Optim Energy LLC won approval of its plan to exit bankruptcy protection, a win for Bill Gates's private investment firm in its fight with private-equity firm Blackstone Group LP for control of the Texas energy company.

Judge Brendan Linehan Shannon of the U.S. Bankruptcy Court in Wilmington, Del., said he'd sign off on Optim's plan, which leaves the energy company in control of Mr. Gates's private-equity firm, Cascade Investment. Blackstone had argued Optim's plan was "a sham," designed to benefit Mr. Gates and his investment firm.

"This has obviously been a bit of a brawl," noted Judge Shannon at the conclusion of a hearing on Friday. But, he added, "I am not satisfied here that the debtors' conduct rises to the level of sham or chicanery that other Courts have found in rejecting a proposed plan."

A Blackstone spokesman declined to comment.

Optim had the votes it needs to get the plan approved, but first had to face off with Blackstone for two days last week at a confirmation hearing.

Walnut Creek Mining, a Blackstone subsidiary that supplied fuel to Optim's power plants, argued it was being shortchanged under the plan, recovering only about 1% of what it is owed while general unsecured creditors were expected to see a recovery of up to 95%.

Blackstone had bought a third Optim power plant in August 2014 at a bankruptcy auction with a $126 million offer—a price that more than doubled earlier offers. The private-equity company had been expected to bid on the two remaining plants, and Optim's lawyers had claimed Blackstone was using Walnut Creek to undermine the plan to pick up the assets on the cheap, an idea Walnut Creek rejected.

In May, Optim scrapped an earlier plan to sell its two remaining Texas power plants after it didn't receive any satisfactory bids. The company was looking for offers of at least $355 million for the two plants. Its latest plan gives senior lenders, namely Cascade, ownership of the reorganized company, a $50 million junior note and residual cash.

Cascade, which is funding Optim's $110 million bankruptcy-exit loan, is expected receive substantially less than a full recovery on their $713 million in secured claims. However, it has agreed to distribute some of the sale proceeds to lower-ranking creditors under a chapter 11 plan. Those creditors that signed off on the reorganization plan's provisions shielding Cascade and other Optim lenders from lawsuits tied to the company's bankruptcy will boost their recoveries to 95 cents on the dollar from 75 cents.

The reorganized Optim will be led by a board comprising Cascade Investment's Quinn Cornelius, John Erickson, and Alan Heuberger plus current director Richard Fleming. Chief Executive Nick Rahn would remain at the helm of the new company.

Founded in 2007, Optim filed for bankruptcy in February 2014. It blamed the filing on cheap electricity prices, which it said made it difficult for the company to repay the money it borrowed to buy one plant in Texas and to build another.

Write to Patrick Fitzgerald at patrick.fitzgerald@wsj.com

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