377
)
Dividends and distributions declared not paid
74,841

 
49,578

 
50,193

(Decrease) increase in unsettled to-be-announced (“TBA”) securities and related payable
(32,530
)
 
132,087

 
—

Net change in investment related receivable (payable) excluding TBA securities
5,724

 
(2,999
)
 
(25,948
)
Net change in repurchase agreements, not settled
—

 
—

 
(1,416
)
Change in foreign currency translation adjustment on other investments
1,158

 
447

 
(863
)

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.


 
85
 

INVESCO MORTGAGE CAPITAL INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Note 1 – Organization and Business Operations
Invesco Mortgage Capital Inc. (the “Company”, “we”) is a Maryland corporation primarily focused on investing in, financing and managing residential and commercial mortgage-backed securities (“MBS”) and other mortgage-related assets. We are externally managed and advised by Invesco Advisers, Inc. (our “Manager”), a registered investment adviser and an indirect, wholly-owned subsidiary of Invesco Ltd. (“Invesco”), a leading independent global investment management firm. We conduct our business through IAS Operating Partnership L.P. (the “Operating Partnership”) and have one operating segment. Prior to November 30, 2018, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Invesco owned approximately 1.3% of the Operating Partnership. See Note 14 - “Non-Controlling Interest - Operating Partnership” for information regarding redemption of Operating Partnership Units (“OP Units”) previously held by Invesco.
We primarily invest in:
•
Residential mortgage-backed securities (“RMBS”) that are guaranteed by a U.S. government agency such as the Government National Mortgage Association (“Ginnie Mae”), or a federally chartered corporation such as the Federal National Mortgage Association (“Fannie Mae”) or the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation (“Freddie Mac”) (collectively “Agency RMBS”);
•
Commercial mortgage-backed securities (“CMBS”) that are guaranteed by a U.S. government agency such as Ginnie Mae or a federally chartered corporation such as Freddie Mac or Freddie Mac (collectively “Agency CMBS”);
•
RMBS that are not guaranteed by a U.S. government agency or a federally chartered corporation (“non-Agency RMBS”);
•
CMBS that are not guaranteed by a U.S. government agency or a federally chartered corporation (“non-Agency CMBS”);
•
Credit risk transfer securities that are unsecured obligations issued by government-sponsored enterprises (“GSE CRT”);
•
Residential and commercial mortgage loans; and
•
Other real estate-related financing agreements.
We elected to be taxed as a real estate investment trust (“REIT”) for U.S. federal income tax purposes under the provisions of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 commencing with our taxable year ended December 31, 2009. To maintain our REIT qualification, we are generally required to distribute at least 90% of our REIT taxable income to our stockholders annually. We operate our business in a manner that permits exclusion from the “Investment Company” definition under the Investment Company Act of 1940.
Note 2 – Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
Basis of Presentation and Consolidation
Our consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP and consolidate the financial statements of the Company and our controlled subsidiaries. All significant intercompany transactions, balances, revenues and expenses are eliminated upon consolidation. In the opinion of management, the consolidated financial statements reflect all adjustments, consisting of normal recurring accruals, which are necessary for a fair statement of our financial condition and results of operations for the periods presented.
Use of Estimates
The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in our consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. Examples of estimates include, but are not limited to, estimates of the fair values of financial instruments, interest income on mortgage-backed and credit risk transfer securities, provision for loan losses and other-than-temporary impairment charges. Actual results may differ from those estimates.




 
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Translation of Foreign Currencies
The functional currency of the Company and its subsidiaries is U.S. dollars. Transactions in foreign currencies are recorded at the rates of exchange prevailing on the date of the transactions. At each balance sheet date, monetary assets and liabilities that are denominated in foreign currencies are remeasured at the rates prevailing at the balance sheet date. Gains and losses arising on revaluation are included in other investment income (loss), net on the consolidated statements of operations. During the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 we incurred foreign currency losses of $930,000 and gains of $4.1 million, respectively, primarily related to the revaluation of a commercial loan investment denominated in Pound Sterling. This commercial loan was repaid by the borrower during 2018.
Our reporting currency is U.S. dollars. Upon consolidation, the assets and liabilities of our investment in an unconsolidated venture whose functional currency is the Euro is translated to U.S. dollars using the period-end exchange rates. Equity accounts are translated at historical rates, except for the change in retained earnings during the year, which is the result of the income statement translation process. Revenue and expense accounts are translated using the weighted average exchange rate during the period. The cumulative translation adjustments associated with the investment in the unconsolidated venture are recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), a component of consolidated stockholders’ equity.
We generally hedge interest rate and foreign currency exposure with derivative financial instruments. Refer to Note 8 - “Derivatives and Hedging Activities” for further information.
Fair Value Measurements
We report our MBS and GSE CRTs and derivative assets and liabilities at fair value as determined by an independent pricing service. We generally obtain one price per instrument from our primary pricing service. If the primary pricing service cannot provide a price, we will seek a value from other pricing services.
The pricing service uses two types of valuation approaches to determine the valuation of our various mortgage-backed and credit risk transfer securities: a market approach, which uses observable prices and other relevant information that is generated by market transactions involving identical or comparable assets or liabilities; and an income approach, which uses valuation techniques to convert future amounts to a single, discounted present value amount. In instances where sufficient market activity may not exist, the pricing service may utilize proprietary valuation models that may consider market transactions in comparable securities and the various relationships between securities in determining fair value and/or market characteristics to estimate relevant cash flows, which are then discounted to calculate the fair values. Observable inputs may include a combination of benchmark yields, executed trades, broker/dealer quotes, issuer spreads, bids, offers and benchmark securities. In addition, the valuation models utilized by pricing services may consider additional pool level information such as prepayment speeds, default frequencies and default severities, if applicable. We and the pricing service continuously monitor market indicators and economic events to determine whether they may have an impact on our valuations.
The pricing service values interest rate swaps under the income approach using valuation models. The significant inputs in these models are readily available in public markets or can be derived from observable market transactions for substantially the full terms of the contracts.
The pricing service values U.S. Treasury futures (“futures”), currency forward contracts and to-be-announced securities (“TBAs”) under the market approach through the use of quoted market prices available in an active market.
Overrides of prices from pricing services are rare in the current market environment for the assets we hold. Examples of instances that would cause an override include if we recently traded the same security or there is an indication of market activity that would cause the pricing service price to no longer be indicative of fair value. In the rare instance where a price is adjusted, we have a control process to monitor the reason for such adjustment.
To gain comfort that pricing service prices are representative of current market information, we compare the transaction prices of security purchases and sales to the valuation levels provided by the pricing services. Price differences exceeding pre-defined tolerance levels are identified and investigated and may be challenged. Trends are monitored over time and if there are indications that the valuations are not comparable to market activity, the pricing services are asked to provide detailed information regarding their methodology and inputs. Transparency tools are also available from the pricing services which help us understand data points and/or market inputs used for pricing securities.
We also review daily price movements for interest rate swaps, futures, currency forward contracts and TBAs. Price movements exceeding pre-defined tolerance levels are investigated using an alternate price from another pricing service as well as available market information. Based on our findings, the primary pricing service may be challenged, or in rare cases, overridden with an alternate pricing source.
In addition, we perform due diligence procedures on all pricing services on at least an annual basis. A questionnaire is sent to pricing services which requests information such as changes in methodologies, business recovery preparedness, internal


 
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controls and confirmation that evaluations are generated based on market data. Physical visits are also made to each pricing service's office.
As described in Note 10 - “Fair Value of Financial Instruments,” we evaluate the source used to fair value our assets and liabilities and make a determination on its categorization within the fair value hierarchy. If the price of a security is obtained from quoted prices for identical instruments in active markets, the security is classified as a level 1 security. If the price of a security is obtained from quoted prices for similar instruments or model-derived valuations whose inputs are observable, the security is classified as a level 2 security. If the inputs appear to be unobservable, the security would be classified as a level 3 security. Transfers between levels, if any, are determined at the end of the reporting period.
Mortgage-Backed and Credit Risk Transfer Securities
We record our purchases of MBS and GSE CRTs on the trade date and report these securities at fair value as described above in the Fair Value Measurements section of this Note 2 to our consolidated financial statements. Although we generally intend to hold most of our MBS and GSE CRTs until maturity, we may sell any of these securities prior to maturity as part of our overall management of our investment portfolio.
Approximately $17.4 billion (80% ) of our MBS and GSE CRTs are accounted for under the fair value option as of December 31, 2019 (December 31, 2018: $11.6 billion or 67%). Under the fair value option, we recognize changes in fair value in our consolidated statements of operations as unrealized gains and losses. In our view, this election more appropriately reflects the results of our operations because MBS and GSE CRT fair value changes are accounted for in the same manner as fair value changes in our economic hedging instruments. We elected the fair value option for all MBS purchased on or after September 1, 2016, GSE CRTs purchased on or after August 24, 2015 and all RMBS interest-only securities.
We classify the remaining balance of our MBS and GSE CRTs as available-for-sale ($4.4 billion or 20% as of December 31, 2019; $5.8 billion or 33% as of December 31, 2018). Unrealized gains or losses on available-for-sale securities are recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income, a separate component of stockholders' equity, until sale or disposition of the investment. Upon sale or disposition, the cumulative gain or loss previously reported in stockholders' equity is recognized in income. Realized gains and losses from sales of MBS are determined based upon the specific identification method.
GSE CRTs purchased prior to August 24, 2015 are reported at fair value but are accounted for as hybrid financial instruments consisting of a debt host contract and an embedded derivative. Unrealized gains or losses arising from changes in fair value of the debt host contract, excluding other-than-temporary impairment, are recognized in accumulated other comprehensive income until sale or disposition of the investment. Upon sale or disposition of the debt host contract, the cumulative gain or loss previously reported in stockholders’ equity is recognized in income. Realized gains and losses from sales of GSE CRTs are determined based upon the specific identification method. Realized and unrealized gains or losses arising from changes in fair value of the embedded derivative are recognized in realized and unrealized credit derivative income (loss), net in our consolidated statements of operations. We elected the fair value option for GSE CRTs purchased on or after August 24, 2015 due to the complexities associated with bifurcation of GSE CRTs into a debt host contract and an embedded derivative.
Our interest income recognition policies for MBS and GSE CRTs are described below in the Interest Income Recognition section of this Note 2 to our consolidated financial statements.
Other-Than-Temporary-Impairment
We consider our portfolio of Agency RMBS and Agency CMBS to be of high credit quality under applicable accounting guidance. For non-Agency CMBS, non-Agency RMBS and GSE CRTs, we do not rely on ratings from third party agencies to determine the credit quality of the investment. We use internal models that analyze the loans underlying each security and evaluate factors including, but not limited to, delinquency status, loan-to-value ratios, borrower credit scores, occupancy status and geographic concentration to estimate the expected future cash flows. We place reliance on these internal models in determining credit quality.
While non-Agency CMBS, non-Agency RMBS and GSE CRTs with expected future losses would generally be purchased at a discount to par, the potential for a significant adverse change in expected cash flows remains. We therefore evaluate each security in an unrealized loss position for other-than-temporary impairment at least quarterly.
The determination of whether a security is other-than-temporarily impaired involves judgments and assumptions based on subjective and objective factors. Consideration is given to (i) our intent to sell the security and whether it is more likely than not that we will be required to sell the security before recovery of its amortized cost and (ii) the financial condition and near-term prospects of recovery in fair value of the security. This includes a determination of estimated future cash flows through an evaluation of the characteristics of the underlying loans and the structural features of the investment. Underlying loan


 
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characteristics reviewed include, but are not limited to, delinquency status, loan-to-value ratios, borrower credit scores, occupancy status and geographic concentration.
We recognize in earnings and reflect as a reduction in the cost basis of the security the amount of any other-than-temporary impairment related to credit losses or impairments on securities that we intend to sell or for which it is more likely than not that we will need to sell before recoveries. The amount of the other-than-temporary impairment on debt securities related to other factors is recorded consistent with changes in the fair value of all other available-for-sale securities as a component of consolidated stockholders’ equity in other comprehensive income or loss with no change to the cost basis of the security.
Commercial Loans Held-For-Investment
We carry commercial loans held-for-investment at amortized cost, net of any provision for loan losses. An individual loan is considered impaired when it is deemed probable that the Company will not be able to recover its investment and any other anticipated future payments. We generally consider the following factors in evaluating whether a commercial loan is impaired:
•
Loan-to-value ratios;
•
The most recent financial information available for each loan and associated properties, including net operating income, debt service coverage ratios, occupancy rates, rent rolls, as well as any other factors we consider relevant, including, but not limited to, specific loan trigger events that would indicate an adverse change in expected cash flows or payment delinquency;
•
Economic trends, both macroeconomic as well as those directly affecting the properties associated with the loans, and the supply and demand trends in the market in which the subject property is located; and
•
The loan sponsor or borrowing entity’s ability to ensure that properties associated with the loan are managed and operated sufficiently.
When an individual commercial loan is deemed to be impaired, we record a provision to reduce the carrying value of the loan to the current present value of expected future cash flows discounted at the loan’s effective interest rate, or if the loan is collateral dependent, we reduce the carrying value to the estimated fair value of the collateral, with a corresponding charge to provision for loan losses on our consolidated statements of operations.
Interest Income Recognition
Mortgage-Backed Securities
Interest income on MBS is accrued based on the outstanding principal or notional balance of the securities and their contractual terms. Premiums or discounts are amortized or accreted into interest income over the life of the investment using the effective interest method.
Interest income on our MBS where we may not recover substantially all of our initial investment is based on estimated future cash flows. We estimate future expected cash flows at the time of purchase and determine the effective interest rate based on these estimated cash flows and our purchase price. Over the life of the investments, we update these estimated future cash flows and compute a revised yield based on the current amortized cost of the investment. In estimating these future cash flows, there are a number of assumptions that are subject to uncertainties and contingencies, including but not limited to the rate and timing of principal payments (prepayments, repurchases, defaults and liquidations), the pass through or coupon rate, and interest rate fluctuations. These uncertainties and contingencies are difficult to predict and are subject to future events that may impact our estimate and our interest income. Changes in our original or most recent cash flow projections may result in a prospective change in interest income recognized on these securities, or the amortized cost of these securities. For non-Agency RMBS not of high credit quality, when actual cash flows vary from expected cash flows, the difference is recorded as an adjustment to the amortized cost of the security and the security's yield is revised prospectively.
For Agency RMBS and Agency CMBS that cannot be prepaid in such a way that we would not recover substantially all of our initial investment, interest income recognition is based on contractual cash flows. We do not estimate prepayments in applying the effective interest method.
Credit Risk Transfer Securities
Interest income on GSE CRTs purchased prior to August 24, 2015 is accrued based on the coupon rate of the debt host contract which reflects the credit risk of GSE unsecured senior debt with a similar maturity. Premiums or discounts associated with the purchase of GSE CRTs are amortized or accreted into interest income over the life of the debt host contract using the effective interest method. The difference between the coupon rate on the hybrid instrument and the coupon rate on the debt host


 
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contract is considered premium income associated with the embedded derivative and is recorded in realized and unrealized credit derivative income (loss), net in our consolidated statements of operations. Interest income on GSE CRTs purchased on or after August 24, 2015 is based on estimated future cash flows.
Commercial and Other Loans
We recognize interest income from commercial and other loans when earned and deemed collectible, or until a loan becomes past due based on the terms of the loan agreement. Any related origination fees, net of origination cost are amortized into interest income using the effective interest method over the life of the loan. Interest received after a loan becomes past due or impaired is used to reduce the outstanding loan principal balance. When a delinquent loan previously placed on nonaccrual status has cured, meaning all delinquent principal and interest have been remitted by the borrower, the loan is placed back on accrual status. Alternately, loans that have been individually impaired may be placed back on accrual status if restructured and after the loan is considered re-performing. A restructured loan is considered re-performing when the loan has been current for at least 12 months.
Cash and Cash Equivalents
We consider all highly liquid investments that have original or remaining maturity dates of three months or less when purchased to be cash equivalents. At December 31, 2019, we had cash and cash equivalents in excess of the FDIC deposit insurance limit of $250,000 per institution. We mitigate our risk of loss by actively monitoring our counterparties.
Restricted Cash
Restricted cash represents cash posted with the Federal Home Loan Bank of Indianapolis (“FHLBI”) as collateral for secured loans and cash posted with counterparties as collateral for various derivative instruments. Cash posted with counterparties as collateral is not available for general corporate purposes.
Due from Counterparties / Collateral Held Payable
Due from counterparties represents cash posted with our counterparties as collateral for our derivatives and repurchase agreements. Collateral held payable represents cash posted with us by counterparties as collateral under our derivatives and repurchase agreements. To the extent we receive collateral other than cash from our counterparties, such assets are not included in our consolidated balance sheets. Notwithstanding the foregoing, if we either sell such assets or pledge the assets as collateral pursuant to a repurchase agreement, the cash received and the corresponding liability is reflected on the consolidated balance sheets.
Investment Related Receivable / Investment Related Payable
Investment related receivable consists of receivables for mortgage-backed and credit risk transfer securities that we have sold but have not settled with the buyer and accrued interest and principal paydowns on mortgage-backed and credit risk transfer securities. Investment related payable consists of liabilities for mortgage-backed and credit risk transfer securities that we have purchased but have not settled with the seller.
Investments in Unconsolidated Ventures
Our non-controlling investments in unconsolidated ventures are included in other assets in our consolidated balance sheets and are accounted for under the equity method. Capital contributions, distributions, profits and losses of the entities are allocated in accordance with the terms of the entities’ operating agreements. Such allocations may differ from the stated percentage interests, if any, as a result of preferred returns and allocation formulas as described in the entities' operating agreements.
Repurchase Agreements
We finance our purchases of mortgage-backed and credit risk transfer securities primarily through the use of repurchase agreements. Repurchase agreements are treated as collateralized financing transactions and are carried at their contractual amounts, including accrued interest, as specified in the respective agreements.
We record the mortgage-backed and credit risk transfer securities and the related repurchase agreement financing on a gross basis in our consolidated balance sheets, and the corresponding interest income and interest expense on a gross basis in our consolidated statements of operations.


 
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Secured Loans
Our wholly-owned subsidiary, IAS Services LLC, is a member of the Federal Home Loan Bank of Indianapolis (“FHLBI”). As a member of the FHLBI, IAS Services LLC has borrowed funds from the FHLBI in the form of secured advances. FHLBI advances are treated as secured financing transactions and are carried at their contractual amounts.
Dividends Payable
Dividends payable represent dividends declared at the balance sheet date which are payable to common stockholders and preferred stockholders.
Earnings (Loss) per Share
We calculate basic earnings (loss) per share by dividing net income (loss) attributable to common stockholders for the period by the weighted-average number of shares of our common stock outstanding for that period. Diluted earnings per share takes into account the effect of dilutive instruments, such as OP Units, exchangeable senior notes, and unvested restricted stock awards and uses the average share price for the period in determining the number of incremental shares that are to be added to the weighted-average number of shares outstanding.
Share-Based Compensation
Under the terms of our 2009 Equity Incentive Plan (the “Incentive Plan”), our independent directors are eligible to receive quarterly stock awards as part of their compensation for serving as directors, In addition, we may compensate the officers and employees of our Manager and its affiliates under the Incentive Plan under the terms of our management agreement.
Share-based compensation arrangements may include share options, restricted and non-restricted share awards, performance-based awards and share appreciation rights. Compensation related to stock awards is recognized in the consolidated financial statements based on the fair value of the equity or liability instruments issued on the date of grant.
Underwriting Commissions and Offering Costs
Underwriting commissions and direct costs incurred in connection with our common and preferred stock offerings are recorded as a reduction of additional paid-in-capital and preferred stock, respectively.
Comprehensive Income
Our comprehensive income consists of net income, as presented in the consolidated statements of operations, adjusted for unrealized gains and losses on MBS purchased prior to September 1, 2016 and the debt host contract associated with GSE CRTs purchased prior to August 24, 2015; reclassification of amortization of net deferred gains and losses on de-designated interest rate swaps to repurchase agreements interest expense and currency translation adjustments on an investment in an unconsolidated venture. Unrealized gains and losses on our MBS purchased prior to September 1, 2016 and the debt host contract associated with GSE CRTs purchased prior to August 24, 2015 are reclassified into net income upon their sale.
Accounting for Derivative Financial Instruments
We record all derivatives on our consolidated balance sheets at fair value. At the inception of a derivative contract, we determine whether the instrument will be part of a qualifying hedge accounting relationship or whether we will account for the contract as a trading instrument. We have elected not to apply hedge accounting to all new derivative contracts entered into after January 1, 2014. Changes in the fair value of our derivatives are recorded in gain (loss) on derivative instruments, net in our consolidated statements of operations. Net interest paid or received under our interest rate swaps is also recognized in gain (loss) on derivative instruments, net in our consolidated statements of operations.
Prior to 2014, we applied hedge accounting to our interest rate swap agreements. Effective December 31, 2013, we voluntarily discontinued hedge accounting for our interest rate swap agreements by de-designating the interest rate swaps as cash flow hedges. As long as we expect the forecasted transactions that were being hedged (i.e., rollovers of our repurchase agreement borrowings) to still occur, the balance recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) (“AOCI”) from the interest rate swap activity through December 31, 2013 will remain in AOCI and be recognized in our consolidated statements of operations as interest expense over the remaining term of the interest rate swaps.
We are a party to hybrid financial instruments that contain embedded derivative instruments. For securities that we did not elect the fair value option, we assess at inception, whether the economic characteristics of the embedded derivative instruments are clearly and closely related to the economic characteristics of the remaining component of the financial


 
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instrument (i.e., the debt host contract), whether the financial instrument is remeasured to fair value through earnings and whether a separate instrument with the same terms as the embedded instrument would meet the definition of a derivative instrument. When it is determined that (1) the embedded instrument possesses economic characteristics that are not clearly and closely related to the economic characteristics of the debt host contract, (2) the financial instrument is not remeasured to fair value through earnings and (3) a separate instrument with the same terms would qualify as a derivative instrument, the embedded instrument qualifies as an embedded derivative that is separated from the debt host contract. The embedded derivative is recorded at fair value, and changes in fair value are recorded in realized and unrealized credit derivative income (loss), net in our consolidated statements of operations.
We evaluate the terms and conditions of our holdings of futures contracts, currency forward contracts and to-be-announced (“TBA”) securities to determine if an instrument has the characteristics of an investment or should be considered a derivative under U.S. GAAP. Accordingly, futures contracts, currency forward contracts and TBAs having the characteristics of derivatives are accounted for at fair value with such changes recognized in gain (loss) on derivative instruments, net in the consolidated statements of operations. The fair value of these futures contracts, currency forward contracts and TBAs is included in derivative assets or derivative liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets.
Income Taxes
We elected to be taxed as a REIT commencing with our taxable year ended December 31, 2009. Accordingly, we will generally not be subject to U.S. federal and applicable state and local corporate income tax to the extent that we make qualifying distributions to our stockholders, and provided we satisfy on a continuing basis, through actual investment and operating results, the REIT requirements including certain asset, income, distribution and stock ownership tests. If we fail to qualify as a REIT and do not qualify for certain statutory relief provisions, we will be subject to U.S. federal, state and local income taxes and may be precluded from qualifying as a REIT for the four taxable years following the year in which we lost our REIT qualification. Accordingly, our failure to qualify as a REIT could have a material adverse impact on our results of operations and amounts available for distribution to stockholders.
Our dividends paid deduction for qualifying dividends to our stockholders is computed using our REIT taxable income as opposed to net income reported on the consolidated financial statements. REIT taxable income will generally differ from net income because the determination of REIT taxable income is based on tax regulations and not financial accounting principles.
We have elected or applied to elect to treat two of our subsidiaries as taxable REIT subsidiaries (“TRSs”). In general, TRSs may hold assets and engage in activities that we cannot hold or engage in directly and generally may engage in any real estate or non-real estate-related business. TRSs are subject to U.S. federal, state and local corporate income taxes. Our TRSs did not generate material taxable income for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017.
We do not have any accruals for uncertain tax positions. We would recognize interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions, if any, as income tax expense, which would be included in general and administrative expenses.
Reclassifications
Certain prior period reported amounts have been reclassified to be consistent with the current presentation. Such reclassifications had no impact on total assets, net income or equity attributable to common stockholders.
Accounting Pronouncements Recently Adopted
Effective January 1, 2019, we adopted the accounting guidance that aligns the measurement and classification for stock-based payments to non-employees with the guidance for stock-based payments to employees. Under the new guidance, the measurement of equity-classified non-employee awards is fixed at the grant date. The implementation of the guidance did not have a material impact on our financial statements.
Pending Accounting Pronouncements
In June 2016, new accounting guidance was issued for reporting credit losses for assets measured at amortized cost and available-for-sale securities. The new guidance significantly changes how entities will measure credit losses for most financial assets, including loans, that are not measured at fair value through net income. The guidance replaces the existing “incurred loss” model with an “expected loss” model for instruments measured at amortized cost and requires entities to record allowances for available-for-sale debt securities rather than reduce the carrying amount, as they do today under the other-than-temporary impairment model. The new guidance also simplifies the accounting model for purchased credit-impaired debt securities and loans. We are required to adopt the new guidance as of January 1, 2020.
The new guidance specifically excludes available-for-sale securities measured at fair value through net income. The Company elected the fair value option for all MBS purchased on or after September 1, 2016 and GSE CRTs purchased on or after August 24, 2015. Accordingly, the impact of the new guidance on accounting for our debt securities is limited to the


 
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approximately $4.4 billion of MBS and GSE CRT securities that we purchased prior to election of the fair value option and hold as of December 31, 2019. We are not required to record an allowance for credit losses on January 1, 2020 for our purchased credit deteriorated securities because all of our purchased credit deteriorated securities were in an unrealized gain position as of December 31, 2019.
We have one commercial loan as of December 31, 2019 that is carried at amortized cost. We will implement the new guidance for this loan on a modified retrospective basis by electing the fair value option. The implementation of the new guidance will not have a material impact on our financial statements.
Note 3 – Variable Interest Entities (“VIEs”)
Our maximum risk of loss in VIEs in which we are not the primary beneficiary at December 31, 2019 is presented in the table below.
$ in thousands
Carrying
Amount
 
Company's Maximum Risk of Loss
Non-Agency CMBS
3,823,474

 
3,823,474

Non-Agency RMBS
955,671

 
955,671

Investments in unconsolidated ventures
21,998

 
21,998

Total
4,801,143

 
4,801,143


Refer to Note 4 - “Mortgage-Backed and Credit Risk Transfer Securities” and Note 5 - “Other Assets” for additional details regarding these investments.
Note 4 – Mortgage-Backed and Credit Risk Transfer Securities
The following tables summarize our MBS and GSE CRT portfolio by asset type at December 31, 2019 and 2018.
December 31, 2019
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
$ in thousands
Principal/ Notional
Balance
 
Unamortized
Premium
(Discount)
 
Amortized
Cost
 
Unrealized
Gain/
(Loss), net
 
Fair
Value
 
Period-
end
Weighted
Average
Yield (1)
Agency RMBS:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
15 year fixed-rate
280,426

 
1,666

 
282,092

 
10,322

 
292,414

 
3.34
%
30 year fixed-rate
9,911,339

 
308,427

 
10,219,766

 
304,454

 
10,524,220

 
3.62
%
Hybrid ARM*
55,024

 
602

 
55,626

 
1,267

 
56,893

 
3.46
%
Total Agency RMBS pass-through
10,246,789

 
310,695

 
10,557,484

 
316,043

 
10,873,527

 
3.61
%
Agency-CMO (2)
883,122

 
(467,840
)
 
415,282

 
12,230

 
427,512

 
3.54
%
Agency CMBS (3)
4,561,276

 
75,299

 
4,636,575

 
131,355

 
4,767,930

 
3.01
%
Non-Agency CMBS (4)
4,464,525

 
(772,295
)
 
3,692,230

 
131,244

 
3,823,474

 
5.16
%
Non-Agency RMBS (5)(6)(7)
2,340,119

 
(1,487,603
)
 
852,516

 
103,155

 
955,671

 
6.98
%
GSE CRT (8)
858,244

 
19,945

 
878,189

 
45,483

 
923,672

 
2.78
%
Total
23,354,075

 
(2,321,799
)
 
21,032,276

 
739,510

 
21,771,786

 
3.85
%
*Adjustable-rate mortgage (“ARM”)
(1)
Period-end weighted average yield is based on amortized cost as of December 31, 2019 and incorporates future prepayment and loss assumptions.
(2)
Agency collateralized mortgage obligation (“Agency-CMO”) includes interest-only securities (“Agency IO”), which represent 56.3% of principal/notional balance, 6.4% of amortized cost and 6.4% of fair value.
(3)
Includes unsettled TBA securities with an amortized cost of approximately $99.3 million.
(4)
Non-Agency CMBS includes interest-only securities which represent of 13.1% principal/notional balance, 0.3% of amortized cost and 0.3% of fair value.
(5)
Non-Agency RMBS held by us is 37.0% variable rate, 57.7% fixed rate and 5.3% floating rate based on fair value. Coupon payments on variable instruments are based upon changes in the underlying Hybrid ARM loan coupons, while coupon payments on floating rate investments are based up a spread to a reference index.
(6)
Of the total discount in non-Agency RMBS, $120.2 million is non-accretable calculated using the principal/notional balance and based on estimated future cash flows of the securities.
(7)
Non-Agency RMBS includes interest-only securities (“non-Agency IO”) which represent 56.2% of principal/notional balance, 1.9% of amortized cost and 1.3% of fair value.
(8)
GSE CRT weighted average yield excludes coupon interest associated with embedded derivatives not accounted for under the fair value option that is recorded as realized and unrealized credit derivative income (loss), net.


 
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December 31, 2018
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
$ in thousands
Principal/ Notional
Balance
 
Unamortized
Premium
(Discount)
 
Amortized
Cost
 
Unrealized
Gain/
(Loss), net
 
Fair Value
 
Period-
end
Weighted
Average
Yield (1)
Agency RMBS:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
15 year fixed-rate
417,233

 
5,077

 
422,310

 
1,944

 
424,254

 
3.27
%
30 year fixed-rate
9,599,301

 
298,693

 
9,897,994

 
(125,225
)
 
9,772,769

 
3.55
%
Hybrid ARM
653,586

 
13,775

 
667,361

 
(7,413
)
 
659,948

 
2.79
%
Total Agency RMBS pass-through
10,670,120

 
317,545

 
10,987,665

 
(130,694
)
 
10,856,971

 
3.49
%
Agency-CMO (2)
907,862

 
(631,180
)
 
276,682

 
(8,991
)
 
267,691

 
3.61
%
Agency CMBS
973,122

 
15,058

 
988,180

 
14,330

 
1,002,510

 
3.54
%
Non-Agency CMBS (3)
4,024,715

 
(727,307
)
 
3,297,408

 
(10,949
)
 
3,286,459

 
5.05
%
Non-Agency RMBS (4)(5)(6)
2,800,335

 
(1,748,223
)
 
1,052,112

 
111,570

 
1,163,682

 
7.24
%
GSE CRT (7)
738,529

 
21,259

 
759,788

 
59,541

 
819,329

 
3.10
%
Total
20,114,683

 
(2,752,848
)
 
17,361,835

 
34,807

 
17,396,642

 
4.00
%
(1)
Period-end weighted average yield based on amortized cost as of December 31, 2018 and incorporates future prepayment and loss assumptions.
(2)
Agency collateralized mortgage obligation (“Agency-CMO”) includes interest-only securities (“Agency IO”), which represent 73.6% of principal/notional balance, 13.5% of amortized cost and 12.4% of fair value.
(3)
Non-Agency CMBS includes interest-only securities which represent 15.0% of principal/notional balance, 0.4% of amortized cost and 0.5% of fair value.
(4)
Non-Agency RMBS held by us is 43.5% variable rate, 50.7% fixed rate and 5.8% floating rate based on fair value. Coupon payments on variable instruments are based upon changes in the underlying Hybrid ARM loan coupons, while coupon payments on floating rate investments are based up a spread to a reference index.
(5)
Of the total discount in non-Agency RMBS, $145.6 million is non-accretable calculated using the principal/notional balance and based on estimated future cash flows of the securities.
(6)
Non-Agency RMBS includes interest-only securities (“non-Agency IO”) which represent 55.4% of principal/notional balance, 2.3% of amortized cost and 2.4% of fair value.
(7)
GSE CRT weighted average yield excludes coupon interest associated with embedded derivatives not accounted for under the fair value option that is recorded as realized and unrealized credit derivative income (loss), net.
The following table presents the fair value of our available-for-sale securities and securities accounted for under the fair value option by asset type as of December 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018. We have elected the fair value option for all of our RMBS IOs, our MBS purchased on or after September 1, 2016 and our GSE CRTs purchased on or after August 24, 2015. As of December 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, approximately 80% and 67%, respectively, of our MBS and GSE CRTs are accounted for under the fair value option.
 
December 31, 2019
 
December 31, 2018
$ in thousands
Available-for-sale Securities
 
Securities under Fair Value Option
 
Total
Fair Value
 
Available-for-sale Securities
 
Securities under Fair Value Option
 
Total
Fair Value
Agency RMBS:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
15 year fixed-rate
98,666

 
193,748

 
292,414

 
204,347

 
219,907

 
424,254

30 year fixed-rate
754,590

 
9,769,630

 
10,524,220

 
1,093,070

 
8,679,699

 
9,772,769

ARM


 


 
—

 
105,747

 
—

 
105,747

Hybrid ARM
31,522

 
25,371

 
56,893

 
521,199

 
33,002

 
554,201

Total Agency RMBS pass-through
884,778

 
9,988,749

 
10,873,527

 
1,924,363

 
8,932,608

 
10,856,971

Agency-CMO
146,733

 
280,779

 
427,512

 
168,385

 
99,306

 
267,691

Agency CMBS
—

 
4,767,930

 
4,767,930

 
—

 
1,002,510

 
1,002,510

Non-Agency CMBS
2,150,991

 
1,672,483

 
3,823,474

 
2,153,403

 
1,133,056

 
3,286,459

Non-Agency RMBS
715,479

 
240,192

 
955,671

 
961,445

 
202,237

 
1,163,682

GSE CRT
507,445

 
416,227

 
923,672

 
586,231

 
233,098

 
819,329

Total
4,405,426

 
17,366,360

 
21,771,786

 
5,793,827

 
11,602,815

 
17,396,642




 
94
 

The components of the carrying value of our MBS and GSE CRT portfolio at December 31, 2019 and 2018 are presented below.
 
December 31, 2019
 
December 31, 2018
$ in thousands
MBS and GSE
CRT Securities
 
Interest-Only Securities
 
Total
 
MBS and GSE
CRT Securities
 
Interest-Only Securities
 
Total
Principal/notional balance
20,957,410

 
2,396,665

 
23,354,075

 
17,442,367

 
2,672,316

 
20,114,683

Unamortized premium
440,503

 
—

 
440,503

 
395,907

 
—

 
395,907

Unamortized discount
(419,983
)
 
(2,342,319
)
 
(2,762,302
)
 
(549,988
)
 
(2,598,767
)
 
(3,148,755
)
Gross unrealized gains (1)
807,324

 
4,782

 
812,106

 
238,579

 
7,448

 
246,027

Gross unrealized losses (1)
(66,064
)
 
(6,532
)
 
(72,596
)
 
(204,664
)
 
(6,556
)
 
(211,220
)
Fair value
21,719,190

 
52,596

 
21,771,786

 
17,322,201

 
74,441

 
17,396,642

(1)
Gross unrealized gains and losses includes gains (losses) recognized in net income for securities accounted for as derivatives or under the fair value option as well as gains (losses) for available-for-sale securities which are recognized as adjustments to other comprehensive income. Realization occurs upon sale or settlement of such securities. Further detail on the components of our total gains (losses) on investments, net for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018 is provided below within this Note 4.
The following table summarizes our MBS and GSE CRT portfolio according to estimated weighted average life classifications as of December 31, 2019 and 2018.
$ in thousands
December 31, 2019
 
December 31, 2018
Less than one year
268,536

 
110,020

Greater than one year and less than five years
7,836,620

 
3,508,100

Greater than or equal to five years
13,666,630

 
13,778,522

Total
21,771,786

 
17,396,642


The following tables present the estimated fair value and gross unrealized losses of our MBS and GSE CRTs by length of time that such securities have been in a continuous unrealized loss position at December 31, 2019 and 2018.
December 31, 2019
Less than 12 Months
 
12 Months or More
 
Total
$ in thousands
Fair
Value
 
Unrealized
Losses
 
Number of Securities
 
Fair
Value
 
Unrealized
Losses
 
Number of Securities
 
Fair
Value
 
Unrealized
Losses
 
Number of Securities
Agency RMBS:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
15 year fixed-rate
957

 
(1
)
 
2

 
362

 
(3
)
 
4

 
1,319

 
(4
)
 
6

30 year fixed-rate
255,649

 
(207
)
 
3

 
34,009

 
(256
)
 
5

 
289,658

 
(463
)
 
8

Hybrid ARM
434

 
(2
)
 
1

 
1,524

 
(46
)
 
3

 
1,958

 
(48
)
 
4

Total Agency RMBS pass-through (1)
257,040

 
(210
)
 
6

 
35,895

 
(305
)
 
12

 
292,935

 
(515
)
 
18

Agency-CMO (2)
67,875

 
(1,194
)
 
15

 
6,155

 
(1,513
)
 
13

 
74,030

 
(2,707
)
 
28

Agency CMBS (3)
1,743,800

 
(50,521
)
 
58

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
1,743,800

 
(50,521
)
 
58

Non-Agency CMBS (4)
203,129

 
(2,783
)
 
19

 
101,021

 
(11,425
)
 
7

 
304,150

 
(14,208
)
 
26

Non-Agency RMBS (5)
26,283

 
(3,935
)
 
14

 
12,199

 
(636
)
 
2

 
38,482

 
(4,571
)
 
16

GSE CRT (6)
77,044

 
(74
)
 
4

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
77,044

 
(74
)
 
4

Total
2,375,171

 
(58,717
)
 
116

 
155,270

 
(13,879
)
 
34

 
2,530,441

 
(72,596
)
 
150


(1)
Includes Agency RMBS with a fair value of $271.3 million for which the fair value option has been elected. These securities have unrealized losses of $268,000.
(2)
Includes Agency IO with fair value of $11.1 million for which the fair value option has been elected. These Agency IO have unrealized losses of $2.3 million.
(3)
Fair value option has been elected for all Agency CMBS that are in an unrealized loss position.
(4)
Includes non-Agency CMBS with a fair value of $181.5 million for which the fair value option has been elected. These securities have unrealized losses of $2.8 million.
(5)
Includes non-Agency RMBS and non-Agency IO with a fair value of $17.6 million and $8.5 million, respectively, for which the fair value option has been elected. These securities have unrealized losses of $261,000 and $3.7 million, respectively.
(6)
Fair value option has been elected for all GSE CRT that are in an unrealized loss position.
 


 
95
 

December 31, 2018
Less than 12 Months
 
12 Months or More
 
Total
$ in thousands
Fair
Value
 
Unrealized
Losses
 
Number of Securities
 
Fair
Value
 
Unrealized
Losses
 
Number of Securities
 
Fair
Value
 
Unrealized
Losses
 
Number of Securities
Agency RMBS:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
15 year fixed-rate
86,241

 
(814
)
 
50

 
16,660

 
(189
)
 
22

 
102,901

 
(1,003
)
 
72

30 year fixed-rate
3,966,347

 
(49,182
)
 
158

 
2,846,090

 
(94,716
)
 
95

 
6,812,437

 
(143,898
)
 
253

Hybrid ARM
9,390

 
(87
)
 
3

 
503,417

 
(9,175
)
 
81

 
512,807

 
(9,262
)
 
84

Total Agency RMBS pass-through (1)
4,061,978

 
(50,083
)
 
211

 
3,366,167

 
(104,080
)
 
198

 
7,428,145

 
(154,163
)
 
409

Agency-CMO (2)
152,962

 
(6,315
)
 
34

 
101,705

 
(5,100
)
 
19

 
254,667

 
(11,415
)
 
53

Non-Agency CMBS (3)
1,214,691

 
(17,778
)
 
94

 
659,298

 
(25,381
)
 
52

 
1,873,989

 
(43,159
)
 
146

Non-Agency RMBS (4)
87,850

 
(1,152
)
 
19

 
89,265

 
(1,138
)
 
16

 
177,115

 
(2,290
)
 
35

GSE CRT (5)
9,639

 
(193
)
 
1

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
9,639

 
(193
)
 
1

Total
5,527,120

 
(75,521
)
 
359

 
4,216,435

 
(135,699
)
 
285

 
9,743,555

 
(211,220
)
 
644

(1)
Includes Agency RMBS with a fair value of $6.1 billion for which the fair value option has been elected. These securities have unrealized losses of $130.2 million.
(2)
Includes Agency IO and Agency-CMO with fair value of $21.8 million and $66.0 million, respectively, for which the fair value option has been elected. These Agency IO and Agency-CMO securities have unrealized losses of $6.3 million and $845,000, respectively.
(3)
Includes non-Agency CMBS with a fair value of $831.3 million for which the fair value option has been elected. These securities have unrealized losses of $26.3 million.
(4)
Includes non-Agency RMBS and non-Agency IO with a fair value of $6.2 million and $3.7 million, respectively, for which the fair value option has been elected. These securities have unrealized losses of $79,000 and $269,000, respectively.
(5)
Fair value option has been elected for all GSE CRT that are in an unrealized loss position.
Gross unrealized losses on our Agency RMBS, Agency CMBS and CMO were $51.5 million at December 31, 2019 (December 31, 2018: $159.3 million). Due to the inherent credit quality of Agency RMBS, Agency CMBS and Agency CMO, we determined that at December 31, 2019, any unrealized losses on these securities are not other than temporary.
Gross unrealized losses on our Agency IO, non-Agency RMBS, GSE CRT and non-Agency CMBS were $21.1 million at December 31, 2019 (December 31, 2018: $51.9 million). We do not consider these unrealized losses to be credit related, but rather due to non-credit related factors such as interest rates, prepayment speeds and market fluctuations. These investment securities are included in our assessment for other-than-temporary-impairment (“OTTI”) on a quarterly basis.
We assess our investment securities for OTTI on a quarterly basis. When the fair value of an investment is less than its amortized cost at the balance sheet date of the reporting period for which impairment is assessed, the impairment is designated as either “temporary” or “other-than-temporary.” This analysis includes a determination of estimated future cash flows through an evaluation of the characteristics of the underlying loans and the structural features of the investment. Underlying loan characteristics reviewed include, but are not limited to, delinquency status, loan-to-value ratios, borrower credit scores, occupancy status and geographic concentration.
The following table represents OTTI included in earnings for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017.
 
Years Ended December 31,
$ in thousands
2019
 
2018
 
2017
RMBS interest-only securities
6,707

 
7,761

 
11,208

Non-Agency RMBS (1)
1,024

 
85

 
754

Total
7,731

 
7,846

 
11,962

(1)
Amounts disclosed relate to credit losses on debt securities for which a portion of an other-than-temporary impairment was recognized in other comprehensive income.
OTTI on RMBS interest-only securities was recorded as a reclassification from an unrealized to realized loss within gain (loss) on investments, net on the consolidated statements of operations because we account for these securities under the fair value option. As of December 31, 2019, we did not intend to sell the securities and determined that it was not more likely than not that we will be required to sell the securities.


 
96
 

The following table summarizes the components of our total gain (loss) on investments, net for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017.
 
Years Ended December 31,
$ in thousands
2019
 
2018
 
2017
Gross realized gains on sale of investments
24,721

 
774

 
2,208

Gross realized losses on sale of investments
(16,682
)
 
(218,910
)
 
(3,873
)
Other-than-temporary impairment losses
(7,731
)
 
(7,846
)
 
(11,962
)
Net unrealized gains (losses) on MBS accounted for under the fair value option
626,104

 
(95,327
)
 
(21,368
)
Net unrealized gains (losses) on GSE CRT accounted for under the fair value option
(1,946
)
 
(6,370
)
 
15,269

Net unrealized gains (losses on trading securities)
—

 
(21
)
 
22

Total gain (loss) on investments, net
624,466

 
(327,700
)
 
(19,704
)
The following tables present components of interest income recognized on our MBS and GSE CRT portfolio for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017. GSE CRT interest income excludes coupon interest associated with embedded derivatives not accounted for under the fair value option that is recorded as realized and unrealized credit derivative income (loss), net.
For the Year ended December 31, 2019
 
 
 
 
 
$ in thousands
Coupon
Interest
 
Net (Premium
Amortization)/ Discount Accretion
 
Interest
Income
Agency RMBS
488,650

 
(76,676
)
 
411,974

Agency CMBS
88,462

 
(4,712
)
 
83,750

Non-Agency CMBS
163,326

 
15,347

 
178,673

Non-Agency RMBS
52,857

 
13,164

 
66,021

GSE CRT
37,032

 
(7,842
)
 
29,190

Other
3,049

 
—

 
3,049

Total
833,376

 
(60,719
)
 
772,657

 
For the Year ended December 31, 2018
 
 
 
 
 
$ in thousands
Coupon
Interest
 
Net (Premium Amortization)/Discount Accretion
 
Interest
Income
Agency RMBS
441,757

 
(80,750
)
 
361,007

Agency CMBS
10,546

 
(591
)
 
9,955

Non-Agency CMBS
151,562

 
6,682

 
158,244

Non-Agency RMBS
55,116

 
19,968

 
75,084

GSE CRT
29,142

 
(3,071
)
 
26,071

Other
1,117

 
—

 
1,117

Total
689,240

 
(57,762
)
 
631,478

 


 
97
 

For the Year ended December 31, 2017
 
 
 
 
 
$ in thousands
Coupon
Interest
 
Net (Premium Amortization)/Discount Accretion
 
Interest
Income
Agency RMBS
392,248

 
(107,702
)
 
284,546

Non-Agency CMBS
131,005

 
(4,268
)
 
126,737

Non-Agency RMBS
70,849

 
18,769

 
89,618

GSE CRT
22,164

 
(1,949
)
 
20,215

Other
431

 
—

 
431

Total
616,697

 
(95,150
)
 
521,547

Note 5 – Other Assets
The following table summarizes our other assets as of December 31, 2019 and 2018:
$ in thousands
December 31, 2019
 
December 31, 2018
FHLBI stock
74,250

 
74,250

Loan participation interest
44,654

 
54,981

Commercial loans, held-for-investment
24,055

 
31,582

Investments in unconsolidated ventures
21,998

 
24,012

Prepaid expenses and other assets
1,223

 
1,234

Total
166,180

 
186,059


IAS Services LLC, our wholly-owned captive insurance subsidiary, is required to purchase and hold FHLBI stock as a condition of membership in the FHLBI. The stock is recorded at cost.
In August 2018, we acquired a participation interest in a secured loan collateralized by mortgage servicing rights. The secured loan is due in August 2020 and is subject to a one year extension at the borrower's option. The participation interest bears interest at a floating rate based on LIBOR plus a spread. The weighted average asset yield for the participation interest was 5.82% as of December 31, 2019 and 6.06% as of December 31, 2018. We elected to account for the investment using the fair value option. Refer to Note 15 - “Commitments and Contingencies” for additional details regarding our unfunded commitment on this loan participation interest.
As of December 31, 2019, our commercial loan portfolio consisted of one commercial loan that matures in February 2021. (2018: two commercial loans with a weighted average maturity of 1.7 years). The loans had a weighted average coupon rate of 10.19% as of December 31, 2019 and 10.69% as of December 31, 2018. The loans were not impaired, and we have not recorded an allowance for loan losses as of December 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018 based on our analysis of credit quality factors as described in Note 2 - “Summary of Significant Accounting Policies”.
We have invested in unconsolidated ventures that are managed by an affiliate of our Manager. The unconsolidated ventures invest in our target assets. Refer to Note 15 - “Commitments and Contingencies” for additional details regarding our commitments to these unconsolidated ventures.


 
98
 

Note 6 – Borrowings
We finance the majority of our investment portfolio through repurchase agreements and secured loans. The following tables summarize certain characteristics of our borrowings at December 31, 2019 and 2018. Refer to Note 7 - “Collateral Positions” for collateral pledged and held under our repurchase agreements and secured loans.
$ in thousands
December 31, 2019
 
Amount
Outstanding
 
Period-end Weighted Average
Interest Rate
 
Weighted Average
Remaining Maturity
(Days)
Repurchase Agreements:
 
 
 
 
 
Agency RMBS
9,666,964

 
1.95
%
 
46
Agency CMBS
4,246,359

 
1.95
%
 
43
Non-Agency CMBS
2,041,968

 
2.71
%
 
14
Non-Agency RMBS
790,412

 
2.65
%
 
16
GSE CRT
753,110

 
2.70
%
 
13
Loan Participation Interest
33,490

 
3.22
%
 
240
Total Repurchase Agreements
17,532,303

 
2.11
%
 
39
Secured Loans
1,650,000

 
1.93
%
 
1587
Total Borrowings
19,182,303

 
2.09
%
 
172

$ in thousands
December 31, 2018
 
Amount
Outstanding
 
Period-end Weighted Average
Interest Rate
 
Weighted Average
Remaining Maturity
(Days)
Repurchase Agreements:
 
 
 
 
 
Agency RMBS
9,529,352

 
2.56
%
 
36
Agency CMBS
810,450

 
2.53
%
 
31
Non-Agency CMBS
1,616,473

 
3.56
%
 
19
Non-Agency RMBS
923,959

 
3.60
%
 
26
GSE CRT
681,014

 
3.48
%
 
21
Loan Participation Interest
41,236

 
4.09
%
 
605
Total Repurchase Agreements
13,602,484

 
2.80
%
 
34
Secured Loans
1,650,000

 
2.68
%
 
1952
Total Borrowings
15,252,484

 
2.79
%
 
242

The following table shows the aggregate amount of maturities of our outstanding borrowings:
 
As of
$ in thousands
December 31, 2019
2020
17,832,303

2021
100,000

2022
—

2023
—

2024
—

2025
1,250,000

Total
19,182,303






 
99
 


Repurchase Agreements
Our repurchase agreements generally bear interest at a contractually agreed upon rate and generally have maturities ranging from one month to six months. Our repurchase agreement that is collateralized by a loan participation interest bears interest at a floating rate based on LIBOR plus a spread and matures in August 2020. Repurchase agreements are accounted for as secured borrowings since we maintain effective control of the financed assets. Repurchase agreements are subject to certain financial covenants. We were in compliance with these covenants at December 31, 2019.
Our repurchase agreement collateral ratio (MBS, GSE CRTs and a loan participation interest pledged as collateral/ amount outstanding) was 109% as of December 31, 2019 (December 31, 2018: 111%).
Secured Loans
Our wholly-owned captive insurance subsidiary, IAS Services LLC, is a member of the FHLBI. As a member of the FHLBI, IAS Services LLC has borrowed funds from the FHLBI in the form of secured loans.
As of December 31, 2019, IAS Services LLC, had $1.65 billion in outstanding secured loans from the FHLBI. These secured loans have floating rates that are based on the three-month FHLB swap rate plus a spread. For the year ended December 31, 2019, IAS Services LLC had weighted average borrowings of $1.65 billion with a weighted average borrowing rate of 2.52% and a weighted average maturity of 4.3 years.
The Federal Housing Finance Agency’s (“FHFA”) final rule governing Federal Home Loan Bank membership (the “FHFA Rule”) became effective on February 19, 2016. The FHFA Rule permits existing captive insurance companies, such as IAS Services LLC, to remain members until February 2021. New advances or renewals that mature after February 2021 are prohibited. The FHLBI has indicated it will honor the contractual maturity dates of existing advances to IAS Services LLC. The ability to maintain our existing advances from the FHLBI is subject to our continued creditworthiness, pledging of sufficient eligible collateral to secure advances, and compliance with certain agreements with FHLBI and FHFA rules. We were in compliance with all of the financial provisions of these agreements as of December 31, 2019.
As discussed in Note 5 - “Other Assets,” IAS Services LLC is required to purchase and hold a certain amount of FHLBI stock, which is based, in part, upon the outstanding principal balance of secured loans from the FHLBI.
Exchangeable Senior Notes
During the year ended December 31, 2018, we retired $143.4 million of our Exchangeable Senior Notes (the "Notes") for a repurchase price of $143.4 million and realized a net loss on extinguishment of debt of $26,000. During the year ended December 31, 2017, we retired $256.6 million of the Notes for a repurchase price of $262.1 million and realized a net loss on extinguishment of debt of $6.8 million.
Note 7 – Collateral Positions
The following table summarizes the fair value of collateral that we have pledged under our repurchase agreements, secured loans, interest rate swaps, futures contracts and currency forward contracts as of December 31, 2019 and 2018. Refer to Note 2 - “Summary of Significant Accounting Policies - Fair Value Measurements” for a description of how we determine fair value. MBS and GSE CRT collateral pledged is included in mortgage-backed and credit risk transfer securities on our consolidated balance sheets. Loan participation interest collateral pledged is included in other assets on our consolidated balance sheets. Cash collateral pledged on secured loans, centrally cleared swaps, bilateral interest rate swaps and currency forward contracts is classified as restricted cash on our consolidated balance sheets. Cash collateral pledged on repurchase agreements, futures contracts and TBA securities that are accounted for as derivatives is classified as due from counterparties on our consolidated balance sheets. TBA securities that are recorded as mortgage-backed and credit risk transfer securities on our condensed consolidated balance sheets cannot be pledged as collateral until these securities settle. We held approximately $99.3 million and $131.8 million of these securities as of December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively.
Cash collateral held on bilateral swaps and repurchase agreements that is not restricted for use is included in cash and cash equivalents on our consolidated balance sheets and the liability to return the collateral is included in collateral held payable. Non-cash collateral held is only recognized if the counterparty defaults or if we sell the pledged collateral. As of December 31, 2019 and 2018, we did not recognize any non-cash collateral held on our consolidated balance sheets.


 
100
 

$ in thousands
As of
Collateral Pledged
December 31, 2019
 
December 31, 2018
Repurchase Agreements:
 
 
 
Agency RMBS
10,187,555

 
10,158,404

Agency CMBS
4,446,384

 
870,702

Non-Agency CMBS
2,549,841

 
2,016,202

Non-Agency RMBS
943,176

 
1,127,911

GSE CRT
918,117

 
819,328

Loan participation interest
44,654

 
54,981

Cash
32,568

 
—

Total repurchase agreements collateral pledged
19,122,295

 
15,047,528

Secured Loans:
 
 
 
Agency RMBS
621,471

 
702,952

Non-Agency CMBS
1,276,418

 
1,227,412

Restricted cash
600

 
—

Total secured loans collateral pledged
1,898,489

 
1,930,364

Interest Rate Swaps, Futures Contracts and Currency Forward Contracts:
 
 
 
Agency RMBS
189,780

 
159,914

Cash
—

 
13,500

Restricted cash
116,395

 
—

Total interest rate swaps, futures contracts and currency forward contracts collateral pledged
306,175

 
173,414

Total collateral pledged:
 
 
 
Mortgage-backed and credit risk transfer securities
21,132,742

 
17,082,825

Loan participation interest
44,654

 
54,981

Cash
32,568

 
13,500

Restricted cash
116,995

 
—

Total collateral pledged
21,326,959

 
17,151,306


Collateral Held
December 31, 2019
 
December 31, 2018
Repurchase Agreements:
 
 
 
Cash
10

 
—

Non-cash collateral
181

 
—

Total repurchase agreements collateral held
191

 
—

Interest Rate Swaps:
 
 
 
Cash
160

 
18,083

Total interest rate swap collateral held
160

 
18,083

 
 
 
 
Total collateral held:
 
 
 
Cash
170

 
18,083

Non-cash collateral
181

 
—

Total collateral held
351

 
18,083



 
101
 

Repurchase Agreements
Collateral pledged with our repurchase agreement counterparties is segregated in our books and records. The repurchase agreement counterparties have the right to resell and repledge the collateral posted but have the obligation to return the pledged collateral, or substantially the same collateral if agreed to by us, upon maturity of the repurchase agreement. Under the repurchase agreements, the respective lender retains the contractual right to mark the underlying collateral to fair value. We would be required to provide additional collateral to meet margin calls if the value of pledged assets declined. We intend to maintain a level of liquidity that will enable us to meet margin calls.
Secured Loans
The ability to borrow from the FHLBI is subject to our continued creditworthiness, pledging of sufficient eligible collateral to secure advances, and compliance with FHLBI and FHFA rules. Collateral pledged with the FHLBI is held in trust for the benefit of the FHLBI and is not commingled with our other assets. The FHLBI does not have the right to resell or repledge collateral posted unless an event of default occurs. The FHLBI retains the right to mark the underlying collateral for FHLBI advances to fair value as determined by the FHLBI in its sole discretion. IAS Services LLC would be required to provide additional collateral to meet margin calls if the value of pledged assets declines.
Interest Rate Swaps
As of December 31, 2019, all of our interest rate swaps are centrally cleared by a registered clearing organization such as the Chicago Mercantile Exchange (“CME”) and LCH Limited (“LCH”) through a Futures Commission Merchant (“FCM”). We are required to pledge initial margin and daily variation margin for our centrally cleared interest rate swaps that is based on the fair value of our contracts as determined by our FCM. Collateral pledged with our FCM is segregated in our books and records and can be in the form of cash or securities. Daily variation margin for centrally cleared interest rate swaps is characterized as settlement of the derivative itself rather than collateral and is recorded as gain (loss) on derivative instruments, net in our consolidated statements of operations. Our FCM agreements include cross default provisions, and we were in compliance with all of the financial provisions of these agreements as of December 31, 2019.
Prior to December 31, 2019, we also had bilateral interest rate swaps that were governed by International Swaps and Derivatives Association agreements that provided for bilateral collateral pledging based on our counterparties' market value. The counterparties had the right to repledge the collateral posted, but had the obligation to return the pledged collateral, or substantially the same collateral, if agreed to by us, as the market value of the interest rate swaps changed.
Futures Contracts
We are required to pledge initial margin and daily variation margin for our futures contracts that is based on the fair value of our contracts as determined by our FCM. Collateral pledged with our FCM is segregated in our books and records and can be in the form of cash of securities. Daily variation margin for futures contracts is characterized as settlement of the futures contract itself rather than collateral and is recorded as gain(loss) on derivative instruments, net in our consolidated statements of operations. We had no futures contracts as of December 31, 2019.
Currency Forward Contracts
Our currency forward contract provides for bilateral collateral pledging based on market value as determined by our counterparty. Collateral pledged with our currency forward counterparty is segregated in our books and records and can be in the form of cash or securities. Our counterparty has the right to repledge the collateral posted, but has the obligation to return the pledged collateral, or substantially the same collateral, if agreed to by us, as the market value of the currency forward contract changes.
Note 8 – Derivatives and Hedging Activities
Risk Management Objective of Using Derivatives
We are exposed to certain risks arising from both our business operations and economic conditions. We principally manage our exposures to a wide variety of business and operational risks through management of our core business activities. We manage economic risks, including interest rate, liquidity, credit and foreign exchange rate risk primarily by managing the amount, sources, and duration of our investments, borrowings, and the use of derivative financial instruments. Specifically, we use derivative financial instruments to manage exposures that arise from business activities that result in the receipt or payment of future known and uncertain cash amounts, the value of which are determined by interest rates or foreign exchange rates. Our derivative financial instruments are used to manage differences in the amount, timing, and duration of our known or expected cash receipts and our known or expected cash payments principally related to our investments and borrowings.


 
102
 

The following table summarizes changes in the notional amount of our derivative instruments during 2019:
$ in thousands
Notional Amount as of December 31, 2018
 
Additions
 
Settlement,
Termination,
Expiration
or Exercise
 
Notional Amount as
of December 31, 2019
Interest Rate Swaps
12,370,000

 
26,950,000

 
(25,320,000
)
 
14,000,000

Futures Contracts
1,689,900

 
3,625,800

 
(5,315,700
)
 
—

Currency Forward Contracts
23,149

 
101,597

 
(101,635
)
 
23,111

Credit Derivatives
526,912

 
—

 
(61,946
)
 
464,966

Total
14,609,961

 
30,677,397

 
(30,799,281
)
 
14,488,077


Refer to Note 7 - “Collateral Positions” for further information regarding our collateral pledged to and received from our interest rate swap counterparties.
Interest Rate Swaps
Our repurchase agreements are usually settled on a short-term basis ranging from one month to six months. At each settlement date, we typically refinance each repurchase agreement at the market interest rate at that time. In addition, our secured loans have floating interest rates. As such, we are exposed to changing interest rates. Our objectives in using interest rate derivatives are to add stability to interest expense and to manage our exposures to interest rate movements. To accomplish these objectives, we primarily use interest rate swaps as part of our interest rate risk management strategy. Interest rate swaps involve making fixed-rate payments to counterparty in exchange for the receipt of variable-rate amounts over the life of the agreements without exchange of the underlying notional amount.
Amounts recorded in AOCI before we discontinued cash flow hedge accounting for our interest rate swaps are reclassified to interest expense on repurchase agreements on the consolidated statements of operations as interest is accrued and paid on the related repurchase agreements over the remaining life of the interest rate swap agreements. We reclassified $23.7 million as a decrease (2018: $25.8 million as a decrease; 2017: $25.5 million as a decrease) to interest expense for the year ended December 31, 2019. During the next 12 months, we estimate that $23.8 million will be reclassified as a decrease to interest expense, repurchase agreements. As of December 31, 2019, $75.9 million (2018: $99.6 million) of net unrealized gains on discontinued cash flow hedges are still included in accumulated other comprehensive income.


 
103
 

As of December 31, 2019, we had interest rate swaps with the following maturities outstanding: 
$ in thousands
 
As of December 31, 2019
Maturities
 
Notional Amount (1)
 
Weighted Average Fixed Pay Rate
 
Weighted Average Receive Rate
 
Weighted Average Years to Maturity
2020
 
1,900,000

 
1.67
%
 
1.84
%
 
0.6
2021
 
2,500,000

 
1.40
%
 
1.77
%
 
1.3
2022
 
800,000

 
1.53
%
 
1.91
%
 
2.9
2023
 
2,400,000

 
1.44
%
 
1.72
%
 
3.9
2024
 
900,000

 
1.49
%
 
1.76
%
 
4.8
Thereafter
 
5,500,000

 
1.44
%
 
1.78
%
 
9.5
Total
 
14,000,000

 
1.47
%
 
1.79
%
 
5.2

$ in thousands
 
As of December 31, 2018
Maturities
 
Notional Amount (2)
 
Weighted Average Fixed Pay Rate
 
Weighted Average Receive Rate
 
Weighted Average Years to Maturity
2019
 
1,500,000

 
2.70
%
 
2.47
%
 
0.9
2020
 
1,500,000

 
2.78
%
 
2.51
%
 
1.7
2021
 
2,300,000

 
2.51
%
 
2.58
%
 
2.5
2022
 
2,550,000

 
2.13
%
 
2.65
%
 
3.4
2023
 
1,600,000

 
2.39
%
 
2.47
%
 
4.7
Thereafter
 
2,920,000

 
2.47
%
 
2.55
%
 
6.8
Total
 
12,370,000

 
2.46
%
 
2.55
%
 
3.7

(1)
Notional amount includes $10.7 billion of interest rate swaps that receive variable payments based on 1-month LIBOR and $3.3 billion of interest rate swaps that receive variable payments based on 3-month LIBOR as of December 31, 2019.
(2)
Notional amount includes $6.7 billion of interest rate swaps that receive variable payments based on 1-month LIBOR and $5.7 billion of interest rate swaps that receive variable payments based on 3-month LIBOR as of December 31, 2018.
TBAs, Futures and Currency Forward Contracts
We purchase or sell certain TBAs and futures contracts to help mitigate the potential impact of changes in interest rates on the performance of our investment portfolio. We recognize realized and unrealized gains and losses associated with the purchases or sales of TBAs and futures contracts in gain (loss) on derivative instruments, net in our consolidated statements of operations.
We use currency forward contracts to help mitigate the potential impact of changes in foreign currency exchange rates on our investments denominated in foreign currencies. We recognize realized and unrealized gains and losses associated with the purchases or sales of currency forward contracts in gain (loss) on derivative instruments, net in our consolidated statements of operations. As of December 31, 2019, we had $23.1 million (December 31, 2018: $23.1 million) of notional amount of currency forward contracts related to an investment in an unconsolidated venture denominated in Euro.
Credit Derivatives
Our GSE CRTs purchased prior to August 24, 2015 are accounted for as hybrid financial instruments consisting of a debt host contract and an embedded credit derivative. Embedded derivatives associated with GSE CRTs are recorded within mortgage-backed and credit risk transfer securities, at fair value, on our consolidated balance sheets. As of December 31, 2019 and 2018, terms of the GSE CRT embedded derivatives are:
$ in thousands
December 31, 2019
 
December 31, 2018
Fair value amount
10,281

 
22,771

Notional amount
464,966

 
526,912

Maximum potential amount of future undiscounted payments
464,966

 
526,912




 
104
 

Tabular Disclosure of the Effect of Derivative Instruments on the Balance Sheet
The table below presents the fair value of our derivative financial instruments, as well as their classification on our consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2019 and 2018.
$ in thousands
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Derivative Assets
 
Derivative Liabilities
 
 
As of December 31, 2019
 
As of December 31, 2018
 
 
 
As of December 31, 2019
 
As of December 31, 2018
Balance
Sheet
 
Fair Value
 
Fair Value
 
Balance
Sheet
 
Fair Value
 
Fair Value
Interest Rate Swaps Asset
 
18,533

 
15,089

 
Interest Rate Swaps Liability
 
—

 
15,382

Currency Forward Contracts
 
—

 
—

 
Currency Forward Contracts
 
352

 
172

Futures Contracts
 
—

 
—

 
Futures Contracts
 
—

 
7,836

Total Derivative Assets
 
18,533

 
15,089

 
Total Derivative Liabilities
 
352

 
23,390


Tabular Disclosure of the Effect of Derivative Instruments on the Income Statement
The tables below present the effect of our credit derivatives on our consolidated statements of operations for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017.
$ in thousands
Year ended December 31, 2019
Derivative
not designated as
hedging instrument
Realized gain (loss), net
 
 GSE CRT embedded derivative coupon interest
 
Unrealized
gain (loss), net
 
Realized and unrealized credit derivative income (loss), net
GSE CRT Embedded Derivatives
—

 
20,833

 
(12,490
)
 
8,343

$ in thousands
Year ended December 31, 2018
Derivative
not designated as
hedging instrument
Realized gain (loss), net
 
 GSE CRT embedded derivative coupon interest
 
Unrealized
gain (loss), net
 
Realized and unrealized credit derivative income (loss), net
GSE CRT Embedded Derivatives
—

 
22,478

 
(22,629
)
 
(151
)

$ in thousands
Year ended December 31, 2017
Derivative
not designated as
hedging instrument
Realized gain (loss), net
 
 GSE CRT embedded derivative coupon interest
 
Unrealized
gain (loss), net
 
Realized and unrealized credit derivative income (loss), net
GSE CRT Embedded Derivatives
—

 
23,343

 
28,305

 
51,648

The following tables summarize the effect of interest rate swaps, futures contracts, currency forward contracts and TBAs reported in gain (loss) on derivative instruments, net on the consolidated statements of operations for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017.
$ in thousands
Year ended December 31, 2019
Derivative
not designated as
hedging instrument
Realized gain (loss) on derivative instruments, net
 
 Contractual net
interest income (expense)
 
Unrealized
gain (loss), net
 
Gain (loss) on derivative instruments, net
Interest Rate Swaps
(440,626
)
 
35,840

 
18,826

 
(385,960
)
Future Contracts
(157,929
)
 
—

 
7,836

 
(150,093
)
Currency Forward Contracts
1,478

 
—

 
(180
)
 
1,298

Total
(597,077
)
 
35,840

 
26,482

 
(534,755
)



 
105
 

$ in thousands
Year ended December 31, 2018
Derivative
not designated as
hedging instrument
Realized gain (loss) on derivative instruments, net
 
 Contractual net
interest income (expense)
 
Unrealized
gain (loss), net
 
Gain (loss) on derivative instruments, net
Interest Rate Swaps
81,417

 
(20,015
)
 
24,358

 
85,760

Future Contracts
(86,318
)
 
—

 
(7,836
)
 
(94,154
)
Currency Forward Contracts
2,088

 
—

 
1,046

 
3,134

TBAs
(17
)
 
—

 
—

 
(17
)
Total
(2,830
)
 
(20,015
)
 
17,568

 
(5,277
)

$ in thousands
Year ended December 31, 2017
Derivative
not designated as
hedging instrument
Realized gain (loss) on derivative instruments, net
 
 Contractual net
interest income (expense)
 
Unrealized
gain (loss), net
 
Gain (loss) on derivative instruments, net
Interest Rate Swaps
72,894

 
(77,076
)
 
28,316

 
24,134

Currency Forward Contracts
(5,056
)
 
—

 
(923
)
 
(5,979
)
Total
67,838

 
(77,076
)
 
27,393

 
18,155


 
Note 9 – Offsetting Assets and Liabilities
Certain of our repurchase agreements and derivative transactions are governed by underlying agreements that generally provide for a right of offset under master netting arrangements (or similar agreements), in the event of default or in the event of bankruptcy of either party to the transactions. Assets and liabilities subject to such arrangements are presented on a gross basis in the consolidated balance sheets.
The following tables present information about the assets and liabilities that are subject to master netting arrangements (or similar agreements) and can potentially be offset on our consolidated balance sheets at December 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018. The daily variation margin payment for centrally cleared interest rate swaps is characterized as settlement of the derivative itself rather than collateral. Our derivative asset of $18.5 million (December 31, 2018: derivative liability of $13.2 million) at December 31, 2019 related to centrally cleared interest rate swaps is not included in the table below as a result of this characterization of daily variation margin.
 



 
106
 

Offsetting of Derivative Liabilities, Repurchase Agreements and Secured Loans
As of December 31, 2019
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Gross Amounts Not Offset in the
Consolidated Balance Sheets
 
 
$ in thousands
Description
Gross
Amounts of
Recognized
Liabilities
 
Gross
Amounts
Offset in the
Consolidated
Balance
Sheets
 
Net Amounts
of Liabilities
presented
in the
Consolidated
Balance Sheets
 
Financial
Instruments (1)
 

Cash Collateral
Pledged
 
Net Amount
Derivatives (2)
352

 
—

 
352

 
—

 
(320
)
 
32

Repurchase Agreements (3)
17,532,303

 
—

 
17,532,303

 
(17,532,303
)
 
—

 
—

Secured Loans (4)
1,650,000

 
—

 
1,650,000

 
(1,650,000
)
 
—

 
—

Total
19,182,655

 
—

 
19,182,655

 
(19,182,303
)
 
(320
)
 
32


Offsetting of Derivative Assets
As of December 31, 2018
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Gross Amounts Not Offset in the
Consolidated Balance Sheets
 
 
$ in thousands
Description
Gross
Amounts of
Recognized
Assets
 
Gross
Amounts
Offset in the
Consolidated
Balance
Sheets
 
Net Amounts
of Assets
presented
in the
Consolidated
Balance Sheets
 
Financial
Instruments
 
Cash
Collateral
Received
 
Net Amount
Derivatives (3)(5)
15,089

 
—

 
15,089

 
(433
)
 
(14,656
)
 
—


Offsetting of Derivative Liabilities, Repurchase Agreements and Secured Loans
As of December 31, 2018
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Gross Amounts Not Offset in the
Consolidated Balance Sheets
 
 
$ in thousands
Description
Gross
Amounts of
Recognized
Liabilities
 
Gross
Amounts
Offset in the
Consolidated
Balance
Sheets
 
Net Amounts
of Liabilities
presented
in the
Consolidated
Balance Sheets
 
Financial
Instruments (1)
 
Cash
Collateral
Pledged
 
Net Amount
Derivatives (2)
10,239

 
—

 
10,239

 
(2,058
)
 
(7,836
)
 
345

Repurchase Agreements (3)
13,602,484

 
—

 
13,602,484

 
(13,602,484
)
 
—

 
—

Secured Loans (4)
1,650,000

 
—

 
1,650,000

 
(1,650,000
)
 
—

 
—

Total
15,262,723

 
—

 
15,262,723

 
(15,254,542
)
 
(7,836
)
 
345


(1)
Amounts represent collateral pledged that is available to be offset against liability balances associated with repurchase agreements, secured loans and derivatives.
(2)
The fair value of securities pledged against our derivatives was $189.8 million at December 31, 2019 (December 31, 2018: $159.9 million), of which $189.8 million (December 31, 2018: $158.3 million) relates to initial margin pledged on centrally cleared interest rate swaps. Centrally cleared interest rate swaps are excluded from the tables above. Cash collateral received on our derivatives was $160,000 and $18.1 million at December 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively. Cash collateral pledged by us on our futures contracts and interest rate swaps was $116.4 million and $13.5 million at December 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively. Cash collateral pledged on our centrally cleared interest rate swaps is settled against the fair value of these swaps and therefore excluded from the tables above at December 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively.
(3)
The fair value of securities pledged against our borrowing under repurchase agreements was $19.1 billion and $15.0 billion at December 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively. We pledged cash collateral of $32.6 million and held cash collateral of $10,000 under repurchase agreements as of December 31, 2019.
(4)
The fair value of securities pledged against IAS Services LLC's borrowings under secured loans was $1.9 billion and $1.9 billion at December 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively.
(5)
Amounts represent derivatives in an asset position which could potentially be offset against derivatives in a liability position at December 31, 2018, subject to a netting arrangement.



 
107
 

Note 10 – Fair Value of Financial Instruments
A three-level valuation hierarchy exists for disclosure of fair value measurements based upon the transparency of inputs to the valuation of an asset or liability as of the measurement date. Observable inputs reflect readily obtainable data from independent sources, while unobservable inputs reflect our market assumptions. The three levels are defined as follows:
•
Level 1 Inputs – Quoted prices for identical instruments in active markets.
•
Level 2 Inputs – Quoted prices for similar instruments in active markets; quoted prices for identical or similar instruments in markets that are not active; and model-derived valuations whose inputs are observable or whose significant value drivers are observable.
•
Level 3 Inputs – Instruments with primarily unobservable value drivers.
The following tables present our assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis.
 
December 31, 2019
 
 
 
Fair Value Measurements Using:
 
 
$ in thousands
Level 1
 
Level 2
 
Level 3
 
NAV as a practical expedient (3)
 
Total at
Fair Value
Assets:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Mortgage-backed and credit risk transfer securities (1)(2)
—

 
21,761,505

 
10,281

 
—

 
21,771,786

Derivative assets
—

 
18,533

 
—

 
—

 
18,533

Other assets (4)
—

 
—

 
44,654

 
21,998

 
66,652

Total assets
—

 
21,780,038

 
54,935

 
21,998

 
21,856,971

Liabilities:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Derivative liabilities
—

 
352

 
—

 
—

 
352

Total liabilities
—

 
352

 
—

 
—

 
352

 
 
December 31, 2018
 
 
 
Fair Value Measurements Using:
 
 
$ in thousands
Level 1
 
Level 2
 
Level 3
 
NAV as a practical expedient (3)
 
Total at
Fair Value
Assets:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Mortgage-backed and credit risk transfer securities (1)(2)
—

 
17,373,871

 
22,771

 
—

 
17,396,642

Derivative assets
—

 
15,089

 
—

 
—

 
15,089

Other assets(4)
—

 
—

 
54,981

 
24,012

 
78,993

Total assets
—

 
17,388,960

 
77,752

 
24,012

 
17,490,724

Liabilities:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Derivative liabilities
7,836

 
15,554

 
—

 
—

 
23,390

Total liabilities
7,836

 
15,554

 
—

 
—

 
23,390

 
(1)
For more detail about the fair value of our MBS and GSE CRTs, refer to Note 4 - “Mortgage-Backed and Credit Risk Transfer Securities.”
(2)
Our GSE CRTs purchased prior to August 24, 2015 are accounted for as hybrid financial instruments with an embedded derivative. The hybrid financial instruments consist of debt host contracts classified as Level 2 and embedded derivatives classified as Level 3. As of December 31, 2019, the net embedded derivative asset position of $10.3 million includes $19.5 million of embedded derivatives in an asset position and $9.2 million of embedded derivatives in a liability position. As of December 31, 2018, the net embedded derivative asset position of $22.8 million includes $28.8 million of embedded derivatives in an asset position and $6.0 million of embedded derivatives in a liability position.
(3)
Investments in unconsolidated ventures are valued using the net asset value (“NAV”) as a practical expedient and are not subject to redemption, although investors may sell or transfer their interest at the approval of the general partner of the underlying funds. As of December 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, the weighted average remaining term of investments in unconsolidated ventures is 2.2 years and 2.6 years, respectively.
(4)
Includes $44.7 million and $55.0 million of a loan participation interest as of December 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively. The loan participation interest is transferable and bears interest at a variable rate based on LIBOR plus a spread and resets daily. As a result, the cost of the loan participation interest approximates its fair value.



 
108
 

The following table shows a reconciliation of the beginning and ending fair value measurements of our GSE CRT embedded derivatives, which we have valued utilizing Level 3 inputs:
 
Years Ended
$ in thousands
December 31, 2019
 
December 31, 2018
Beginning balance
22,771

 
45,400

Unrealized gains/(losses), net (1)
(12,490
)
 
(22,629
)
Ending balance
10,281

 
22,771


(1)
Included in realized and unrealized credit derivative income (loss), net in the consolidated statements of operations are $12.5 million in net unrealized losses and $22.6 million in net unrealized losses attributable to assets still held as of December 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively.
The following table shows a reconciliation of the beginning and ending fair value measurements of our loan participation interest, which we have valued utilizing Level 3 inputs:
 
Year Ended
$ in thousands
December 31, 2019
 
December 31, 2018
Beginning balance
54,981

 
—

Purchases/Advances
7,962

 
54,981

Repayments
(18,289
)
 
—

Ending balance
44,654

 
54,981


The following tables summarize significant unobservable inputs used in the fair value measurement of our GSE CRT embedded derivatives:
 
Fair Value at
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
$ in thousands
December 31, 2019
 
Valuation Technique
 
Unobservable Input
 
Range
 
Weighted Average
GSE CRT Embedded Derivatives
10,281

 
Market Comparables, Vendor Pricing
 
Weighted average life
 
1.1 - 4.2 years
 
2.9
 years
 
Fair Value at
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
$ in thousands
December 31, 2018
 
Valuation Technique
 
Unobservable Input
 
Range
 
Weighted Average
GSE CRT Embedded Derivatives
22,771

 
Market Comparables, Vendor Pricing
 
Weighted average life
 
2.9 - 5.9 years
 
4.3 years

These significant unobservable inputs change according to market conditions and security performance. We estimate the weighted average life of GSE CRTs in order to identify GSE corporate debt with a similar maturity. We obtain our weighted average life estimates from a third party provider. Although weighted average life is a significant input, changes in weighted average life may not have an explicit directional impact on the fair value measurement.


 
109
 

The following table presents the carrying value and estimated fair value of our financial instruments that are not carried at fair value on the consolidated balance sheets at December 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018:
 
December 31, 2019
 
December 31, 2018
$ in thousands
Carrying
Value
 
Estimated
Fair Value
 
Carrying
Value
 
Estimated
Fair Value
Financial Assets:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Commercial loans, held-for-investment
24,055

 
24,397

 
31,582

 
31,826

FHLBI stock
74,250

 
74,250

 
74,250

 
74,250

Total
98,305

 
98,647

 
105,832

 
106,076

Financial Liabilities:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Repurchase agreements
17,532,303

 
17,534,344

 
13,602,484

 
13,602,050

Secured loans
1,650,000

 
1,650,000

 
1,650,000

 
1,650,000

Total
19,182,303

 
19,184,344

 
15,252,484

 
15,252,050


The following describes our methods for estimating the fair value for financial instruments not carried at fair value on the consolidated balance sheets.
•
The estimated fair value of commercial loans held-for-investment, included in “Other assets” on our consolidated balance sheets, is a Level 3 fair value measurement. Subsequent to the origination or purchase, commercial loan investments are valued on a monthly basis by an independent third party valuation agent using a discounted cash flow technique.
•
The estimated fair value of FHLBI stock, included in “Other assets” on our consolidated balance sheets, is a Level 3 fair value measurement. FHLBI stock may only be sold back to the FHLBI at its discretion at par. As a result, the cost of the FHLBI stock approximates its fair value.
•
The estimated fair value of repurchase agreements is a Level 3 fair value measurement based on an expected present value technique. This method discounts future estimated cash flows using rates we determined best reflect current market interest rates that would be offered for repurchase agreements with similar characteristics and credit quality.
•
The estimated fair value of secured loans is a Level 3 fair value measurement. The secured loans have floating rates based on an index plus a spread and the spread is typically consistent with those demanded in the market. Accordingly, the interest rates on these secured loans are at market, and thus the carrying amount approximates fair value.
Note 11 – Related Party Transactions
We are externally managed and advised by Invesco Advisers, Inc. (our “Manager”), a wholly-owned subsidiary of Invesco Ltd. Our Manager is at all times subject to the supervision and oversight of our Board of Directors and has only such functions and authority as we delegate to it.
Our Manager and its affiliates provide us with our management team, including our officers and appropriate support personnel. Each of our officers is an employee of our Manager or one of its affiliates. We do not have any employees. Our Manager is not obligated to dedicate any of its employees exclusively to us, nor is our Manager obligated to dedicate any specific portion of time to our business. During the year ended December 31, 2019, we reimbursed our Manager $888,000 (2018: $779,000; 2017: $801,000) for costs of support personnel that are fully dedicated to our business.
We have invested $154.0 million as of December 31, 2019 (2018: $131.9 million) in money market or mutual funds managed by affiliates of our Manager. The investments are reported as cash and cash equivalents on our consolidated balance sheets as they are highly liquid and have original or remaining maturities of three months or less when purchased.
Management Fee
Effective October 1, 2019, our management fee is equal to 1.50% of our stockholders' equity per annum. For purposes of calculating the management fee, stockholders' equity is calculated as average month-end stockholder's equity for the prior calendar quarter as determined in accordance with U.S. GAAP. Stockholders' equity may exclude one-time events due to changes in U.S. GAAP and certain non-cash items upon approval by a majority of our independent directors.


 
110
 

Prior to October 1, 2019, we paid our Manager a management fee equal to 1.50% of our stockholders’ equity per annum. The fee was calculated and payable quarterly in arrears. For purposes of calculating the management fee, stockholders’ equity was equal to the sum of the net proceeds from all issuances of equity securities since inception including proceeds from the issuance of OP Units to an affiliate of our Manager, plus retained earnings at the end of the most recently completed calendar quarter (without taking into account any non-cash equity compensation expense incurred in then current or prior periods), less any amount paid to repurchase common stock since inception. Stockholders' equity excluded (i) any unrealized gains, losses or other items that did not affect realized net income (regardless of whether such items were included in other comprehensive income or loss, or in net income); (ii) cumulative net realized losses that were not attributable to permanently impaired investments and that related to the investments for which market movement was accounted for in other comprehensive income; provided, however, that such adjustment did not exceed cumulative unrealized net gains in other comprehensive income; (iii) one-time events pursuant to changes in U.S. GAAP; and (iv) certain non-cash items after discussions between our Manager and our independent directors and approval by a majority of our independent directors.
We do not pay any management fees on our investments in unconsolidated ventures that are managed by an affiliate of our Manager.
Expense Reimbursement
We are required to reimburse our Manager for our operating expenses incurred on our behalf, including directors and officers insurance, accounting services, auditing and tax services, filing fees, and miscellaneous general and administrative costs. Our reimbursement obligation is not subject to any dollar limitation.
The following table summarizes the costs incurred on our behalf by our Manager for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017.
 
Years ended December 31,
$ in thousands
2019
 
2018
 
2017
Incurred costs, prepaid or expensed
7,343

 
6,483

 
5,997

Incurred costs, charged against equity as a cost of raising capital
950

 
230

 
299

Total incurred costs, originally paid by our Manager
8,293

 
6,713

 
6,296


Termination Fee
If we terminate our management agreement, we owe our Manager a termination fee equal to three times the sum of our average annual management fee during the 24-month period before termination, calculated as of the end of the most recently completed fiscal quarter.
Note 12 – Stockholders’ Equity
Preferred Stock
Holders of our Series A Preferred Stock are entitled to receive dividends at an annual rate of 7.75% of the liquidation preference of $25.00 per share or $1.9375 per share per annum. Dividends are cumulative and payable quarterly in arrears.
Holders of our Series B Preferred Stock are entitled to receive dividends at an annual rate of 7.75% of the liquidation preference of $25.00 per share or $1.9375 per share per annum until December 27, 2024. After December 27, 2024, holders are entitled to receive dividends at a floating rate equal to three-month LIBOR plus a spread of 5.18% of the $25.00 liquidation preference per annum. Dividends are cumulative and payable quarterly in arrears.
Holders of our Series C Preferred Stock are entitled to receive dividends at an annual rate of 7.50% of the liquidation preference of $25.00 per share or $1.875 per share per annum until September 27, 2027. After September 27, 2027, holders are entitled to receive dividends at a floating rate equal to three-month LIBOR plus a spread of 5.289% of the $25.00 liquidation preference per annum. Dividends are cumulative and payable quarterly in arrears, commencing with the first dividend payment date on December 27, 2017.
As of July 27, 2017, we have the option to redeem shares of our Series A Preferred Stock for $25.00 per share, plus any accumulated and unpaid dividends through the date of redemption. We have the option to redeem shares of our Series B Preferred Stock after December 27, 2024 and shares of our Series C Preferred Stock after September 27, 2027 for $25.00 per share, plus any accumulated and unpaid dividends through the date of the redemption. Shares of Series B and Series C Preferred Stock are not redeemable, convertible into or exchangeable for any other property or any other securities of the Company prior to those times, except under circumstances intended to preserve our qualification as a REIT or upon the occurrence of a change in control.


 
111
 

In March 2019, we entered into an equity distribution agreement with a placement agent under which we may sell up to 7,000,000 shares of our preferred stock from time to time in at-the-market or privately negotiated transactions. These shares are registered with the SEC under our shelf registration statement (as amended and/or supplemented). As of December 31, 2019, we have not sold any shares of preferred stock under the equity distribution agreement.
Common Stock
On February 7, 2019, we completed a public offering of 16,100,000 shares of common stock at the price of $15.73 per share. Total net proceeds were approximately $249.5 million after deducting offering costs.
On August 16, 2019, we completed a public offering of 14,000,000 shares of common stock at the price of $15.86 per share. Total net proceeds were approximately $219.3 million after deducting offering costs.
In March 2019, we amended our equity distribution agreement, dated December 18, 2017, with a placement agent under which we may sell up to 17,000,000 shares of our common stock from time to time in at-the-market or privately negotiated transactions. These shares are registered with the SEC under our shelf registration statement (as amended and/or supplemented). During the year ended December 31, 2019, we issued 2,540,260 shares of common stock under the equity distribution agreement for proceeds of $40.1 million, net of approximately $846,000 in commissions and fees.
Redemption of OP Units and Repurchase of Shares Owned by Invesco
On November 30, 2018, we redeemed the OP Units held by a wholly-owned Invesco subsidiary for $21.8 million. We also repurchased 75,100 shares of common stock owned by Invesco for $1.1 million. The redemption price for the OP Units and common stock was equal to the market value of an equivalent number of shares of our registered common stock.
We accounted for the redemption of the OP Units as an equity transaction and did not recognize a gain or loss on the transaction. We reallocated the components of accumulated other comprehensive loss to us as summarized in the table below.
Share Repurchase Program
During the year ended December 31, 2019, we did not repurchase any shares of our common stock. During the year ended December 31, 2018, we repurchased 75,100 shares of our common stock at a repurchase price of $15.23 per share for a net cost of $1.1 million as discussed above. As of December 31, 2019, we had authority to purchase 18,163,982 shares of our common stock through our share repurchase program.
Share-Based Compensation
In May 2019, we amended our Incentive Plan to extend the term of the plan until 2029 and to reduce the number of shares of common stock available for issuance under the Incentive Plan to 200,000.
We recognized compensation expense of approximately $450,000 (2018: $424,000; 2017: $453,000) related to awards to our independent directors for the year ended December 31, 2019. During the year ended December 31, 2019, we issued 27,665 shares (2018: 27,697 shares; 2017: 25,006 shares) of common stock under the Incentive Plan to our independent directors. The awards vested immediately.
We recognized compensation expense of approximately $72,000 (2018: $129,000; 2017: $138,000) for the year ended December 31, 2019 related to restricted stock units awarded to employees of our Manager and its affiliates under our Incentive Plan. At December 31, 2019, there was approximately $131,000 of total unrecognized compensation cost related to restricted stock unit awards that is expected to be recognized over a period of up to 39 months, with a weighted-average remaining vesting period of 15 months.


 
112
 

The following table summarizes the activity related to restricted stock units awarded to employees of our Manager and its affiliates for the year ended December 31, 2019.
 
Year Ended December 31,
 
2019
 
Restricted Stock Units
 
Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value
Unvested at the beginning of the year
11,051

 
$
14.55

Shares granted during the year
6,189

 
15.92

Shares vested during the year
(4,720
)
 
14.48

Unvested at the end of the year
12,520

 
$
15.25


Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income
The following tables present the components of total other comprehensive income (loss), net and accumulated other comprehensive income (“AOCI”) at December 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively. The tables exclude gains and losses on MBS and GSE CRTs that are accounted for under the fair value option.
 
December 31, 2019
$ in thousands
Equity method investments
 
Available-for-sale securities
 
Derivatives and hedging
 
Total
Total other comprehensive income (loss), net:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Unrealized gain (loss) on mortgage-backed and credit risk transfer securities, net
—

 
83,965

 
—

 
83,965

Reclassification of unrealized (gain) loss on sale of mortgage-backed and credit risk transfer securities to gain (loss) on investments, net
—

 
9,072

 
—

 
9,072

Reclassification of amortization of net deferred (gain) loss on de-designated interest rate swaps to repurchase agreements interest expense
—

 
—

 
(23,729
)
 
(23,729
)
Currency translation adjustments on investment in unconsolidated venture
(1,158
)
 
—

 
—

 
(1,158
)
Total other comprehensive income (loss), net
(1,158
)
 
93,037

 
(23,729
)
 
68,150

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
AOCI balance at beginning of period
513

 
120,664

 
99,636

 
220,813

Total other comprehensive income/(loss), net
(1,158
)
 
93,037

 
(23,729
)
 
68,150

AOCI balance at end of period
(645
)
 
213,701

 
75,907

 
288,963



 
113
 

 
December 31, 2018
$ in thousands
Equity method investments
 
Available-for-sale securities
 
Derivatives and hedging
 
Total
Total other comprehensive income (loss), net:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Unrealized gain (loss) on mortgage-backed and credit risk transfer securities, net
—

 
(210,424
)
 
—

 
(210,424
)
Reclassification of unrealized (gain) loss on sale of mortgage-backed and credit risk transfer securities to gain (loss) on investments, net
—

 
193,162

 
—

 
193,162

Reclassification of amortization of net deferred (gain) loss on de-designated interest rate swaps to repurchase agreements interest expense
—

 
—

 
(25,839
)
 
(25,839
)
Currency translation adjustments on investment in unconsolidated venture
(447
)
 
—

 
—

 
(447
)
Total other comprehensive income (loss), net
(447
)
 
(17,262
)
 
(25,839
)
 
(43,548
)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
AOCI balance at beginning of period
947

 
136,188

 
123,894

 
261,029

Total other comprehensive income/(loss), net
(447
)
 
(17,262
)
 
(25,839
)
 
(43,548
)
Other comprehensive income/(loss) attributable to non-controlling interest
6

 
927

 
300

 
1,233

Rebalancing of ownership percentage of non-controlling interest
—

 
(1
)
 
—

 
(1
)
Purchase of OP units from non-controlling interest
7

 
812

 
1,281

 
2,100

AOCI balance at end of period
513

 
120,664

 
99,636

 
220,813


Amounts recorded in AOCI before we discontinued cash flow hedge accounting for our interest rate swaps are reclassified to interest expense on repurchase agreements on the consolidated statements of operations as interest is accrued and paid on the related repurchase agreements over the remaining original life of the interest rate swap agreements.
Dividends
We declared the following dividends during 2019 and 2018:
$ in thousands, except per share amounts
Dividends Declared
Series A Preferred Stock
Per Share
 
In Aggregate
 
Date of Payment
2019
 
 
 
 
 
December 16, 2019
0.4844

 
2,712

 
January 27, 2020
September 16, 2019
0.4844

 
2,713

 
October 25, 2019
June 17, 2019
0.4844

 
2,712

 
July 25, 2019
March 18, 2019
0.4844

 
2,713

 
April 25, 2019
2018
 
 
 
 
 
December 14, 2018
0.4844

 
2,713

 
January 25, 2019
September 14, 2018
0.4844

 
2,713

 
October 25, 2018
June 15, 2018
0.4844

 
2,712

 
July 25, 2018
March 15, 2018
0.4844

 
2,713

 
April 25, 2018



 
114
 


$ in thousands, except per share amounts
Dividends Declared
Series B Preferred Stock
Per Share
 
In Aggregate
 
Date of Payment
2019
 
 
 
 
 
November 5, 2019
0.4844

 
3,003

 
December 27, 2019
August 1, 2019
0.4844

 
3,003

 
September 27, 2019
May 3, 2019
0.4844

 
3,004

 
June 27, 2019
February 14, 2019
0.4844

 
3,003

 
March 27, 2019
2018
 
 
 
 
 
November 6, 2018
0.4844

 
3,003

 
December 27, 2018
August 2, 2018
0.4844

 
3,003

 
September 27, 2018
May 2, 2018
0.4844

 
3,004

 
June 27, 2018
February 15, 2018
0.4844

 
3,003

 
March 27, 2018
 
Dividends Declared
Series C Preferred Stock
Per Share
 
In Aggregate
 
Date of Payment
2019
 
 
 
 
 
November 5, 2019
0.46875

 
5,391

 
December 27, 2019
August 1, 2019
0.46875

 
5,391

 
September 27, 2019
May 3, 2019
0.46875

 
5,390

 
June 27, 2019
February 14, 2019
0.46875

 
5,391

 
March 27, 2019
2018
 
 
 
 
 
November 6, 2018
0.46875

 
5,391

 
December 27, 2018
August 2, 2018
0.46875

 
5,391

 
September 27, 2018
May 2, 2018
0.46875

 
5,390

 
June 27, 2018
February 15, 2018
0.46875

 
5,391

 
March 27, 2018

Common Stock
Dividends Declared
 
Per Share
 
In Aggregate
 
Date of Payment
2019
 
 
 
 
 
December 16, 2019
0.50

 
72,132

 
January 28, 2020
September 16, 2019
0.45

 
64,261

 
October 28, 2019
June 17, 2019
0.45

 
57,958

 
July 26, 2019
March 18, 2019
0.45

 
57,720

 
April 26, 2019
2018
 
 
 
 
 
December 14, 2018
0.42

 
46,866

 
January 28, 2019
September 14, 2018
0.42

 
46,895

 
October 26, 2018
June 15, 2018
0.42

 
46,890

 
July 26, 2018
March 15, 2018
0.42

 
46,887

 
April 26, 2018



 
115
 

The following table sets forth the dividends declared per share of our preferred and common stock and their related tax characterization for the fiscal tax years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018.
 
 
 
Tax Characterization of Dividends
Fiscal Tax Year
Dividends Declared
 
Ordinary Dividends
 
Return of Capital
 
Capital Gain Distribution
 
Carry Forward
Series A Preferred Stock Dividends
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Fiscal tax year 2019 (1)
1.937600

 
—

 
1.937600

 
—

 
—

Fiscal tax year 2018 (2)
1.937600

 
1.937600

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Series B Preferred Stock Dividends
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Fiscal tax year 2019
1.937600

 
—

 
1.937600

 
—

 
—

Fiscal tax year 2018
1.937600

 
1.937600

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Series C Preferred Stock Dividends
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Fiscal tax year 2019
1.875000

 
—

 
1.875000

 
—

 
—

Fiscal tax year 2018
1.875000

 
1.875000

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Common Stock Dividends
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Fiscal tax year 2019 (3)
1.850000

 
—

 
1.350000

 
—

 
0.500000

Fiscal tax year 2018 (4)
1.680000

 
1.378178

 
—

 
—

 
0.301822

(1)
Excludes preferred stock dividend of $0.4844 per share declared on December 16, 2019 that has a record date of January 1, 2020. This dividend is a 2020 dividend for federal income tax purposes.
(2)
Excludes preferred stock dividend of $0.4844 per share declared on December 14, 2018 that had a record date of January 1, 2019. This dividend is a 2019 dividend for federal income tax purposes.
(3)
Our fourth quarter dividend declared on December 16, 2019 that has a record date of December 27, 2019 was paid on January 28, 2020. This dividend is a 2020 dividend for federal income tax purposes.
(4)
Our fourth quarter dividend declared on December 14, 2018 that had a record date of December 26, 2018 was paid on January 28, 2019. A portion of this dividend, $0.301822 per share, was a 2019 dividend for tax purposes and treated as a return of capital.



 
116
 

Note 13 – Earnings per Common Share
Earnings per share for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017 is computed as follows:
In thousands except per share amounts
Years Ended December 31,
 
2019
 
2018
 
2017
Numerator (Income)
 
 
 
 
 
Basic Earnings:
 
 
 
 
 
Net income (loss) available to common stockholders
319,675

 
(115,216
)
 
320,527

Effect of dilutive securities:
 
 
 
 
 
Income allocated to exchangeable senior notes (1)
—

 
—

 
13,340

Income (loss) allocated to non-controlling interest (2)
—

 
—

 
4,450

Dilutive net income (loss) available to stockholders
319,675

 
(115,216
)
 
338,317

Denominator (Weighted Average Shares)
 
 
 
 
 
Basic Earnings:
 
 
 
 
 
Shares available to common stockholders
132,306

 
111,637

 
111,610

Effect of dilutive securities:
 
 
 
 
 
Restricted stock awards
12

 
—

 
20

Non-controlling interest OP Units (2)
—

 
—

 
1,425

Exchangeable senior notes (1)
—

 
—

 
9,986

Dilutive Shares
132,318

 
111,637

 
123,041

Earnings (loss) per share:
 
 
 
 
 
Net income (loss) attributable to common stockholders
 
 
 
 
 
Basic
2.42

 
(1.03
)
 
2.87

Diluted
2.42

 
(1.03
)
 
2.75


(1)
The Company repaid its exchangeable senior notes in March 2018.
(2)
The Company redeemed all OP Units of the non-controlling interest holder in November 2018 as discussed in Note 14 - "Non-Controlling Interest - Operating Partnership".

The following potential weighted average shares were excluded from diluted earnings per share for the year ended December 31, 2018 as the effect would be anti-dilutive: 14,404 for restricted stock awards, 1,184,373 for the exchangeable senior notes and 1,300,068 for non-controlling interest.


 
117
 

Note 14 – Non-controlling Interest – Operating Partnership
Through November 30, 2018, non-controlling interest represented the aggregate ownership interest of a wholly-owned Invesco subsidiary in our Operating Partnership. The ownership percentage was determined by dividing the number of OP Units held by the Unit Holders by the total number of dilutive shares of common stock. The issuance or repurchase of common stock (“Share” or “Shares”) or OP Units changed the percentage ownership of both the Unit Holders and the common stockholders. Since an OP unit was generally redeemable for cash or Shares at our option, it was deemed to be a Share equivalent. Therefore, such transactions were treated as capital transactions and resulted in a reallocation between stockholders’ equity and non-controlling interest in our consolidated balance sheets.
On November 30, 2018, we redeemed all of the OP Units held by the non-controlling interest holder for $21.8 million. The redemption price for the OP Units was equal to the market value of an equivalent number of shares of our registered common stock. The following table summarizes the effect of changes in our ownership interest in our Operating Partnership on our equity.
 
Years ended December 31,
$ in thousands
2018
 
2017
Net income (loss) attributable to Invesco Mortgage Capital Inc.
(70,790
)
 
348,607

Transfers from non-controlling interest:
 
 
 
Decrease in additional paid-in capital due to purchase of OP units
(798
)
 
—

Net transfers from non-controlling interest
(798
)
 
—

Change from net income (loss) attributable to Invesco Mortgage Capital Inc. common stockholders and transfers (to) from non-controlling interest
(71,588
)
 
348,607


Prior to redemption of the OP Units, income was allocated to the non-controlling interest based on the Unit Holders’ ownership percentage of the Operating Partnership. The following table presents the net income (loss) allocated and distributions paid to the Operating Partnership non-controlling interest for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017.
 
Years ended December 31,
$ in thousands
2018
 
2017
Net income (loss) allocated
254

 
4,450

Distributions paid
2,394

 
2,294


Note 15 – Commitments and Contingencies
Commitments and contingencies may arise in the ordinary course of business. Our material off balance sheet commitments as of December 31, 2019 are discussed below.
As discussed in Note 5 - “Other Assets”, we have invested in unconsolidated ventures that are sponsored by an affiliate of our Manager. The unconsolidated ventures are structured as partnerships, and we invest in the partnerships as a limited partner. The entities are structured such that capital commitments are to be drawn down over the life of the partnership as investment opportunities are identified. As of December 31, 2019, our undrawn capital and purchase commitments were $6.5 million.
As discussed in Note 5 - “Other Assets”, we have funded our portion of a commitment in a loan participation. The remainder of our commitment under the agreement will be funded over the remaining term of the loan based upon the financing needs of the borrower. As of December 31, 2019, we have an unfunded commitment of $30.3 million.
We have entered into agreements with financial institutions to guarantee certain obligations of our subsidiaries. We would be required to perform under these guarantees in the event of certain defaults. We have not had prior claims or losses under these contracts and expect the risk of loss to be remote.


 
118
 

Note 16 – Summarized Quarterly Results of Operations (Unaudited)
The following is a presentation of selected unaudited results of operations for the quarters ended.
$ in thousands except share amounts
Q4 19
 
Q3 19
 
Q2 19
 
Q1 19
 
Q4 18
 
Q3 18
 
Q2 18
 
Q1 18
Interest Income
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Mortgage-backed and credit risk transfer securities
191,490

 
194,938

 
200,737

 
185,492

 
174,511

 
160,416

 
147,548

 
149,003

Commercial and other loans
1,291

 
1,353

 
1,484

 
1,582

 
1,593

 
1,672

 
4,051

 
4,222

Total interest income
192,781

 
196,291

 
202,221

 
187,074

 
176,104

 
162,088

 
151,599

 
153,225

Interest Expense
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Repurchase agreements
97,993

 
112,851

 
117,978

 
101,875

 
91,057

 
81,763

 
69,389

 
59,585

Secured loans
8,808

 
10,413

 
11,258

 
11,144

 
10,565

 
9,490

 
8,471

 
6,927

Exchangeable senior notes
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
1,621

Total interest expense
106,801

 
123,264

 
129,236

 
113,019

 
101,622

 
91,253

 
77,860

 
68,133

Net interest income
85,980

 
73,027

 
72,985

 
74,055

 
74,482

 
70,835

 
73,739

 
85,092

Other income (loss)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Gain (loss) on investments, net
(148,511
)
 
202,413

 
302,182

 
268,382

 
76,957

 
(207,910
)
 
(36,377
)
 
(160,370
)
Equity in earnings of unconsolidated ventures
427

 
403

 
702

 
692

 
624

 
1,084

 
798

 
896

Gain (loss) on derivative instruments, net
188,682

 
(177,244
)
 
(344,733
)
 
(201,460
)
 
(293,485
)
 
87,672

 
67,169

 
133,367

Realized and unrealized credit derivative income (loss), net
2,896

 
1

 
(2,438
)
 
7,884

 
(9,026
)
 
4,975

 
735

 
3,165

Net loss on extinguishment of debt
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
(26
)
Other investment income (loss), net
909

 
1,005

 
1,007

 
1,029

 
850

 
1,068

 
(2,160
)
 
3,102

Total other income (loss)
44,403

 
26,578

 
(43,280
)
 
76,527

 
(224,080
)
 
(113,111
)
 
30,165

 
(19,866
)
Expenses
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Management fee – related party
10,529

 
8,740

 
9,370

 
9,534

 
10,294

 
10,105

 
10,102

 
10,221

General and administrative
1,882

 
1,862

 
1,999

 
2,258

 
2,116

 
1,673

 
1,525

 
1,756

Total expenses
12,411

 
10,602

 
11,369

 
11,792

 
12,410

 
11,778

 
11,627

 
11,977

Net income (loss)
117,972

 
89,003

 
18,336

 
138,790

 
(162,008
)
 
(54,054
)
 
92,277

 
53,249

Net income (loss) attributable to non-controlling interest
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
(899
)
 
(681
)
 
1,163

 
671

Net income (loss) attributable to Invesco Mortgage Capital Inc.
117,972

 
89,003

 
18,336

 
138,790

 
(161,109
)
 
(53,373
)
 
91,114

 
52,578

Dividends to preferred stockholders
11,106

 
11,107

 
11,106

 
11,107

 
11,106

 
11,107

 
11,106

 
11,107

Net income (loss) attributable to common stockholders
106,866

 
77,896

 
7,230

 
127,683

 
(172,215
)
 
(64,480
)
 
80,008

 
41,471

Earnings (loss) per share:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Net income (loss) attributable to common stockholders
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Basic
0.75

 
0.57

 
0.06

 
1.05

 
(1.54
)
 
(0.58
)
 
0.72

 
0.37

Diluted
0.75

 
0.57

 
0.06

 
1.05

 
(1.54
)
 
(0.58
)
 
0.72

 
0.37




 
119
 

Note 17 – Subsequent Events
Common Stock
On February 6, 2020, we completed a public offering of 20,700,000 shares of common stock at the price of $16.78 per share. Total net proceeds were approximately $347.0 million after deducting estimated offering costs.
Secured Loans
We repaid $300.0 million of secured loans from the FHLBI upon their maturity on February 11, 2020 through a combination of available cash and additional repurchase agreement borrowings.
Dividends
We declared the following dividends on our Series B and Series C Preferred Stock on February 18, 2020 to our stockholders of record as of March 5, 2020: a Series B Preferred Stock dividend of $0.4844 per share payable on March 27, 2020 and a Series C Preferred Stock dividend of $0.46875 per share payable on March 27, 2020.



 



 
120
 

INVESCO MORTGAGE CAPITAL INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
Schedule IV
Mortgage Loans on Real Estate
As of December 31, 2019
$ in thousands
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Asset Type
 
Property Type
 
Location
 
Interest Rate
 
Maturity Date
 
Periodic Payment Terms(1)
 
Prior Liens
 
Face Amount of Mortgages
 
Carrying Amount of Mortgages
 
Principal Amount of Loans Subject to Delinquent Principal or Interest
Mezzanine Loan
 
Hotel
 
TX
 
L+8.50%
 
2/28/2021
 
I
 
—

 
24,055

 
24,055

 
—

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
24,055

 
24,055

(2)
—

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
(1) Interest (“I”) only until stated maturity of the loan.
(2) The aggregate cost for federal income tax purposes is $24.1 million.
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Reconciliation of Carrying Value of Mortgage Loans on Real Estate:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
2019
 
2018
 
2017
Beginning balance
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
31,582

 
191,808

 
273,355

Additions:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Originations and purchases of new loans
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
—

 
1,677

 
4,799

Amortization of commercial loan origination fees and premium (discount)
 
 
 
—

 
91

 
337

Deductions:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Collection of principal
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
7,527

 
160,934

 
90,713

Loss on foreign currency revaluation
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
—

 
1,060

 
(4,030
)
Ending balance
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
24,055

 
31,582

 
191,808





 
121
 

SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this Report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.
 
 
 
Invesco Mortgage Capital Inc.
 
 
 
 
By:
/s/ John M. Anzalone
 
 
John M. Anzalone
Chief Executive Officer
 
Date:
February 19, 2020
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this Report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.
 
 
Signatures
 
Title
 
Date
 
 
 
 
 
 
By:
/s/ John M. Anzalone
 
Chief Executive Officer
 
February 19, 2020
 
John M. Anzalone
 
(principal executive officer)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
By:
/s/ R. Lee Phegley, Jr.
 
Chief Financial Officer
 
February 19, 2020
 
R. Lee Phegley, Jr.
 
(principal financial officer)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
By:
/s/ Roseann M. Perlis
 
Chief Accounting Officer
 
February 19, 2020
 
Roseann M. Perlis
 
(principal accounting officer)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
By:
/s/ John S. Day
 
Director
 
February 19, 2020
 
John S. Day
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
By:
/s/ Carolyn B. Handlon
 
Director
 
February 19, 2020
 
Carolyn B. Handlon
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
By:
/s/ Edward J. Hardin
 
Director
 
February 19, 2020
 
Edward J. Hardin
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
By:
/s/ James R. Lientz, Jr.
 
Director
 
February 19, 2020
 
James R. Lientz, Jr.
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
By:
/s/ Dennis P. Lockhart
 
Director
 
February 19, 2020
 
Dennis P. Lockhart
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
By:
/s/ Gregory G. McGreevey
 
Director
 
February 19, 2020
 
Gregory G. McGreevey
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
By:
/s/ Loren M. Starr
 
Director
 
February 19, 2020
 
Loren M. Starr
 
 
 
 


 
122
 
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