By Jon Ostrower 

Boeing Co. said Chief Executive Jim McNerney will step aside next week after a tumultuous decade at the aerospace giant and hand over the top job to one of his lieutenants.

Mr. McNerney, 65, will continue his role as chairman until he retires at the end of February 2016. He said in an interview he will remain on the board "for the foreseeable future. Until such time that I start getting in the way."

His successor, Dennis Muilenburg, said Tuesday that Boeing's strategy was unchanged as it headed into its second century. Tackling the challenge of delivering a half-trillion order backlog and adjusting its defense and space business to rapidly changing domestic and international spending, are the main challenges as he prepares to take over after the 10-year tenure of Mr. McNerney.

Mr. McNerney reached Boeing's mandatory retirement age in 2014 but had stayed on as CEO. Under his watch, Boeing's defense business shrank and airlines binged on their largest-ever jet buying spree.

Mr. Muilenburg, 51 years old, had been widely expected by analysts and company insiders to be the next CEO after being promoted to president and chief operating officer in December 2013. The latter position didn't exist prior to his elevation. He previously headed Boeing's defense and space business. Tuesday's appointment, however, came sooner than many analysts had expected.

The 30-year Boeing veteran assumes the CEO job as the company implements plans to boost production of its best-selling commercial jets and refresh its product lineup with revamped planes, while Pentagon budget pressures could also force it to further reshape its defense business.

"I don't see this as a generational shift," Mr. Muilenburg said in an interview. "We're confident in the strategy that we have in place and we're going to continue to drive that strategy with pace."

Mr. Muilenburg's appointment "universally supported" by the board, which met Monday, said a spokesman.

Boeing shares more than doubled during Mr. McNerney's tenure as CEO, though the former 3M Co. boss and General Electric Co. executive was at the helm during the erosion of its single-aisle jet market share to rival Airbus Group NV and a series of crises, including cost overruns, a three-year delay in delivering its marque 787 Dreamliner jet and the plane's subsequent three-month grounding after two lithium-ion batteries overheated.

The company was bruised by the Dreamliner's problems and still faces significant cost pressures. Mr. McNerney last year said it would steer clear of "moonshot" new programs in favor of incremental improvements to its commercial jets, though it has started work on a possible successor to its popular 757.

Mr. Muilenburg's tasks include executing planned increases in production of its workhorse 737 Max jet and the revamp of its popular 777 long-range jetliner--all while maintaining record output of both heavy cash-generating programs. Ray Conner will remain head of Boeing's commercial jet business and becomes the sole vice chairman.

Mr. Muilenberg took over the defense unit in 2009, and oversaw acquisitions that have helped make Boeing the world's second-largest defense contractor by sales after Lockheed Martin Corp. But it is facing the potential closure of its fighter-jet line in St. Louis unless it can secure more orders. Boeing is bidding with Lockheed for a $80 billion contract to build a new bomber for the U.S. Air Force in competition with Northrop Grumman Corp.

Mr. Muilenburg's appointment also returns an engineer to the company's top management position. Mr. Muilenburg holds a bachelors degree in aerospace engineering from Iowa State University and a master's degree in aeronautics and astronautics from the University of Washington. The outgoing Mr. McNerney was often criticized for not having a classical technical background when running the aerospace giant. Mr. McNerney holds a bachelor's degree from Yale and a master's of business administration form Harvard University.

Mr. McNerney's exit on July 1 will be 10 years to the day since he assumed the position. An often divisive figure among the company's workforce and its supply base, Mr. McNerney made significant strides in bringing together both the commercial and defense sides of the company's business to win new business and solve problems. Mr. McNerney cultivated deep ties within Washington, D.C., having served as the chairman of President Obama's Export Council.

Boeing shares fell 0.5% at $143.71 in after-hours trading, and are up 11% so far this year. The shares were down 0.9% to $144.43 at 4 p.m. Tuesday.

Doug Cameron and Angela Chen contributed to this article.

Write to Jon Ostrower at jon.ostrower@wsj.com

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