By Matt Wirz 

The Second Circuit U.S. Court of Appeals dealt a setback to Chesapeake Energy Corp. on Tuesday, in the company's long-running fight with a group of hedge funds over bonds it redeemed 18 months ago.

The decision could cost the company more than $400 million by forcing it to make disputed payments to bondholders.

The appeals court overturned a 2013 ruling by U.S. District Judge Paul Engelmayer and remanded the case to him to reconsider his decision.

Chesapeake stock fell 1.4% to $23.73.

"We are reviewing this decision and assessing our options moving forward, " a Chesapeake spokeswoman said in an email.

The dispute hinges on Chesapeake's redemption at par of a $1.3 billion bond in March of 2013. Bondholders argued that Chesapeake owed them an additional payment because it failed to notify them of its decision 30 days before calling the debt as required. The bondholders are seeking a make-whole payment, which is a penalty companies pay to bondholders for redeeming debt before maturity.

Many of the holders were hedge funds, including Aurelius Capital Management and River Birch Capital, which snapped up the bonds based on the belief that Chesapeake was legally required to make a payment that at the time was worth 29 cents on the dollar, or about $380 million.

Judge Engelmayer ruled in May of last year that Chesapeake shouldn't be forced to make the payment as a result of the indenture's clumsy wording.

But the appellate court said that "under the unambiguous terms of the indenture, the notice wasn't timely." The ruling validates forecasts by some analysts, like CRT Capital's Kevin Starke, that the appeals court would side with bondholders.

The value of that payment has grown to around $430 million because it has been accruing interest at 9% a year.

Chesapeake had $4 billion of cash on Sept. 30, according to the company's third-quarter earnings report.

A gray market for claims to the payment emerged in May of 2013 when Chesapeake paid off the bonds in May 2013. The claims were quoted between 16 and 20 cents on the dollar this afternoon, up from a 10 to 15 cents before the ruling, Mr. Starke says.

Write to Matt Wirz at matthieu.wirz@wsj.com

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