By Daisuke Wakabayashi 

A year ago, Apple Inc. announced disappointing iPhone sales that seemed to confirm long-simmering concerns that the company's best days were behind it.

Now, after reporting the largest quarterly profit ever for a publicly traded company, the question about Apple is very different: How fast can it grow and for how long? More specifically, do the results Apple posted Tuesday reflect a short-term blip driven by the company's first larger-display phones or are they the start of a new growth trajectory?

In an interview, Apple Chief Executive Tim Cook, not surprisingly, argued that the demand is more than temporary. He said that fewer than 15% of recent iPhone buyers upgraded from other iPhones and that the majority switched from smartphones running Google Inc.'s Android operating system.

"We certainly believe there are legs to it," said Mr. Cook of the iPhone sales surge.

Timothy Acuri, an analyst with Cowen & Co., said the new iPhones may have a "longer tail than prior product cycles" because they can continue to grab market share from rivals.

It would be unprecedented for a company of Apple's size--already the world's most valuable company with annual revenue of $183 billion--to sustain the growth it achieved last quarter. Apple's revenue rose 30% and its net profit grew 38% to $18 billion in the three months ended Dec. 27. It was the fastest quarterly growth since March 2012, when Apple was roughly half its current size by revenue.

Apple said it expects revenue in the current quarter to grow between 14% and 20% compared with the same quarter last year, but it noted that its forecast is dampened by the strength of the U.S. dollar. Longer term, analysts appear uncertain about whether Apple's growth is sustainable. Analysts polled by Thomson Reuters expect revenue to increase 22% in the fiscal year ending in September; for the following year, they expect growth to slow to 4%.

Toni Sacconaghi, an analyst with Bernstein Research, expressed concern that so much of Apple's growth is tied to the iPhone, which accounted for two-thirds of revenue in the just-completed quarter. In a note to clients, he said he worried about "the flip side" next year, when the iPhone cycle "may revert 'back to normal.' "

One reason for optimism is Apple's growing presence in China, the company's second-biggest market for iPhones. Research firm Canalys said Apple sold more smartphones in China than any other company in the fourth quarter, after placing sixth in that market in the previous quarter. Its market share nearly doubled in the quarter to 17% from 9%, Canalys said.

Apple said it sold twice as many iPhones in China as in the same quarter a year earlier. The strong sales came despite the fact that Apple lost a few weeks of selling its bigger-screen iPhones because the new models didn't go on sale there until Oct. 17, a month later than the U.S. release.

Apple got a boost this year from selling iPhones on China Mobile, significantly increasing the pool of consumers. It only started providing phones on China Mobile, the country's largest wireless carrier with more than 700 million subscribers, in January 2014.

Greater China--Apple includes Taiwan and Hong Kong in that geographic designation--is on track to pass Europe as Apple's second-biggest market by revenue after the Americas. Apple is also expanding its online presence there--a model that has worked well for fast-growing local upstart Xiaomi Inc. Apple said it generated more online revenue in China during the last quarter than in all of the previous five years.

Another key to Apple's growth is the performance of its new products, especially Apple Watch. Mr. Cook said Apple will start shipping the watch--Apple Watch is the company's first all-new product since the iPad in 2010--in April.

As it did with the iPhone and iPad, Apple is coming a little late to an emerging category. Apple's competitors have pushed out wearable devices in recent quarters, but there are still questions about why consumers would need a smartwatch. One advantage Apple has is that it can generate enough buzz to entice many loyal Apple consumers to rush out and buy its latest offering.

It's hard for new products or services to move the needle at Apple on an individual basis, but collectively, they can become meaningful. Apple said revenue at its seven-year-old App Store rose 50% last year, contributing roughly $4.5 billion in revenue to the company. At that pace of growth and its high degree of profitability, the App Store is expected to become a significant contributor to earnings.

A new business showing promise is Apple Pay, a payments service introduced in October. Apple Pay is still small and limited to the U.S., but it has gained enough traction in the first three months to fuel optimism about its future once it expands internationally and more merchants come on board.

Write to Daisuke Wakabayashi at Daisuke.Wakabayashi@wsj.com

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