MADRID—Banco Santander SA on Thursday reported a near 18% rise in second-quarter net profit lifted by higher fees and stronger lending.

The Spanish lender, the eurozone's largest by market value, said net profit for the period rose to €1.71 billion ($1.88 billion) from €1.45 billion reported in the same period last year.

Net interest income came in at €8.28 billion, up from the €7.37 billion last year, and beating analysts' forecasts of €8.17 billion.

Net interest income, a key driver of profit for retail banks such as Santander, is the difference between what lenders pay clients for deposits and charge for loans.

The bank set aside fewer funds to cover souring loans, reflecting the continuing improvement of the Spanish and U.K. economies. Bad loans as a proportion of total lending fell to 4.64% from 4.85% in the first quarter.

Net loans to customers were up 13% in the second quarter, bolstered by lending at Santander's Latin American units, Poland, the U.K. and the U.S.

Santander touts its geographical diversity as a competitive advantage that allows strong growth in some countries to counterbalance weakness in others where the bank has major units.

One of the main headaches for new Santander Executive Chairman Ana Botí n has been the bank's problem-plagued U.S. holding company.

The holding company, which includes a retail bank and a consumer finance firm focused on car loans, failed the Federal Reserve's balance-sheet tests in 2014 and 2015 for what the regulator had said were "widespread and critical deficiencies" in governance and its inability to identify and plan for potential risks."

Ms. Botí n took over the bank from her father when he died suddenly in November of last year. Since then, she has tried to put to work in the U.S. the skills she honed during four years as head of Santander's large unit in the U.K., where she tackled issues and new requirements raised by British regulators.

In that vein, Ms. Botí n has revamped the U.S. holding company's management and board members.

"I cannot fix the U.S. without the right team," Ms. Botí n told The Wall Street Journal in early June.

The new team faces an uphill battle.

In July, the Fed issued a stinging lecture to Santander, faulting the U.S. unit for failing to meet regulators' standards on a range of basic operations. Many of the regulator's concerns echoed those it had already raised when Santander failed the stress tests.

Santander has said it is working to meet its own standards and those of its regulator.

Write to Patricia Kowsmann at patricia.kowsmann@wsj.com

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