By Dan Strumpf 

U.S. stocks fell on Thursday, reversing much of April's gains, as mixed economic data fueled a selloff in technology and small-company shares that until recently had been strong performers.

The Dow Jones Industrial Average fell 195.01 points, or 1.1%, to 17840.52. The S&P 500 index dropped 21.34 points, or 1%, to 2085.51. The Nasdaq Composite Index shed 82.22 points, or 1.6%, to 4941.42.

Thursday's slide wiped out the bulk of the month's gains for stocks. Until this week, April had been a strong month for major benchmarks, with both the S&P 500 and the Nasdaq Composite notching all-time highs last week.

But a reversal in some of the best-performing corners of the market--from small-company shares to biotechnology stocks to European shares--spilled over into the broader market in recent sessions. The Dow Jones Industrial Average eked out a 0.4% gain in April, while the S&P 500 rose 0.85%.

Pockets of the market hit the hardest on Thursday were especially popular among hedge funds and other fast-moving traders.

"The market [is] punishing all the crowded trades at once," said Michael Antonelli, an equity sales trader at Robert W. Baird in Milwaukee.

On Thursday, the Nasdaq Biotechnology Index fell 3.1%, and is down 8.1% this week. Before its recent pullback, the index--comprised of many highflying biotechnology stocks--had gained as much as 21% for the year.

The Russell 2000 index lost 2.2%. The small-cap benchmark had gained 5.5% for the year through last week's high point.

Stocks kicked off the session lower following a flurry of data that underscored a recent downshift in the U.S. economy. While weekly jobless claims fell to the lowest level in 15 years, a report on consumer spending showed a smaller-than-expected pickup in March, while inflation undershot the Federal Reserve's 2% target for the 35th month in a row. The data came one day after the Commerce Department reported the U.S. economy grew just 0.2% during the first three months of the year, well below expectations.

"People are still kind of smarting from the GDP number," said Ted Weisberg, a trader at Seaport Securities. "You can wrap any excuse around bad economic numbers, but at the end of the day they're just excuses."

Technology stocks fell sharply Thursday, as Apple Inc. sank 2.7%. The pullback came after The Wall Street Journal reported that a key component of the Apple Watch made by one of two suppliers was found to be defective. The broader S&P 500 Information Technology index lost 1.6%.

European stocks rebounded from Wednesday's steep losses. Germany's DAX added 0.2%, while France's CAC 40 gained 0.1%.

For months, investors have been calling for a pickup in spending, as consumers benefit from lower oil prices. While oil prices have rebounded in recent weeks, they still remain down 44% from last June. Increased spending could boost corporate revenues, and in turn, profits.

"What's been interesting is the buildup in the savings rate over the last couple of months and the fact that consumers have not yet begun to spend that supposed windfall from gasoline prices coming down," said Ben Pace, chief investment officer of HPM Partners, which manages $6 billion. He said he continued to favor consumer discretionary stocks as he expects spending to eventually increase, also driven by improvement in the labor market.

Shares of LinkedIn Corp. plunged 20% in after-hours trading after the company reported a first-quarter loss and said it expects second-quarter profit to come in below Wall Street expectations.

Shares of Viacom Inc. fell 3.9% after the media company said it swung to a loss in its March quarter and took a hefty charge to restructure its business.

Time Warner Cable Inc. posted disappointing profit and revenue for the first quarter. Shares fell 1.5%.

Crude-oil futures on Thursday rose 1.8% to $59.63 a barrel, their highest settlement since Dec.11. Gold futures fell 2.3% to $1182.40 an ounce.

The yield on the 10-year Treasury note rose to 2.096% from 2.035% on Wednesday. Yields rise as prices fall.

Saumya Vaishampayan contributed to this article.

Write to Dan Strumpf at daniel.strumpf@wsj.com

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